Rajnandgaon, city, west-central Chhattisgarh state, east-central India. It lies in a region of fertile farmland in the western part of the Chhattisgarh Plain and is drained by several small tributaries of the Seonath River, which flows just to the south of the city. Rajnandgaon was ruled by a

biological weapon: Biological terrorism: The “Rajneeshies” took political control of the nearby town of Antelope, changing its name to Rajneesh, and in 1984 they attempted to extend their political control throughout the county by suppressing voter turnout in the more populous town of The Dalles. Leading up to the countywide…

Rajneesh movement, religious sect founded by the Indian mystic and spiritual leader Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh, also known in later life as Osho. Rajneesh first initiated people into his order of neo-sannyasins in the early 1970s and set up the movement’s headquarters in Pune, India, in 1974. In 1981

Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh was an Indian spiritual leader who preached an eclectic doctrine of Eastern mysticism, individual devotion, and sexual freedom. As a young intellectual, Rajneesh visited with and absorbed insights from teachers of the various religious traditions active in India. He studied

Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh was an Indian spiritual leader who preached an eclectic doctrine of Eastern mysticism, individual devotion, and sexual freedom. As a young intellectual, Rajneesh visited with and absorbed insights from teachers of the various religious traditions active in India. He studied

biological weapon: Biological terrorism: The “Rajneeshies” took political control of the nearby town of Antelope, changing its name to Rajneesh, and in 1984 they attempted to extend their political control throughout the county by suppressing voter turnout in the more populous town of The Dalles. Leading up to the countywide…

Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh: …and, the following year, incorporated Rajneeshpuram, a new city he planned to build on an abandoned ranch near Antelope, Oregon. During the next few years many of his most-trusted aides abandoned the movement, which came under investigation for multiple felonies, including arson, attempted murder, drug smuggling, and vote fraud in…

Rajnikanth is an Indian actor whose unique mannerisms and stylized line delivery made him one of the leading stars of Tamil cinema. With roles in more than 150 films, he also enjoyed considerable success in Hindi, Telugu, and Kannada movies. A film buff since his boyhood, Rajnikanth moved to Madras

Rajnikanth is an Indian actor whose unique mannerisms and stylized line delivery made him one of the leading stars of Tamil cinema. With roles in more than 150 films, he also enjoyed considerable success in Hindi, Telugu, and Kannada movies. A film buff since his boyhood, Rajnikanth moved to Madras

Andry Rajoelina is a Malagasy entrepreneur and politician who served as president of Madagascar from 2009 to 2014 after coming to power in a coup. He again served as president (2019–23; 2023– ) after winning the 2018 and 2023 presidential elections. Prior to his terms as president, he served as the

skate, (order Rajiformes), in zoology, any of numerous flat-bodied cartilaginous fishes constituting the order Rajiformes. Skates are found in most parts of the world, from tropical to near-Arctic waters and from the shallows to depths of more than 2,700 metres (8,900 feet). Most classifications

skate, (order Rajiformes), in zoology, any of numerous flat-bodied cartilaginous fishes constituting the order Rajiformes. Skates are found in most parts of the world, from tropical to near-Arctic waters and from the shallows to depths of more than 2,700 metres (8,900 feet). Most classifications

Rajouri, town, western Jammu and Kashmir union territory, northern India, in the Kashmir region of the Indian subcontinent. The town is situated in a deep valley of the southern flank of the Pir Panjal Range on the Tawi River. It was referred to as Rajpuri in Kalhana’s Rajatarangini (12th century

Mariano Rajoy is a Spanish politician who served as prime minister of Spain from 2011 to 2018. Rajoy was raised in the Galicia region of northern Spain. He studied law at the University of Santiago de Compostela, receiving a degree in 1978. After briefly working as a land registrar, he embarked on

Rajput, (from Sanskrit raja-putra, “son of a king”), any of about 12 million landowners organized in patrilineal clans and located mainly in central and northern India. They are especially numerous in the historic region of Rajputana (“Land of the Rajputs”) that also included portions of

Rājput painting, the art of the independent Hindu feudal states in India, as distinguished from the court art of the Mughal emperors. Whereas Mughal painting was contemporary in style, Rājput was traditional and romantic. It developed in the 16th and early 17th centuries, and its late period lasted

Rajputana, former group of princely states chiefly constituting what is now Rajasthan state, northwestern India. The name means “land of the Rajputs.” The area, 132,559 square miles (343,328 square km), consisted of two geographic divisions: the area northwest of the Aravalli Range, this being

Rajshahi, city, west-central Bangladesh. It lies just north of the upper Padma River (Ganges [Ganga] River) and of the border with West Bengal state in India. Rajshahi was selected by the Dutch in the early 18th century as the site of a factory (trading post) and was constituted a municipality

Bangladesh: Education of Bangladesh: …University of Dhaka (1921), the University of Rajshahi (1953), or the University of Chittagong (1966). Other prominent institutions include Jahangirnagar University (1970) on the outskirts of the capital, the Bangladesh Agricultural University (1961) at Mymensingh, the Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (1962) at Dhaka, and the Islamic University (1980)…

Rajapalayam: …city is named for its Raju inhabitants, Telugu speakers who migrated there during the Vijayanagar (1336–1565) conquest. The city grew as a centre for cotton hand-looming and weaving. It has cotton mills and a cement factory. Pop. (2001) 122,307; (2011) 130,442.

India: Central Asian rulers: …Shaka rulers of note were Rajuvala and Shodasa. Ultimately the Shakas settled in western India and Malava and came into conflict with the kingdoms of the northern Deccan and the Ganges valley—particularly during the reigns of Nahapana, Cashtana, and Rudradaman—in the first two centuries ce. Rudradaman’s fame is recorded in…

Rajputana, former group of princely states chiefly constituting what is now Rajasthan state, northwestern India. The name means “land of the Rajputs.” The area, 132,559 square miles (343,328 square km), consisted of two geographic divisions: the area northwest of the Aravalli Range, this being

Rajya Sabha, the upper house of India’s bicameral legislature. The Rajya Sabha was designed by the framers of the Indian constitution as a check on the power of the Lok Sabha (“House of the People”), the legislature’s lower house. It represents the interests of the states and union territories. The

Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty: Their last important king, Rajyapala, was driven from Kannauj by Maḥmūd of Ghazna in 1018 and was later killed by the forces of the Chandela king Vidyadhara. For about a generation longer a small Pratihara principality apparently survived in the area of Allahabad.

RAK Records: For a long time, London pop was cynical, inept, or ironic. In the early 1970s a new generation of producers—heedful of Phil Spector’s description of his work as “little symphonies for the kids”—injected a new sense of market-driven buoyancy into the pop single. Mickie Most…

For a long time, London pop was cynical, inept, or ironic. In the early 1970s a new generation of producers—heedful of Phil Spector’s description of his work as “little symphonies for the kids”—injected a new sense of market-driven buoyancy into the pop single. Mickie Most was a North Londoner, but

Apichatpong Weerasethakul: …Rak ti Khon Kaen (2015; Cemetery of Splendor). He also directed a segment in Ten Years Thailand (2018).

Rakahanga Atoll, one of the northern Cook Islands, a self-governing state in free association with New Zealand in the South Pacific Ocean. It is a sparsely populated rectangular coral atoll 3 miles (5 km) long comprising eight islets. Rakahanga has also been known as Grand Duke Alexander Island,

Rakaia River, river in east-central South Island, New Zealand. It rises in the Lyell and Ramsay glaciers of the Southern Alps near Whitcombe Pass. The river flows east and southeast for 90 miles (145 km) before entering Canterbury Bight of the Pacific Ocean through a delta just west of Banks

arhat, in Buddhism, a perfected person, one who has gained insight into the true nature of existence and has achieved nirvana (spiritual enlightenment). The arhat, having freed himself from the bonds of desire, will not be reborn. The state of an arhat is considered in the Theravada tradition to be

mask: Therapeutic uses: …Sri Lanka, where 19 distinct sickness demon masks have been devised. These masks are of ferocious aspect, fanged, and with fiendish eyes. Gaudily coloured and sometimes having articulating jaws, they present a dragonlike appearance.

Battle of Talikota, confrontation in the Deccan region of southern India between the forces of the Hindu raja of Vijayanagar and the four allied Muslim sultans of Bijapur, Bidar, Ahmadnagar, and Golconda. The battle was fought on January 23, 1565, at a site southeast of Bijapur, in what is now

Joel Lehtonen: In Rakastunut rampa (1922; “The Amorous Cripple”), however, Lehtonen bitterly rejects the tributes to individualism and genius worship that marked his youthful phase. The main character has deluded himself into believing that he is a superman, but as circumstances assail him he becomes overwhelmed with shame…

Arabia: The Hejaz and Asir: The sand plain of Rakbah unrolls south of the Kishb Lava Field, which is southeast of Medina. Among the lava fields east of Mecca is one surrounding the mountains of Ḥaḍan (Ḥiḍn), the traditional border area between the Hejaz and Najd.

William Hogarth: Reputation and success of William Hogarth: …and held back the eight-part Rake’s Progress until a law of that nature, known as the Hogarth Act, was passed in 1735. In the following year Hogarth moved into the house in Leicester Fields that he was to occupy until his death.

Igor Stravinsky: Life and career: …on his only full-length opera, The Rake’s Progress, a Neoclassical work (with a libretto by W.H. Auden and the American writer Chester Kallman) based on a series of moralistic engravings by the 18th-century English artist William Hogarth. The Rake’s Progress is a mock-serious pastiche of late 18th-century grand opera but…

theatre: The revival of theatre building in Italy: …scaenae frons, he introduced a raked platform, slanted upward toward the rear, on which the perspective setting of a street was made up of painted canvases and three-dimensional houses. Since the perspective required that the houses rapidly diminish in size with distance, the actors were able to use only the…

Wernher von Braun: Early life: …he acquired a copy of Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen (“The Rocket into Interplanetary Space”) by a rocket pioneer, Hermann Oberth. Frustrated by his inability to understand the mathematics, he applied himself at school until he led his class.

Pakistan: Plant and animal life: Dry scrub forests, called rakhs, grow in parts of the arid plain. In the northern and northwestern foothills and plains, shrub forests, principally acacia, and wild olive are found. In the wetter parts of the northern and northwestern mountains, evergreen coniferous softwood forests, with some broad-leaved species, grow. Fir,…

Marma: …Bengal; the other group, the Rakhaing Marma, are recent immigrants, having come from Arakan toward the end of the 18th century, when their kingdom was conquered by the Burmese.

Arakanese, ethnic group centred in the Arakan coastal region of Myanmar (Burma), in the state of Rakhine. Most Arakanese speak an unusual variety of the Burmese language that includes significant differences from Burmese pronunciation and vocabulary. An independent Arakanese kingdom was probably

Rakhine Mountains, mountain arc in western Myanmar (Burma), between the Rakhine (Arakan) coast and the Irrawaddy River valley. The arc extends northward for about 600 miles (950 km) from Cape Negrais (Myanmar) to Manipur (India) and includes the Naga, Chin, Mizo (Lushai), and Patkai hills. The

Rakhine Mountains, mountain arc in western Myanmar (Burma), between the Rakhine (Arakan) coast and the Irrawaddy River valley. The arc extends northward for about 600 miles (950 km) from Cape Negrais (Myanmar) to Manipur (India) and includes the Naga, Chin, Mizo (Lushai), and Patkai hills. The

Sergey Rachmaninoff was a composer who was the last great figure of the tradition of Russian Romanticism and a leading piano virtuoso of his time. He is especially known for his piano concerti and the piece for piano and orchestra titled Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini (1934). Rachmaninoff was born

Michael Curtiz: Last films of Michael Curtiz: …songwriter Gus Kahn (played by Danny Thomas). The Story of Will Rogers followed in 1952.

Iranian languages: Dialects: …six groups: Eastern Hill dialects; Rākhshānī dialects including that of Mary; Sarawānī; Kechī; Loṭunī; and the coastal dialects. Of these, Rākhshānī is the most widely spoken and is used for broadcasting both in Pakistan and in Afghanistan, but the coastal dialects have the greatest prestige and the most extensive literature.…

naval warfare: The age of fighting sail: Popular aims were raking (firing a broadside the length of an enemy ship from across the bow or stern) or doubling (concentrating force by putting ships on both sides of the enemy line). The most reliable way to concentrate gunfire was to build it into ships vertically by…

Al-Raqqah, town, northern Syria, on the Euphrates River just west of its confluence with the Balīkh River. Al-Raqqah is on the site of an ancient Greek city, Nicephorium, and a later Roman fortress and market town, Callinicus. It flourished again in early Arab times when the ʿAbbāsid caliph Hārūn

Rákóczi family, Noble Magyar family prominent in 17th-century Hungary. Its members included György I (1593–1648), who as prince of Transylvania (1630–48) allied himself with Sweden against the Habsburgs and won religious freedom for Protestants in Hungary. His son György II (1621–1660), prince of

Ferenc Rákóczi, I was a scion of a noble Magyar family, and in 1670 a leader of an unsuccessful Hungarian–Croatian revolt against the Habsburgs. Rákóczi, the son of György Rákóczi II, had been designated (1652) to become prince of Transylvania, but never did reign after his father’s death (1660).

Ferenc Rákóczi, II was a prince of Transylvania who headed a nearly successful national rising of all Hungary against the Habsburg empire. He was born of an aristocratic Magyar family. Both his father and his stepfather had led insurrections against the Habsburgs, and Rákóczi grew up in an

György Rákóczi, I was a prince of Transylvania from 1630, who, as a champion of Protestantism, fought for and won religious freedom in Hungary and made his principality virtually an independent state. György was the youngest son of Zsigmond Rákóczi, prince of Transylvania (1607–08). György took a

György Rákóczi, II was the prince of Transylvania from 1648, who had the laws of the principality codified, but whose foreign policy led to the restoration of Turkish hegemony over Transylvania. György II succeeded his illustrious father György I as prince in 1648 and continued his policy of

John Amos Comenius: Social reform of John Amos Comenius: …Hungary, where the young prince Zsigmond Rákóczi wanted to establish a model pansophic school at Sárospatak. Comenius, arriving there in 1650, received a warm reception. The school opened with about 100 pupils, but it proved unsuccessful. The students were ill prepared to learn anything beyond the rudiments of reading and…

Mátyás Rákosi was the Hungarian Communist ruler of Hungary from 1945 to 1956. An adherent of Social Democracy from his youth, Rákosi returned to Hungary a Communist in 1918, after a period as prisoner of war in Russia. He served as commissar for Socialist production in the short-lived Communist

Georgi Sava Rakovski was a revolutionary leader and writer, an early and influential partisan of Bulgarian liberation from Ottoman Turkish rule. Already a national revolutionary by the age of 16, he participated in an insurrection against the Turks in 1841. Later, as an employee of the Turkish war

Khristian Georgiyevich Rakovsky was a Bulgarian revolutionary who conducted subversive activities in Romania before joining the Russian Bolshevik Party and becoming a leading political figure in Soviet Russia. The grandson of the Bulgarian revolutionary Georgi Rakovski, he became involved in

Cancer Ward, novel by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. Though banned in the Soviet Union, the work was published in 1968 by Italian and other European publishers in the Russian language as Rakovy korpus. It was also published in English translation in 1968. Solzhenitsyn based Cancer Ward on his own

rakshasa, in Hindu mythology, a type of demon or goblin. Rakshasas have the power to change their shape at will and appear as animals, as monsters, or in the case of the female demons, as beautiful women. They are most powerful in the evening, particularly during the dark period of the new moon,

rakshasa, in Hindu mythology, a type of demon or goblin. Rakshasas have the power to change their shape at will and appear as animals, as monsters, or in the case of the female demons, as beautiful women. They are most powerful in the evening, particularly during the dark period of the new moon,

rakshasa, in Hindu mythology, a type of demon or goblin. Rakshasas have the power to change their shape at will and appear as animals, as monsters, or in the case of the female demons, as beautiful women. They are most powerful in the evening, particularly during the dark period of the new moon,

Kali: …Durga to slay the demon Raktabija (“Blood-Seed”). During the struggle a new demon emerges from each drop of Raktabija’s blood as it hits the ground; to prevent this, Kali laps up the blood before it can reach the ground. She is also said to have been born when the goddess…

raku ware, Japanese hand-molded lead-glazed earthenware, originally invented in 16th-century Kyōto by the potter Chōjirō, who was commissioned by Zen tea master Sen Rikyū to design wares expressly for the tea ceremony. Quite distinct from wares that preceded it, raku represents an attempt to arrive

Rokkaku Shisui: …in the excavation of Korean rakurō—artifacts brought to Korea by Chinese conquerors during the Han dynasty (206 bc–ad 220). He was elected to the National Art Academy in recognition of the quality of his research on lacquer ware.

Mukai Kyorai was a Japanese haiku poet of the early Tokugawa period (1603–1867) who was one of the first disciples of the haiku master Matsuo Bashō. Kyorai first trained as a samurai, but at age 23 he gave up martial service and turned to the writing of poetry. In 1684 he made the acquaintance of

Islam: Prayer: …to four genuflection units (rakʿah); each unit consists of a standing posture (during which verses from the Qurʾān are recited—in certain prayers aloud, in others silently), as well as a genuflection and two prostrations. At every change in posture, “God is great” is recited. Tradition has fixed the materials…

Madagascar: The colonial period (1896–1945): In 1920 a teacher, Jean Ralaimongo, launched a campaign in the press to give the Malagasy “subjects” French citizenship and to make Madagascar a French département. When France failed to respond to the demand for assimilation, the movement turned toward nationalism. In 1940 Madagascar, though hesitant at first, rallied…

Khmer literature: French influence: Mao Somnang’s prizewinning Ralak pok khsac (1996; “The Waves”), for example, in which the poor, orphaned heroine eventually overcomes a succession of obstacles, to find love and happiness, is typical of the kind of plot that had been popular almost half a century earlier; where it differs, is…

Levi ben Gershom was a French Jewish mathematician, philosopher, astronomer, and Talmudic scholar. In 1321 Levi wrote his first work, Sefer ha-mispar (“Book of the Number”), dealing with arithmetical operations, including extraction of roots. In De sinibus, chordis et arcubus (1342; “On Sines,

cardiovascular disease: Myocardial infarction: …by subtle evidence such as rales (abnormal respiratory sounds) in the lungs or a gallop rhythm of the heartbeat may the evidence of some minor degree of heart failure be detected. In a small percentage of cases, the state of shock occurs, with pallor, coolness of the hands and feet,…

Romanian literature: After World War II: …and criticism were written by Mihai Ralea, who also published travel books and philosophical and psychological works, and by Tudor Vianu, who revealed in his writings a materialistic and methodological approach after first having adhered to the aesthetic school.

Sir Walter Raleigh was an English adventurer and writer, a favourite of Queen Elizabeth I, who knighted him in 1585. Accused of treason by Elizabeth’s successor, James I, he was imprisoned in the Tower of London and eventually put to death. Raleigh was a younger son of Walter Raleigh (d. 1581) of

Raleigh, city, capital of North Carolina, and seat (1771) of Wake county, central North Carolina, U.S. It lies roughly 25 miles (40 km) southeast of both Chapel Hill and Durham, the three cities forming one of the state’s major urban areas—the Research Triangle. The site was selected in 1788, and

Battle of Manila Bay: Composition of forces: … (his flagship), USS Boston, USS Raleigh, and USS Baltimore—the gunboats USS Concord and USS Petrel, the armed revenue cutter USS Hugh McCulloch, and a pair of locally purchased British supply steamers. Dewey gathered his force at Mirs Bay (Dapeng Wan), northeast of Hong Kong, on April 27 and arrived off…

Sir Walter Raleigh was a Scottish man of letters and critic who was a prominent figure at the University of Oxford in his time. He held the chair of modern literature at Liverpool (1889–1900) and of English at Glasgow and was appointed Oxford’s first professor of English literature in 1904. Raleigh

Sir Walter Raleigh was an English adventurer and writer, a favourite of Queen Elizabeth I, who knighted him in 1585. Accused of treason by Elizabeth’s successor, James I, he was imprisoned in the Tower of London and eventually put to death. Raleigh was a younger son of Walter Raleigh (d. 1581) of

Sir Walter Raleigh was a Scottish man of letters and critic who was a prominent figure at the University of Oxford in his time. He held the chair of modern literature at Liverpool (1889–1900) and of English at Glasgow and was appointed Oxford’s first professor of English literature in 1904. Raleigh

Marshall Islands: …to the east and the Ralik, or Sunset, to the west. The chains lie about 125 miles (200 km) apart and extend some 800 miles northwest to southeast.

Günther Rall was a German World War II combat pilot, the third highest scoring fighter ace in history. He flew more than 600 combat missions, scored 275 victories (mostly against Soviet aircraft), and was shot down eight times. He was one of the founders of Germany’s postwar air force, serving as

Battles of Trenton and Princeton: The British campaign of 1776: Johann Rall at Trenton, New Jersey, with about 1,400 men.

Rallidae, the rail family, a bird family that includes the species known as rail, coot, crake, and gallinule

water rail, (Rallus aquaticus), slender marsh bird of the family Rallidae (order Gruiformes), native to most of Europe and Asia. Its length is about 28 cm (11 inches), and it has a moderately long beak. The sides of the bird have black and white bands. The name water rail also is used as a general

rail: longirostris), a grayer form; the Virginia rail (R. limicola), reddish brown and about 25 cm (10 inches) in length; and the sora (see crake). The little yellow rail (Coturnicops noveboracensis) and the American black rail (Laterallus jamaicensis) are too scarce and too small (about 15 cm [6 inches]) to be…

rally, automobile competition over a specified public route with a driver and navigator attempting to keep to a predetermined schedule between checkpoints. The course is generally unknown to contestants until the start of the rally. Such competition began in 1907 with a Beijing-to-Paris event of

Max Shulman: …Shulman served as scriptwriter, and Rally Round the Flag, Boys! (1957), which was filmed in 1958 and featured Paul Newman, Joanne Woodward, and Joan Collins. Shulman also wrote the Broadway play The Tender Trap (1954), which comically portrayed the pitfalls of marriage and in 1955 was made into a motion…

Rally for the Republic, former French political party formed by Jacques Chirac in 1976 that presumed to be heir to the traditions of Charles de Gaulle. It was the direct successor to the Gaullist coalitions, operating under various names over the years, that had dominated the political life of the

Côte d’Ivoire: Return to normalcy: Also in 2018, Ouattara’s RDR and most of the other parties in the ruling RHDP coalition agreed to transform the coalition into a new party. Bédié’s PDCI rejected the proposal, however, largely because the RDR had dismissed the PDCI’s insistence that it was the PDCI’s turn to field the…

Rally for the Republic: …when de Gaulle organized the Rally of the French People (Rassemblement du Peuple Français; RPF), originally conceived as a means by which de Gaulle might regain office without having to participate in party politics. It was thus at first organized as an extraparliamentary body in the hope that it might…

Guinea: Conté’s death, 2008 military coup, and 2010 elections: …leader Alpha Condé of the Rally of the Guinean People (Rassemblement du Peuple Guinéen; RPG), who received 18 percent—progressed to a runoff election. After some delay, the second round of voting was finally held on November 7, 2010. Provisional results, which were announced more than a week later, indicated that…

Togo: Togo under Étienne Gnassingbé Eyadéma: …by President Eyadéma and the Rally of the Togolese People (Rassemblement du Peuple Togolais; RPT). Legislative elections were held again in 1985.

Stephen Colbert: …Colbert and Stewart hosted the Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear at the Mall in Washington, D.C. More than 200,000 people attended the nationally televised rally, which was a satirical response to the “Restoring Honor” rally held by conservative media personality Glenn Beck the previous August. Although it was primarily…

rally, automobile competition over a specified public route with a driver and navigator attempting to keep to a predetermined schedule between checkpoints. The course is generally unknown to contestants until the start of the rally. Such competition began in 1907 with a Beijing-to-Paris event of

Kirsten Ralov was a Danish dancer, ballet teacher, and, from 1978 to 1988, associate artistic director of the Royal Danish Ballet. Ralov began studying in Vienna but soon moved with her Danish parents to Copenhagen, where she was accepted (1928) into the Royal Danish Ballet School with her brother,

Kirsten Ralov was a Danish dancer, ballet teacher, and, from 1978 to 1988, associate artistic director of the Royal Danish Ballet. Ralov began studying in Vienna but soon moved with her Danish parents to Copenhagen, where she was accepted (1928) into the Royal Danish Ballet School with her brother,

antiestrogen: (SERMs), such as tamoxifen and raloxifene, produce estrogen action in those tissues (e.g., bone, brain, liver) where that action is beneficial and have either no effect or an antagonistic effect in tissues, such as the breast and uterus, where estrogen action may be harmful. Tamoxifen is used in the prevention…

Hugo Gernsback: …that later became the novel Ralph 124C 41+ (1925). Set in the 27th century, its plot was a rather formulaic pulp adventure, but the richly imagined future, filled with fantastic inventions and spaceship travel, established many of the conventions that came to characterize science fiction.

Gal Gadot: …of Shank in the animated Ralph Breaks the Internet: Wreck-It Ralph 2 (2018). Gadot returned to the action and thriller genre playing a world-class art thief in Red Notice (2021). She also starred in a film adaptation of Agatha Christie’s mystery Death on the Nile, directed by Kenneth Branagh and…

Ranulf de Blundeville, 6th earl of Chester was the most celebrated of the early earls of Chester, with whom the family fortunes reached their peak. Ranulf succeeded his father Hugh de Kevelioc (1147–81), son of Ranulf, the 4th earl, in 1181 and was created Earl of Lincoln in 1217. He married

Ranulf de Gernons, 4th earl of Chester was the 4th earl of Chester and a key participant in the English civil war (from 1139) between King Stephen and the Holy Roman empress Matilda (also a claimant to the throne of England). Initially taking Matilda’s part, he fought for her in the Battle of

Ralph Of Coggeshall was an English chronicler of the late 12th and early 13th centuries. Ralph was a monk of the Cistercian abbey at Coggeshall, Essex, and abbot there from 1207 until 1218, when he resigned because of ill health. The abbey already possessed its own Chronicon Anglicanum, beginning