optics: The Rayleigh limit: As noted above, when a perfect lens forms an image of a point source of light, the emerging wave is a sphere centred about the image point. The optical paths from all points on the wave to the image are therefore equal, so…

fluid mechanics: Convection: …which is known as the Rayleigh number. If the Rayleigh number is less than 1,708, the fluid is stable—or perhaps it would be more accurate to say that it is metastable—even though it is warmer at the bottom than at the top. However, when 1,708 is exceeded, a pattern of…

Lord Rayleigh was an English physical scientist who made fundamental discoveries in the fields of acoustics and optics that are basic to the theory of wave propagation in fluids. He received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1904 for his successful isolation of argon, an inert atmospheric gas. Strutt

Rayleigh scattering, dispersion of electromagnetic radiation by particles that have a radius less than approximately 110 the wavelength of the radiation. The process has been named in honour of Lord Rayleigh, who in 1871 published a paper describing this phenomenon. The angle through which sunlight

seismic wave: …principal surface waves are called Rayleigh waves after the British physicist Lord Rayleigh, who first mathematically demonstrated their existence. Rayleigh waves travel along the free surface of an elastic solid such as the Earth. Their motion is a combination of longitudinal compression and dilation that results in an elliptical motion…

Lord Rayleigh was an English physical scientist who made fundamental discoveries in the fields of acoustics and optics that are basic to the theory of wave propagation in fluids. He received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1904 for his successful isolation of argon, an inert atmospheric gas. Strutt

Kate DiCamillo: DiCamillo also drew praise for Raymie Nightingale (2016), which centres on a young girl who, in an effort to get her adulterous father to return home, hopes to win the Little Miss Central Florida Tire competition. Other characters in the book include Louisiana Elefante, whose struggles after moving away from…

Raymond was the prince of Antioch (1136–49) who successfully resisted the attempts of the Byzantine emperor John II to establish control over the principality. Raymond was the younger son of William VII, count of Poitiers, in west-central France. In 1135 King Fulk of the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem,

Crossword Book Awards, any of a series of Indian literary awards established in 1998 by Indian book retailer Crossword, its stated aim being to create a prize equivalent to Western literary accolades such as the Booker Prize and the Pulitzer Prize. The Crossword was initially conceived as a single

Raymond III was the count of the crusaders’ state of Tripoli (1152–87) and twice regent of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (1174–77, 1184–85). Raymond succeeded to the countship after the assassination of his father, Raymond II, in 1152. In his campaigns against the Muslims he was taken prisoner by

France: The principalities of the south: …status dated from 924, when Raymond III Pons (924–after 944) added control of coastal Gothia to that of Toulouse and its hinterland. Dynastic continuity, here as elsewhere, however, was badly interrupted, and none of the succeeding counts were able to organize a coherent lordship. Raymond IV of Saint-Gilles (1093–1105) acquired…

Raymond IV was the count of Toulouse (1093–1105) and marquis of Provence (1066–1105), the first—and one of the most effective—of the western European rulers who joined the First Crusade. He is reckoned as Raymond I of Tripoli, a county in the Latin East which he began to conquer from 1102 to 1105.

Spain: The medieval empire, 1035–1157: …fortunate among them, the cousins Raymond and Henry of Burgundy, married Alfonso VI’s daughters, Urraca and Teresa, and thereby became the ancestors of the dynasties that governed León and Portugal until the late 14th century.

Saint Raymond of Peñafort ; canonized 1601; feast day January 7) was a Catalan Dominican friar who compiled the Decretals of Gregory IX, a body of medieval legislation that remained part of church law until the Code of Canon Law was promulgated in 1917. He studied canon law at Bologna and taught

Raymond was the prince of Antioch (1136–49) who successfully resisted the attempts of the Byzantine emperor John II to establish control over the principality. Raymond was the younger son of William VII, count of Poitiers, in west-central France. In 1135 King Fulk of the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem,

Raymond IV was the count of Toulouse (1093–1105) and marquis of Provence (1066–1105), the first—and one of the most effective—of the western European rulers who joined the First Crusade. He is reckoned as Raymond I of Tripoli, a county in the Latin East which he began to conquer from 1102 to 1105.

Raymond Terrace, town, eastern New South Wales, Australia. It lies on the east bank of the Hunter River near its junction with the Williams River, just north of Newcastle. Founded in the 1830s, the town was named for a member of an exploring expedition in 1812 led by Gov. Lachlan Macquarie. An

France: Louis IX: The revolt of Raymond Trencavel, dispossessed heir to the viscounty of Béziers, halfheartedly supported by Raymond VII of Toulouse, was no more successful; its failure resulted in the vindictive destruction of the petty nobility of Languedoc, and many fiefs thereupon passed to the crown. In 1239 a childless…

Usher: Here I Stand, Raymond v. Raymond, and Coming Home: The follow-up album, Raymond v. Raymond (2010), continued to serve as a window into Usher’s private life, but it was a dark reflection of Here I Stand, as it traced the disintegration of his first marriage, to fashion designer Tameka Foster. In 2011 Raymond v. Raymond won a…

Raymond VI was the count of Toulouse from 1194, who at first tolerated the heretical Cathari in Languedoc, then (1209) joined the Albigensian Crusade against them and afterward fought the crusaders to save his own dominions. The son of Count Raymond V, Raymond VI was a nephew of King Louis VII of

Raymond VII was the count of Toulouse from 1222, who succeeded his father, Raymond VI, not only in the countship but also in having to face problems raised by the Albigensian Crusade against the heretical Cathari. Under his rule, the de facto independence of Toulouse from the French kingdom was

Alex Raymond was a U.S. comic-strip artist notable for his creation of a number of outstanding and successful adventure comic strips. At 18 Raymond went to work in a brokerage office on New York City’s Wall Street, but the stock market crash of 1929 ended his career in finance. He then worked

Alex Raymond was a U.S. comic-strip artist notable for his creation of a number of outstanding and successful adventure comic strips. At 18 Raymond went to work in a brokerage office on New York City’s Wall Street, but the stock market crash of 1929 ended his career in finance. He then worked

Antonin Raymond was a Czech-born U.S. architect who is especially noted for his work in Japan. His buildings there reveal that his understanding of and respect for Japanese tradition informed his Modernist sensibility. He was little known in his adopted country but was highly esteemed in Japan.

Don Raimundo was an archbishop and leading prelate of the 12th-century Spanish Christian church, whose patronage of the Toledan school of translators contributed greatly to medieval learning. Raimundo was one of the many French Cluniac monks who, under the leadership of Bernard of Périgord

open source: The Cathedral & the Bazaar: In 1997 computer programmer Eric Raymond (the author of this article) proposed a new theory of open source in his paper “The Cathedral & the Bazaar.” Raymond compared the centralization, secrecy, slow release tempo, and vertical management of traditional software development to a cathedral with its top-down hierarchal structure;…

Henry Jarvis Raymond was a U.S. journalist and politician who, as the first editor and chief proprietor of The New York Times (from 1851), did much to elevate the style and tone of contemporary newspapers and who was prominent in forming the Republican Party. Raymond worked for Horace Greeley on

United States Space Force: …chief of space operations was John W. Raymond. His previous experience included commanding the U.S. Space Command and directing space forces in their support of the Afghanistan War and the Iraq War. One benefit of keeping a link between the USSF and the U.S. Air Force is avoiding organizational duplication,…

Usher is an American musician whose smooth vocals and sensual ballads helped establish him as a rhythm-and-blues superstar in the late 1990s and early 2000s. His hit singles include “You Make Me Wanna,” “Nice & Slow,” “U Remind Me,” and the rap collaboration “Yeah!” He is also known for his acting

Guillaume-Thomas Raynal, abbé de Raynal was a French writer and propagandist who helped set the intellectual climate for the French Revolution. Raynal was educated by the Jesuits and joined the order as a young man, but, after going to Paris to work for the church, he gave up religious life in

Battle of Bouvines: …Portugal, count of Flanders, and Renaud (Raynald) of Dammartin, count of Boulogne. The victory enhanced the power and the prestige of the French monarchy in France and in the rest of Europe.

Franche-Comté: History: …in 1127, a local count, Raynald III, refused to do homage to the German king, Lothar II (later Holy Roman emperor). Lothar tried to set up a rival in Raynald’s place, but, after 10 years of conflict, Raynald was victorious. Thereafter, he was the franc-comte (“free count”; German: Freigraf), and…

Reginald of Châtillon was a prince of Antioch (1153–60), one of the leading military figures of the Crusades between 1147 and 1187, whose reckless policy in raiding Muslim caravans during periods of truce led to the virtual destruction of the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem and the loss of most of its

skin disease: Blood vessels: In Raynaud’s phenomenon, the vascular spasm is severe, affecting the extremities and leading to attacks of cold, white fingers. Milder degrees of spasm, as well as increases in blood viscosity, may cause a purple discoloration of the skin (cyanosis), which may assume a reticulate pattern (livedo…

Raynaud syndrome, condition occurring primarily in young women that is characterized by spasms in the arteries to the fingers that cause the fingertips to become first pale and then cyanotic—bluish—upon exposure to cold or in response to emotional stress. Upon cessation of the stimulus, redness

Raynaud syndrome, condition occurring primarily in young women that is characterized by spasms in the arteries to the fingers that cause the fingertips to become first pale and then cyanotic—bluish—upon exposure to cold or in response to emotional stress. Upon cessation of the stimulus, redness

motivation: Classical conditioning: Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrated the development of an emotional response in a young boy using classical conditioning techniques. The presentation of a white rat was paired with the striking of a steel bar, which induced fear in the little boy. After only a few pairings, the…

François-Juste-Marie Raynouard was a French dramatist and Romance philologist who also played a part in the politics of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic periods. Trained as a lawyer, Raynouard was elected to the Legislative Assembly in 1791. In 1793 he was imprisoned on political grounds but was

Miguel Hernández: …note in his best work, El rayo que no cesa (1936; “The Never-Ending Lightning”), a collection mostly of sonnets of great classical purity. El hombre acecha (1939; “The Man Who Lurks”) is a desolate book full of the horror of war and prison. The posthumous Cancionero y romancero de ausencias…

Man Ray: or photograms, which he called rayographs. He made them by placing objects directly on light-sensitive paper, which he exposed to light and developed. In 1922 a book of his collected rayographs, Les Champs délicieux (“The Delightful Fields”), was published, with an introduction by the influential Dada artist Tristan Tzara, who…

rayon, artificial textile material composed of regenerated and purified cellulose derived from plant sources. Developed in the late 19th century as a substitute for silk, rayon was the first man-made fibre. Rayon is described as a regenerated fibre because the cellulose, obtained from soft woods or

Rayong, town, southern Thailand. It lies southeast of Bangkok, on the northeastern coast of the Gulf of Thailand. Rayong is a fishing port and produces tapioca from locally grown cassava. Cassava, fruits, and rubber are the major products of the adjacent hinterland. Nearby beaches attract a growing

Rayonism, Russian art movement founded by Mikhail F. Larionov, representing one of the first steps toward the development of abstract art in Russia. Larionov exhibited one of the first Rayonist works, Glass, in 1912 and wrote the movement’s manifesto that same year (though it was not published

Rayonnant style, French building style (13th century) that represents the height of Gothic architecture. During this period architects became less interested in achieving great size than in decoration, which took such forms as pinnacles, moldings, and especially window tracery. The style’s name

Victor Hugo: Success (1830–51): …both personal and philosophical; and Les Rayons et les ombres (1840; “Sunlight and Shadows”), in which the poet, renewing these different themes, indulges his gift for colour and picturesque detail. But Hugo was not content merely to express personal emotions; he wanted to be what he called the “sonorous echo”…

Gilles de Rais was a Breton baron, marshal of France, and man of wealth whose distinguished career ended in a celebrated trial for Satanism, abduction, and child murder. His name was later connected with the story of Bluebeard. At an early age Rais distinguished himself militarily, fighting first

Raytheon Company, major American industrial corporation with core manufacturing concentrations in defense and aerospace electronics. Established in 1922, the company reincorporated in 1928 and adopted its present name in 1959. Its electronics and defense-systems units produce air-, sea-, and

Raytheon Company, major American industrial corporation with core manufacturing concentrations in defense and aerospace electronics. Established in 1922, the company reincorporated in 1928 and adopted its present name in 1959. Its electronics and defense-systems units produce air-, sea-, and

Raytheon Company, major American industrial corporation with core manufacturing concentrations in defense and aerospace electronics. Established in 1922, the company reincorporated in 1928 and adopted its present name in 1959. Its electronics and defense-systems units produce air-, sea-, and

Argentina: The arts of Argentina: …as the antinovel Rayuela (1963; Hopscotch) by the Argentine novelist Julio Cortázar. Adolfo Bioy Casares, a colleague of Borges, is particularly well known for his stories. Also notable is Ernesto Sábato, author of the fictional work El túnel (1948; Eng. trans. The Outsider) and chair of the commission that produced…

Rayy, formerly one of the great cities of Iran. The remains of the ancient city lie on the eastern outskirts of the modern city of Shahr-e Rey, which itself is located just a few miles southeast of Tehrān. A settlement at the site dates from the 3rd millennium bce. Rayy is featured in the Avesta

Rayy ware, in Islamic ceramics, style of pottery found at Rayy, near Tehrān, and dating from the 12th century. Particularly characteristic is a fine minai (a kind of enamel) painting. Fine pottery with bold carving, occasional piercing, and translucent glaze is typical, as is a range of matte

philosophy of law: Joseph Raz: Raz explored in greater depth than Hart or Kelsen the idea that law claims the right to tell citizens what they must do—what Raz called law’s claim to authority. But what is authority? Raz defended the “service conception” of authority, according to which…

Alcides Arguedas: …novels about the Indians, especially Raza de bronce (1919; “Race of Bronze”), an epic portrayal of the travels of a group of Bolivian Indians, ending with their extermination by Europeans. His exploration of the Indian problem foreshadowed the Indianista novel of the 1930s and ’40s in Latin America.

Tun Haji Abdul Razak bin Hussein was the prime minister, foreign minister, and defense minister of Malaysia from 1970 to 1976. A lawyer by training, Abdul Razak joined the civil service in 1950, entered politics in 1955, and was a key figure in gaining his country’s independence from Britain in

Hyderabad: History: …in 1947, violence by the Razakars—a Muslim militia—against Hindu communities drew the attention of the Indian government. In September 1948 the Indian army intervened, invading Hyderabad and easily routing the nizam’s forces. Although loss of life during the military operation was minor, it was followed by an outburst of looting…

Armenia: Drainage: …the Akhuryan (130 miles), the Hrazdan (90 miles), the Arpa (80 miles), and the Vorotan (Bargyushad; 111 miles), serve to irrigate most of Armenia. The tributaries of the Kura—the Debed (109 miles), the Aghstev (80 miles), and others—pass through Armenia’s northeastern regions. Lake Sevan, with a capacity in excess of

Razgrad, town, northeastern Bulgaria, on the Beli Lom River. It is the largest producer of antibiotics in Bulgaria and also manufactures concrete, porcelain, and glass and is an agricultural centre for grain, vegetables, and timber. Between the 15th and the 19th century, Razgrad was Turkish.

Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Fadeyev: …first important novel, Razgrom (1927; The Nineteen), which deals with a ragged band of 19 Red guerrilla fighters trapped between the Whites and the Japanese. Each of the 19 characters is treated in the round. Especially notable is the portrait of their leader, the positive hero Levinson, a disciplined communist…

al-Rāzī was a celebrated alchemist and Muslim philosopher who is also considered to have been the greatest physician of the Islamic world. One tradition holds that al-Rāzī was already an alchemist before he gained his medical knowledge. After serving as chief physician in a Rayy hospital, he held a

al-Rāzī was a celebrated alchemist and Muslim philosopher who is also considered to have been the greatest physician of the Islamic world. One tradition holds that al-Rāzī was already an alchemist before he gained his medical knowledge. After serving as chief physician in a Rayy hospital, he held a

Fakhr ad-Dīn ar-Rāzī was a Muslim theologian and scholar, author of one of the most authoritative commentaries on the Qurʾān in the history of Islām. His aggressiveness and vengefulness created many enemies and involved him in numerous intrigues. His intellectual brilliance, however, was

Georgian literature: The 20th century: Vazha-Pshavela (pseudonym of Luka Razikashvili) is modern Georgia’s greatest genius. His finest works are tragic narrative poems (Stumar-maspindzeli [1893; “Host and Guest”], Gvelis mchameli [1901; “The Snake-Eater”]) that combine Caucasian folk myth with human tragedy. Young Georgian poets and prose writers were subsequently inspired by…

Stenka Razin was a leader of a major Cossack and peasant rebellion on Russia’s southeastern frontier (1670–71). Born into a well-to-do Don Cossack family, Stenka Razin grew up amid the tension caused by the inability of runaway serfs, who were continually escaping from Poland and Russia to the Don

India: Consolidation of the sultanate: …rulers, Iltutmish nominated his daughter Raziyyah (Raziyyat al-Dīn) to be his successor. By refusing shelter to the Muslim Jalāl al-Dīn Mingburnu (the last Khwārezm-Shah) against the pagan Genghis Khan, he politely asserted that the sultanate in Delhi, even though a sequel to a Central Asian social and political struggle, was…

India: Consolidation of the sultanate: …rulers, Iltutmish nominated his daughter Raziyyah (Raziyyat al-Dīn) to be his successor. By refusing shelter to the Muslim Jalāl al-Dīn Mingburnu (the last Khwārezm-Shah) against the pagan Genghis Khan, he politely asserted that the sultanate in Delhi, even though a sequel to a Central Asian social and political struggle, was…

Ali Razmara was an Iranian army officer and government official who was prime minister of Iran from 1950 to 1951. Razmara graduated from the French military academy at Saint-Cyr in 1925. After serving in the pacification campaigns in the Kurdistan and Laristan regions of Iran under Reza Khan (later

Ali Razmara was an Iranian army officer and government official who was prime minister of Iran from 1950 to 1951. Razmara graduated from the French military academy at Saint-Cyr in 1925. After serving in the pacification campaigns in the Kurdistan and Laristan regions of Iran under Reza Khan (later

Željko Ražnatović was a Serbian nationalist who headed the paramilitary Serbian Volunteer Guard (known as the Tigers), which was accused of committing atrocities during the conflicts that accompanied the breakup of Yugoslavia in the first half of the 1990s. Ražnatović’s father was an officer in the

Željko Ražnatović was a Serbian nationalist who headed the paramilitary Serbian Volunteer Guard (known as the Tigers), which was accused of committing atrocities during the conflicts that accompanied the breakup of Yugoslavia in the first half of the 1990s. Ražnatović’s father was an officer in the

Bolivia: The rise of new political groups and the Bolivian National Revolution: …by a secret military group, Reason for the Fatherland (Razón de Patria; RADEPA). RADEPA allied itself with the MNR and tried to create a new-style government under Colonel Gualberto Villaroel (1943–46), but little was accomplished except for the MNR’s political mobilization of the Indian peasants. Opposed as fascist-oriented by the…

razor, keen-edged cutting implement for shaving or cutting hair. Prehistoric cave drawings show that clam shells, shark’s teeth, and sharpened flints were used as shaving implements. Solid gold and copper razors have been found in Egyptian tombs of the 4th millennium bce. According to the Roman

razor clam, any of the species of marine bivalve mollusks of the family Solenidae. In England the species of the genera Ensis and Solen are called razor shells. The Solenidae are common in intertidal sands and muds, particularly of temperate seas. These bivalves have narrow and elongated razorlike

shrimpfish, any of four species of small, tropical marine fishes of the family Centriscidae (order Gasterosteiformes), found in the Indo-Pacific. The name razorfish derives from the shrimpfishes’ characteristic sharp-edged belly. Shrimpfishes are nearly transparent, long-snouted, shrimplike fishes,

razor clam, any of the species of marine bivalve mollusks of the family Solenidae. In England the species of the genera Ensis and Solen are called razor shells. The Solenidae are common in intertidal sands and muds, particularly of temperate seas. These bivalves have narrow and elongated razorlike

AC/DC: The Razor’s Edge (1990) featured the hit singles “Thunderstruck” and “Moneytalks,” the latter of which reached number 23 on the Billboard chart, making it the group’s sole Top 40 single. The band settled into a pattern of roughly two studio releases per decade, following The…

The Razor’s Edge, philosophical novel by W. Somerset Maugham, published in 1944. The novel is concerned in large part with the search for the meaning of life and with the dichotomy between materialism and spirituality. Set in Chicago, Paris, and India in the 1920s and ’30s, it involves characters

Edmund Goulding: The 1940s: …adaptation of another Maugham novel, The Razor’s Edge. The 1946 drama was nominated for an Academy Award as best picture, and it was one of Goulding’s finest films. A hardened Tyrone Power was surprisingly convincing as the hero on a spiritual quest, and he was well supported by Gene Tierney,…

razor-billed auk, (Alca torda), black and white seabird of the North Atlantic, bearing a sharp, heavy, compressed beak. About 40 cm (16 inches) long, it is the largest living member of the auk family, Alcidae (order Charadriiformes), and the nearest kin to the extinct great auk. Razor-billed auks

fin whale, (Balaenoptera physalus), a slender baleen whale, second in size to the blue whale and distinguishable by its asymmetrical coloration. The fin whale is generally gray with a white underside, but the right side of the head has a light gray area, a white lower jaw, and white baleen at the

razor-billed auk, (Alca torda), black and white seabird of the North Atlantic, bearing a sharp, heavy, compressed beak. About 40 cm (16 inches) long, it is the largest living member of the auk family, Alcidae (order Charadriiformes), and the nearest kin to the extinct great auk. Razor-billed auks

Razumovsky Quartets, three string quartets by Ludwig van Beethoven composed in 1805–06 for the Russian ambassador to Vienna, Count Andreas Razumovsky. They premiered in Vienna in February 1807 and were published as a set the following year. The Razumovsky Quartets reflect a sharp departure from

Vladimir Lenin: Formation of a revolutionary party of Vladimir Lenin: …which culminated in his magisterial Development of Capitalism in Russia (published legally in 1899). In this work, a study of Russian economics, he argued that capitalism was rapidly destroying the peasant commune. The peasantry constituted for the Populists a homogeneous social class, but Lenin claimed that the peasantry was in…

ghanīmah: …society, where the ghazw (razzia, or raid) was a way of life and a point of honour, ghanīmah helped provide the material means of existence. After the leader of the ghazw received a fourth or a fifth of the booty, the rest was divided among the raiders according to…

Crusades: Legal practices: …a court overseen by the rais (raʾīs), a chieftain of importance under the Frankish regime. An important element in the kingdom’s army, the corps of Turcopoles, made up of lightly armed cavalry units, was composed largely of native Christians, including, apparently, converts from Islam. The principle of personality of law…

Ebrahim Raisi was president of Iran (2021–24) before his sudden death in a helicopter crash. The unpopular prosecutor—called the “Butcher of Tehrān” for his role in the execution of thousands of political prisoners in 1988—was thrust to power by the clerical establishment as a potential successor

Ras al-Khaimah, constituent emirate of the United Arab Emirates (formerly Trucial States, or Trucial Oman). It consists of two irregularly shaped tracts on the Musandam Peninsula, oriented north-south. The northern section shares the Ruʾūs al-Jibāl peninsula with the sultanate of Oman and has a

Ras Tanura, port on the Persian Gulf, in eastern Saudi Arabia, at the tip of a small peninsula. Developed by the Arabian American Oil Company (now Saudi Aramco) after the discovery of nearby petroleum deposits in the 1930s, it is now a principal Persian Gulf terminal of the pipelines and has a

Musandam Peninsula, peninsula, a northeastern extension of the Arabian Peninsula, separating the Gulf of Oman on the east from the Persian Gulf on the west to form the Strait of Hormuz to the north. The Ruʾūs al-Jibāl (“the Mountaintops”), the northernmost extremity of the Al-Ḥajar al-Gharbī

Ugarit, ancient city lying in a large artificial mound called Ras Shamra (Raʾs Shamrah), 6 miles (10 km) north of Latakia (Al-Lādhiqiyyah) on the Mediterranean coast of northern Syria. Its ruins, about half a mile from the shore, were first uncovered by the plow of a peasant at Al-Bayḍā Bay.

ijtihād: …mainly in the form of raʾy (personal judgment) and qiyās (analogical reasoning), and those who did so were termed mujtahids. But with the crystallization of legal schools (madhhabs) under the ʿAbbāsids (reigned 750–1258), jurists of the majority Sunni branch of Islam came to

Judaism: The making of the Zohar (c. 1260–1492): …markedly different theological orientation: the Raʿya mehemana (“Faithful Shepherd”—i.e., Moses the prophet), the particular subject of which is the interpretation and theosophic justification of the precepts of the Torah; and the Tiqqune zohar, consisting of elaborations in the same vein bearing upon the first word of the book of Genesis…

rubidium (Rb), chemical element of Group 1 (Ia) in the periodic table, the alkali metal group. Rubidium is the second most reactive metal and is very soft, with a silvery-white luster. Rubidium was discovered (1861) spectroscopically by German scientists Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff and named

tumour suppressor gene: …mutations in a gene designated RB. Subsequent research revealed that mutations in this gene also play a role in cancers of the bone, lung, breast, cervix, prostate, and bladder. A number of other tumour suppressor genes (such as TP53, which encodes a protein known as p53) have been identified. The…

Rolls-Royce PLC: …new, powerful jet engine, the RB211. In order to beat its competitor General Electric, the company agreed to a fixed-price contract with Lockheed Aircraft Corporation (see Lockheed Martin Corporation) to supply the RB211 turbofan for Lockheed’s L-1011 TriStar wide-body airliner. Rolls-Royce management made several miscalculations in the process, including a…

sleep: Parasomnias: REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) is a disease in which the sleeper acts out the dream content. The main characteristic of the disorder is a lack of the typical muscle paralysis seen during REM sleep. The consequence is that the sleeper is no longer able…

radiation: Units for measuring ionizing radiation: …of radiation in terms of relative biologic effectiveness (RBE), since particulate radiations tend to cause greater injury for a given absorbed dose than do X rays or gamma rays. The dose equivalent of a given type of radiation (in Sv) is the dose of the radiation in Gy multiplied by…

Reserve Bank of India (RBI), the central bank of India, established in 1935 by the Reserve Bank of India Act (1934). Originally privately owned, the RBI was nationalized in 1949. The bank is headquartered in Mumbai and maintains offices throughout the country. The RBI formulates and implements the

surface analysis: Ion scattering spectroscopy and Rutherford backscattering: Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS, named after British physicist Ernest Rutherford) operates on the same principle as ISS. A primary ion beam is elastically scattered, and the energy and angle of the scattered ion yield information about the mass of the scattering atom in the sample.…

Royal Bank of Scotland Group (RBS), in the United Kingdom, a bank and financial services company that became one of the largest in Europe through its acquisition of National Westminster Bank in 2000. Its headquarters are in Edinburgh, Scot. The Royal Bank of Scotland is the leading U.K. provider of