Sir William Robert Robertson, 1st Baronet was a field marshal and the chief of the British Imperial General Staff during most of World War I. He supported Sir Douglas Haig, the British commander in chief in France, in urging concentration of Britain’s manpower and matériel on the Western Front.

Thomas William Robertson was a British playwright whose realistic social comedies and pioneering work as a producer-director helped establish the late-19th-century revival of drama in England. Born into a theatrical family that played a provincial circuit based on the city of Lincoln, Robertson in

William Robertson was a Scottish historian and Presbyterian minister. He is regarded, along with David Hume and Edward Gibbon, as one of the most important British historians of the 18th century. Robertson was educated at the University of Edinburgh, completing his studies in 1741. He was ordained

astronomy: Development of the big-bang theory: …this metric is called the Robertson-Walker metric. The Robertson-Walker metric and the expansion of the universe (as revealed by the galactic redshifts) were the twin foundations on which much of 20th-century cosmology was constructed.

Robertsport, town and Atlantic fishing port, western Liberia. It is situated at the outlet of Lake Piso (Fisherman Lake), on Cape Mount. In 1461 or 1462 the Portuguese navigator Pedro de Sintra reached the cape, a 1,000-foot- (305-metre-) high granite promontory, which he named Cabo do Monte. In

Robert Fludd was a British physician, author, and mystical philosopher remembered for his occultist opposition to science. The son of Sir Thomas Fludd, he studied at St. John’s College, Oxford, before traveling in Europe for six years. On his return to Oxford he earned medical degrees (1605) and

Robert De Torigni was a Norman chronicler whose records are an important source both for Anglo-French history and the intellectual renaissance in the 12th century. Robert was born to a family apparently of high rank. In 1128 he joined the monastery at Bec, where he was ordained deacon (1131) and

Roberval balance, linked mechanism invented in 1669 by the French mathematician Gilles Personne de Roberval and used in commercial weighing machines. As shown in the figure, AB is an equal-armed beam pivoted to the vertical member G at C, while DE is an identical beam pivoted to G at F. The beams

Gilles Personne de Roberval was a French mathematician who made important advances in the geometry of curves. In 1632 Roberval became professor of mathematics at the Collège de France, Paris, a position he held until his death. He studied the methods of determination of surface area and volume of

Gilles Personne de Roberval was a French mathematician who made important advances in the geometry of curves. In 1632 Roberval became professor of mathematics at the Collège de France, Paris, a position he held until his death. He studied the methods of determination of surface area and volume of

Jean-François de La Rocque, sieur de Roberval was a French colonizer chosen by Francis I to create a settlement on North American lands found earlier by Jacques Cartier. Roberval was born into a noble family and lived at the court of Francis of Angoulême. Roberval converted to Protestantism and was

Gilles Personne de Roberval: …Torricelli gave the name of Robervallian lines.

Robeson Channel, northernmost part of the sea passage connecting Baffin Bay, an inlet of the North Atlantic Ocean, with the Lincoln Sea, a portion of the Arctic Ocean, to the north. The channel is 11–18 miles (18–29 km) wide between Ellesmere Island, Can. (west), and northwest Greenland (east); and

Paul Robeson was a celebrated American singer, actor, and black activist. The son of a former slave turned preacher, Robeson attended Rutgers University in New Brunswick, N.J., where he was an All-America football player. Upon graduating from Rutgers at the head of his class, he rejected a career

Paul Robeson was a celebrated American singer, actor, and black activist. The son of a former slave turned preacher, Robeson attended Rutgers University in New Brunswick, N.J., where he was an All-America football player. Upon graduating from Rutgers at the head of his class, he rejected a career

Maximilien Robespierre was a radical Jacobin leader and one of the principal figures in the French Revolution. In the latter months of 1793, he came to dominate the Committee of Public Safety, the principal organ of the Revolutionary government during the Reign of Terror, but in 1794 he was

Maximilien Robespierre was a radical Jacobin leader and one of the principal figures in the French Revolution. In the latter months of 1793, he came to dominate the Committee of Public Safety, the principal organ of the Revolutionary government during the Reign of Terror, but in 1794 he was

Duke and Peacock Records: Don Robey, a nightclub owner with reputed underworld connections, founded Peacock Records in 1949 and ran it with an iron hand. In 1952 Robey and James Mattias of Duke Records (founded in Memphis, Tennessee, earlier in the year) formed a partnership. A year later Robey…

Sir George Robey was an English music-hall comedian known for many years as “the prime minister of mirth.” Robey made his first appearance on the professional stage in 1891, and of his numerous character roles, the most famous—the collarless cleric with the red nose, the startled and heavy black

Albert Robida was an early pioneer of science fiction and founding father of science fiction art. Despite severe myopia, Robida as a child had a passion for drawing. He produced his first series of satiric cartoons in 1865 and two years later his parents, recognizing his creative talents, permitted

Robie House, residence designed for Frederick C. Robie by Frank Lloyd Wright and built in Hyde Park, a neighbourhood on the South Side of Chicago. Completed in 1910, the structure is the culmination of Wright’s modern design innovations that came to be called the Prairie style. With its restless,

fungus: Importance of fungi: …organized an annual festival, the Robigalia, in his honour.

fungus: Importance of fungi: …Romans designated a particular deity, Robigus, as the god of rust and, in an effort to appease him, organized an annual festival, the Robigalia, in his honour.

Robin, American comic strip character created for DC Comics by writer Bill Finger and artist Bob Kane. Debuting in Detective Comics no. 38 (April 1940), Robin was introduced as a junior crime-fighting partner for Batman, and he served as the template for later teenage sidekicks. Robin the Boy

robin, either of two species of thrushes (family Turdidae) distinguished by an orange or dull reddish breast. The American robin (Turdus migratorius), a large North American thrush, is one of the most familiar songbirds in the eastern United States. Early colonial settlers named it robin because

Richard Lester: …Royal Flash (1975), the revisionist Robin and Marian (1976), the bittersweet historical romance Cuba (1979), and the lavish comic-book derivations Superman II (1980) and Superman III (1983).

Robin and the Seven Hoods, American comedy musical film, released in 1964, that featured the 1960s “Rat Pack”—notably Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, and Sammy Davis, Jr.—in a parody of the legend of Robin Hood. The film takes the topic of warring gangs in Prohibition-era Chicago and makes it into

Puck, the vivacious fairy, henchman for Oberon, and narrator in Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Notorious for his mischievous deeds, Puck makes witty, fanciful asides that serve to guide the play and its outrageous action. Although belief in fairy creatures was strong in medieval England,

puck, in medieval English folklore, a malicious fairy or demon. In Old and Middle English the word meant simply “demon.” In Elizabethan lore he was a mischievous, brownielike fairy also called Robin Goodfellow, or Hobgoblin. As one of the leading characters in William Shakespeare’s Midsummer

Douglas Fairbanks: … (1920), The Three Musketeers (1921), Robin Hood (1922), The Thief of Bagdad (1924), The Black Pirate (1926), The Iron Mask (1929), and The Taming of the Shrew (1929), in which he costarred with Mary Pickford, the popular leading lady to whom he was married from 1920 to 1935.

Reginald De Koven: …which the most successful was Robin Hood (1890). Partly derived from the style of Gilbert and Sullivan and containing the songs “O Promise Me” and “Brown October Ale,” it received more than 3,000 performances. His other works included Rob Roy (1894), The Highwayman (1897), and Maid Marian (1901) and two…

Jamie Foxx: …in an action-packed retelling of Robin Hood (2018). His credits from 2019 included the TV special Live in Front of a Studio Audience: Norman Lear’s All in the Family and The Jeffersons, in which he played George Jefferson, and the film drama Just Mercy. The following year he starred in…

Cate Blanchett: Hepburn, Dylan, and Academy Awards: …Marion Loxley in Ridley Scott’s Robin Hood. The action drama starred Russell Crowe in the title role as the outlaw hero.

Robin Hood, legendary outlaw hero of a series of English ballads, some of which date from at least as early as the 14th century. Robin Hood was a rebel, and many of the most striking episodes in the tales about him show him and his companions robbing and killing representatives of authority and

Mel Brooks: Films of the 1980s and 1990s: Brooks then directed Robin Hood: Men in Tights (1993), a send-up of Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (1991), in which Kevin Costner had starred (and was generally maligned) as the legendary outlaw hero. Brooks’s final motion picture as a director was the unremarkable Dracula: Dead and Loving It…

Sean Connery: …films of the 1990s included Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (1991), First Knight (1995), The Rock (1996), Dragonheart (1996), and Entrapment (1999). Connery officially retired from acting following his appearance in the film adaptation (2003) of the comic-book series The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen

European robin, (Erithacus rubecula), songbird species known for its bright orange face and breast. The European robin is classified as belonging to the Muscicapidae, a bird family that includes Old World flycatchers. The species is found throughout Europe and in parts of western Asia, northern

knot: The common knot (C. canutus), about 25 cm (10 inches) long including the bill, has a reddish breast in breeding plumage (hence another name, robin sandpiper); in winter it is plain gray. It breeds on dry, stony Arctic tundra and migrates great distances along the coasts…

Charles Wakefield Cadman: His 1918 opera Shanewis (The Robin Woman) was the first American opera to play two seasons at New York City’s Metropolitan Opera. Other works include the operatic cantata The Sunset Trail (1925) and the operas A Witch of Salem (1926) and The Willow Tree (1931), the first American…

gall wasp: The bedeguar gall (also called moss gall, or robin’s pincushion), which may contain about 50 or more larvae, is commonly seen on rose bushes and is caused by the gall wasp Diplolepis rosae.

Christopher Robin, fictional character, an English boy whose adventures with Winnie-the-Pooh, Piglet, and other animals are the basis of the stories in the classic children’s books Winnie-the-Pooh (1926) and The House at Pooh Corner (1928) by A.A. Milne. The character was based on the author’s

locust, (genus Robinia), genus of about 10 species of flowering trees and shrubs in the pea family (Fabaceae), occurring in eastern North America and Mexico. Several locust trees are cultivated as ornamentals, especially the black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), often called false acacia, or yellow

locust: …cultivated as ornamentals, especially the black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), often called false acacia, or yellow locust. A number of species are also useful for erosion control and as timber trees.

Croatian literature: …Empire; Hanibal Lucić, author of Robinja (“The Slave Girl”), the first South Slav secular play; Marin Držić, who wrote pastoral dramas and comedies portraying Renaissance Dubrovnik (his comedy Dundo Maroje, first performed about 1551, played throughout western Europe); and poet Petar Hektorović. In the 17th and 18th centuries the leading…

Los Angeles Dodgers, American professional baseball team based in Los Angeles that plays in the National League (NL). The team has won seven World Series titles and 24 NL pennants. Founded in 1883, the Dodgers were originally based in Brooklyn, New York, and were known as the Atlantics. The team

Benjamin Robins was a British mathematician and military engineer who laid the groundwork for modern ordnance (field-artillery) theory and practice with his New Principles of Gunnery (1742), which invalidated old suppositions about the nature and action of gunpowder and the flight of projectiles

Margaret Dreier Robins was an American labour reformer who helped lead the movement to improve the condition of women and children in industry. In 1905 she married Raymond Robins (1873–1954), a settlement worker and former successful gold prospector who shared her social concerns. From 1907 until

the Coasters, American rhythm-and-blues and rock-and-roll vocal quartet, one of the most popular of the 1950s. The principal members were Carl Gardner (b. April 29, 1928, Tyler, Texas, U.S.—d. June 12, 2011, Port St. Lucie, Fla.), Bobby Nunn (b. June 25, 1925, Birmingham, Ala.—d. Nov. 5, 1986, Los

Robinson Crusoe, novel by Daniel Defoe, first published in London in 1719. Defoe’s first long work of fiction, it introduced two of the most-enduring characters in English literature: Robinson Crusoe and Friday. Crusoe is the novel’s narrator. He describes how, as a headstrong young man, he ignored

children’s literature: Germany and Austria: …fruit of the movement was Robinson der Jüngere (1779; “The Young Robinson”), by Joachim Heinrich Campe, who adapted Defoe along Rousseauist lines, his eye sharply fixed on what he considered to be the natural interests of the child. Interchapters of useful moral conversations between the author and his pupils were…

Henry Luce was an American magazine publisher who built a publishing empire on Time, Fortune, and Life magazines, becoming one of the most powerful figures in the history of American journalism. Luce’s publications, founded as a means of educating what he considered a poorly informed American

Trinidad and Tobago: Independent Trinidad and Tobago: …a coalition party led by A.N.R. Robinson, won the majority of seats on a program calling for divestment of most state-owned companies, reorganization of the civil service, and structural readjustment of the economy in the light of shrinking oil revenues. Although the NAR government succeeded somewhat in stimulating economic growth…

Infinitesimals: …the 1960s the German-born American Abraham Robinson similarly used nonstandard models of analysis to create a setting where the nonrigorous infinitesimal arguments of early calculus could be rehabilitated. He found that the old arguments could always be justified, usually with less trouble than the standard justifications with limits. He also…

artificial intelligence programming language: …Illinois by the British logician Alan Robinson. PROLOG can determine whether or not a given statement follows logically from other given statements. For example, given the statements “All logicians are rational” and “Robinson is a logician,” a PROLOG program responds in the affirmative to the query “Robinson is rational?” PROLOG…

Anastasia Robinson was an English singer, who was a frequent soloist on the London operatic and concert stages between 1714 and 1724. Robinson’s father was Thomas Robinson, a portrait artist, but the identity of her mother is unclear. Like some other members of her family, Anastasia was a Roman

schooner: …1713, by a shipbuilder named Andrew Robinson.

Bill Robinson was an American dancer of Broadway and Hollywood, best known for his dancing roles with Shirley Temple in films of the 1930s. Robinson’s parents having died when he was a child, he was raised by a grandmother and received little formal schooling. He began dancing for pennies at the

Chung Ling Soo was an American conjurer who gained fame in England by impersonating a Chinese magician, both on and off the stage. (Read Harry Houdini’s 1926 Britannica essay on magic.) He began performing in the United States using the stage name William E. (“Billy”) Robinson. While in England in

Boardman Robinson was a Canadian-American illustrator and painter noted for his political cartoons. As a student in Paris in 1898, first at the Académie Colarossi, then the École des Beaux Arts, Robinson was influenced by the great tradition of French political cartooning that was begun by Honoré

Brooks Robinson was an American professional baseball player who was widely considered the best defensive third baseman in the history of the sport. In 23 seasons (1955–77) with the Baltimore Orioles of the American League (AL), he won the Gold Glove Award 16 times and set career records for a

Brooks Robinson was an American professional baseball player who was widely considered the best defensive third baseman in the history of the sport. In 23 seasons (1955–77) with the Baltimore Orioles of the American League (AL), he won the Gold Glove Award 16 times and set career records for a

City Beautiful movement: The movement’s chief spokesperson, Charles Mulford Robinson, a muckraking journalist from Rochester, New York, helped inspire politicians to perceive it as a move toward increased civic virtue and the waning of social ills. He published his first major book on the subject, The Improvement of Towns and Cities, in…

Sly and the Family Stone: ), Cynthia Robinson (b. January 12, 1944, Sacramento, California, U.S.—d. November 23, 2015, Carmichael, California), Jerry Martini (b. October 1, 1943, Boulder, Colorado, U.S.), Larry Graham (b. August 14, 1946, Beaumont, Texas, U.S.), and Greg Errico (b. September 1, 1946, San Francisco, California, U.S.). As a…

the Cars: …keyboardist Greg Hawkes, and drummer David Robinson. The band’s steady stream of albums from 1978 to 1987 cemented them as one of the major pillars of the new wave rock movement from the late 1970s through the late 1980s.

David Robinson is an American basketball player who won two National Basketball Association (NBA) titles with the San Antonio Spurs (1999, 2003). Robinson played basketball at the U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md., leading the academy team to the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)

David Robinson is an American basketball player who won two National Basketball Association (NBA) titles with the San Antonio Spurs (1999, 2003). Robinson played basketball at the U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md., leading the academy team to the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)

Eddie Robinson was an American collegiate football coach, who set a record (later surpassed) for most career wins (408). He spent his entire head-coach career at Grambling State University in Louisiana. On October 7, 1995, having guided Grambling to a 42–6 win over Mississippi Valley State, he

Edward Robinson was an American biblical scholar, considered the father of biblical geography. Robinson graduated from Hamilton College in 1816, taught mathematics and Greek there, was instructor in Hebrew at Andover Theological Seminary, and in 1826 went to Europe to study in the major German

Edward G. Robinson was an American stage and film actor who skillfully played a wide range of character types but was best known for his portrayals of gangsters and criminals. Robinson was born in Romania but emigrated with his parents at age 10 and grew up on New York’s Lower East Side. He gave up

Eddie Robinson was an American collegiate football coach, who set a record (later surpassed) for most career wins (408). He spent his entire head-coach career at Grambling State University in Louisiana. On October 7, 1995, having guided Grambling to a 42–6 win over Mississippi Valley State, he

Edwin Arlington Robinson was an American poet who is best known for his short dramatic poems concerning the people in a small New England village, Tilbury Town, very much like the Gardiner, Maine, in which he grew up. After his family suffered financial reverses, Robinson cut short his attendance

John Dalton: Early life and education: …experiences of two important mentors: Elihu Robinson, a Quaker gentleman of some means and scientific tastes in Eaglesfield, and John Gough, a mathematical and classical scholar in Kendal. From these men John acquired the rudiments of mathematics, Greek, and Latin. Robinson and Gough were also amateur meteorologists in the Lake…

Elizabeth Montagu was one of the first Bluestockings, a group of English women who organized conversation evenings to find a more worthy pastime than card playing. She made her house in London’s Mayfair the social centre of intellectual society, regularly entertaining such luminaries as Lord

Lennox Robinson was an Irish playwright and theatrical producer associated with the Abbey Theatre; a leading figure in the later stages of the Irish literary renaissance. When still young Robinson became devoted to the cause of Irish nationalism through seeing performances of the Abbey Theatre

Frank Robinson was an American professional baseball player who became the first Black manager in Major League Baseball. As a youth, Robinson played sandlot and American Legion Junior League baseball in Oakland, California, and at McClymonds High School, where he also played football and

Psychiana: …happiness, founded in 1929 by Frank B. Robinson (1886–1948), a pharmacist of Moscow, Idaho. The son of an English Baptist minister, Robinson studied in a Canadian Bible school but later rejected organized religion. He was subsequently influenced by the New Thought movement and experienced religious conversion. This convinced him that…

Fred Shuttlesworth was an American minister and civil rights activist who established, with Martin Luther King, Jr., and others, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and who worked to end segregation in the South. Shuttlesworth, the eldest child of a large family, grew up poor on his

Frederick John Robinson, 1st earl of Ripon was the prime minister of Great Britain from August 1827 to January 1828. He received from the radical journalist William Cobbett the sardonic nicknames “Prosperity Robinson” (for his unwarranted optimism on the eve of the 1825 economic crisis) and “Goody

George Geoffrey Dawson was an English journalist, editor of The Times from 1912 to 1919 and from 1923 until his retirement in 1941. He changed his surname from Robinson to Dawson following an inheritance in 1917. Dawson was educated at Eton College and at Magdalen College, Oxford, and was elected a

Milwaukee Bucks: …draft lottery and selected forward Glenn Robinson. Robinson and sharpshooting guard Ray Allen led the Bucks back to the postseason in 1998–99. Milwaukee was defeated by the Indiana Pacers in the first round of the playoffs that season and in the following one. In 2000–01 the Bucks advanced to another…

Harriet Jane Hanson Robinson was a writer and woman suffrage leader in the United States. Robinson was a mill operative for the Tremont Corporation at Lowell, Mass., beginning at the age of 10 as a bobbin doffer, and she later wrote poems and prose for the Lowell Offering, the mill operatives’

Hetty Green was a financier who was reputedly the wealthiest woman of her time in the United States. Henrietta Howland Robinson was connected on the maternal Howland side to one of the great mercantile families of New England. She was reared in a home of Quaker austerity, however, and schooled

Henry Crabb Robinson was an English man of letters whose voluminous diaries provide valuable information on life in the Romantic and early Victorian periods and give lively portraits of its literary personalities. Living in London from 1796, Robinson practiced law as a barrister on the Norfolk

Henry Peach Robinson was an English photographer whose Pictorialist photographs and writings made him one of the most influential photographers of the second half of the 19th century. At age 21 Robinson was an amateur painter precocious enough to have one of his paintings hung at the Royal Academy

Henry Wheeler Robinson was a notable Nonconformist English Baptist theologian and Old Testament scholar. Robinson studied at Regent’s Park College, London, the University of Edinburgh, Mansfield College, Oxford, and Marburg and Strasbourg universities (1890–1900), and then became Baptist minister

David Barnard Steinman: Steinman joined Holton D. Robinson of the United States in constructing the Florianópolis Bridge in Brazil, the beginning of a long partnership. That bridge, then the largest in South America, incorporated a new type of stiffening truss and new cable construction.

Peter David Robinson: …fellow MP and assembly member, Iris, who had stated that homosexuality was “an abomination.” A larger scandal unfolded about a year later, following revelations that Robinson’s wife had improperly secured a £50,000 loan for a man with whom she had been conducting an affair. In January 2010 Robinson temporarily stepped…

Jackie Robinson was the first Black baseball player to play in the American major leagues during the 20th century. On April 15, 1947, Robinson broke the decades-old “color line” of Major League Baseball (MLB) when he appeared on the field for the National League Brooklyn Dodgers. He played as an

Jackie Robinson was the first Black baseball player to play in the American major leagues during the 20th century. On April 15, 1947, Robinson broke the decades-old “color line” of Major League Baseball (MLB) when he appeared on the field for the National League Brooklyn Dodgers. He played as an

circus: Equestrian acts: James Robinson, a mid-19th-century American, was one such rider. He was billed as “the One Great and Only Hero and Bareback Horseman and Gold Champion-Belted Emperor of All Equestrians.”

James Harvey Robinson was a U.S. historian, one of the founders of the “new history” that greatly broadened the scope of historical scholarship in relation to the social sciences. The son of a bank president, Robinson went to Europe for a short while in 1882 and returned to work briefly in his

Janelle Monáe is an American singer and actor best known for the albums The ArchAndroid (2010), The Electric Lady (2013), and Dirty Computer (2018) as well as for roles in the 2016 films Moonlight and Hidden Figures. Monáe was born Janelle Monáe Robinson to a large extended family of devout

Joan Robinson was a British economist and academic who contributed to the development and furtherance of Keynesian economic theory. Joan Maurice studied at the University of Cambridge, earning a degree in economics in 1925. In 1926 she married Austin Robinson, another Cambridge economist. She

Joan Robinson was a British economist and academic who contributed to the development and furtherance of Keynesian economic theory. Joan Maurice studied at the University of Cambridge, earning a degree in economics in 1925. In 1926 she married Austin Robinson, another Cambridge economist. She

electromagnetism: Formulation of the quantitative laws of electrostatics and magnetostatics: …Henry Cavendish, as well as John Robison of Scotland, had made quantitative determinations of this principle before Coulomb, but they had not published their work.)

John Robinson was an English Puritan minister called the pastor of the Pilgrim Fathers for his guidance of their religious life before their journey to North America aboard the “Mayflower” in 1620. In 1602 Robinson became a curate at St. Andrew’s Church, Norwich. His refusal to conform to the

Esther Duflo: …Kremer, and the American economist Jonathan Robinson used field experiments to investigate the question of why smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa often failed to adopt modern technologies, such as fertilizer, that were relatively simple to use and potentially greatly beneficial. Focusing on farmers in western Kenya, they demonstrated experimentally that…

Joseph T. Robinson was an American lawyer and legislator, a major figure in the enactment of New Deal legislation. He represented Arkansas in the U.S. House of Representatives (1903–13) and the U.S. Senate (1913–37). Admitted to the bar in 1895, Robinson practiced law in Lonoke. In 1902 he was

Joseph T. Robinson was an American lawyer and legislator, a major figure in the enactment of New Deal legislation. He represented Arkansas in the U.S. House of Representatives (1903–13) and the U.S. Senate (1913–37). Admitted to the bar in 1895, Robinson practiced law in Lonoke. In 1902 he was

science fiction: Utopias and dystopias: Kim Stanley Robinson’s Martian Trilogy—Red Mars (1992), Green Mars (1994), and Blue Mars (1996)—describes planetary settlers creating an idealist pioneer society under Martian physical conditions.