Philetaerus was the founder (reigned 282–263) of the Attalid dynasty, a line of rulers of a powerful kingdom of Pergamum, in northwest Asia Minor, in the 3rd and 2nd centuries bc. Philetaerus initiated the policies that made Pergamum a leading centre of Greek civilization in the East. He served

social weaver, any of a number of small African birds of the family Ploceidae (order Passeriformes) that are extremely gregarious. This name is given particularly to Philetairus socius, which makes an “apartment house” in a tree: dozens of pairs of these little black-chinned birds cooperate

Philitas of Cos was a Greek poet and grammarian, regarded as the founder of the Hellenistic school of poetry, which flourished in Alexandria after about 323 bc. He is reputed to have been the tutor of Ptolemy II and the poet Theocritus. The Roman poets Propertius and Ovid mention him as their

Ludwig van Beethoven: The last years of Ludwig van Beethoven: …brought in touch with the Philharmonic Society of London. Earlier, in 1803, he had been approached by the Edinburgh publisher George Thomson with a proposal that he should write sonatas based on Scottish folk tunes. Although nothing came of this, Thomson somewhat later succeeded in contracting him to arrange national…

New York Philharmonic, symphony orchestra based in New York, New York, the oldest major symphony orchestra in the United States in continual existence and one of the oldest in the world. Founded in 1842 as the Philharmonic Society of New York under the conductorship of American-born Ureli Corelli

Jean Nouvel: Nouvel’s project for the Philharmonie de Paris, however, was delayed and over budget. When it opened in 2015, Nouvel boycotted the inaugural event. He wrote in Le Monde that the opening was premature and that the construction had strayed from his original design. His effort to remove his association…

Christian de Portzamparc: In addition, he constructed the Philharmonie Luxembourg (completed 2005), praised by leading musicians and conductors for its acoustic capacities; the Cidade das Artes in Rio de Janeiro (completed 2013); and the Shangyin Opera House, Shanghai (completed 2019). Portzamparc also designed the Christian Dior flagship store (2015) in Seoul, whose undulating…

Greece: Revolt in the Peloponnese: …arrival in the Peloponnese of philhellene volunteers, the best-known of whom was the poet Lord Byron, who had traveled extensively in the Greek lands before 1821. The military contribution of the philhellenes was limited, and some became disillusioned when they discovered that Greek reality differed from the idealized vision of…

Plovdiv, second largest city of Bulgaria, situated in the south-central part of the country. It lies along the Maritsa River and is situated amid six hills that rise from the Thracian Plain to a height of 400 feet (120 metres). Called Pulpudeva in Thracian times, it was renamed Philippopolis in 341

André Philidor: …representatives of the family were Michel Danican (died c. 1659), upon whom the nickname Philidor (the name of a famous Italian musician) was bestowed by Louis XIII as a complimentary reference to his skill, and André’s father Jean (died 1679), who, like Michel, played various instruments in the Grande Écurie,…

André Philidor was a musician and composer, an outstanding member of a large and important family of musicians long connected with the French court. The first recorded representatives of the family were Michel Danican (died c. 1659), upon whom the nickname Philidor (the name of a famous Italian

François-André Philidor was a French composer whose operas were successful and widely known in his day and who was a famous and remarkable chess player. The last member of a large and prominent musical family, Philidor was thoroughly trained in music, but at age 18 he turned to chess competition

oboe: court musicians, Jacques Hotteterre and Michel Philidor. It was intended to be played indoors with stringed instruments and was softer and less brilliant in tone than the modern oboe. By the end of the 17th century it was the principal wind instrument of the orchestra and military band and, after…

Philikí Etaireía, (Greek: Friendly Brotherhood), Greek revolutionary secret society founded by merchants in Odessa in 1814 to overthrow Ottoman rule in southeastern Europe and to establish an independent Greek state. The society’s claim of Russian support and the romance of its commitment (each

gastropod: Classification: Order Philinoglossacea No head appendages; gill lacking; no external shell; 2 families. Order Anaspidea Shell reduced to flat plate; feed on large seaweed rather than microscopic algae; sea hares (Aplysiidae); 1 other small family. Order Notaspidea Shell and gill

Philippe Fabre d’Églantine: …many comedies, the most celebrated—Le Philinte de Molière (1790), a sequel to Molière’s Misanthrope—in which the major characters are drawn as a politically dangerous aristocrat and a virtuous Republican. His best-known work is the song “Il pleut, il pleut, bergère” (“It’s raining, it’s raining, shepherdess”), a song which French…

Philip was the son of Herod I the Great and Cleopatra of Jerusalem (not to be confused with another Herod Philip, son of Herod I the Great by Mariamne II). He ruled ably as tetrarch over the former northeastern quarter of his father’s kingdom of Judaea. When the Roman emperor Augustus adjusted

Saint Philip the Apostle ; Western feast day May 3, Eastern feast day November 14) was one of the Twelve Apostles. Mentioned only by name in the Apostle lists of the Synoptic Gospels, he is a frequent character in the Gospel According to John, according to which (1:43–51) he came from Bethsaida,

Philip was a German Hohenstaufen king whose rivalry for the crown involved him in a decade of warfare with the Welf Otto IV. The youngest son of the Holy Roman emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, Philip was destined for the church. After being provost of the cathedral at Aachen, he was, in 1190 or

Philip was a Roman emperor from 244 to 249. A member of a distinguished equestrian family of Arab descent, Philip was praetorian prefect when the emperor Gordian III was killed in a mutiny (perhaps with Philip’s connivance). Philip became emperor and quickly concluded a peace ending a war with

Flanders: …Alsace (1128–68) and his son Philip (1168–91).

Philip was an antipope in July 768. Temporal rulers coveted the papal throne following the death of Pope St. Paul I, and Toto, duke of Nepi, had his brother Constantine II, a layman, elected pope. The Lombard king Desiderius then sent troops to Rome, killing Toto and deposing Constantine. Backed by

Philip was the landgrave (Landgraf) of Hesse (1509–67), one of the great figures of German Protestantism, who championed the independence of German princes against the Holy Roman emperor Charles V. Philip was the son of Landgrave William II, an austere cultivated man and an experienced soldier. He

Philip, duke of Edinburgh was the husband of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom. Philip’s father was Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark (1882–1944), a younger son of King George I of the Hellenes (originally Prince William of Denmark). His mother was Princess Alice (1885–1969), who was the

Philip II was the first of the great Capetian kings of medieval France (reigned 1180–1223), who gradually reconquered the French territories held by the kings of England and also furthered the royal domains northward into Flanders and southward into Languedoc. He was a major figure in the Third

Blanche Of Castile: …the great barons, organized by Philip Hurepel, the illegitimate son of King Philip II Augustus, and supported by King Henry III of England. In the face of such adversity, Blanche showed herself by turns a delicate diplomat, a clever negotiator, and a strong leader. Dressed in white, on a white…

Philip I was the king of Castile for less than a month before his death and the founder of the Habsburg dynasty in Spain. Philip was the son of the future Holy Roman emperor Maximilian I of Habsburg and Mary of Burgundy. At his mother’s death (1482) he succeeded to her Netherlands dominions, with

Philip I was the last Capetian duke of Burgundy (1349–61) and count of Boulogne and Artois. Son of Philip of Burgundy, he inherited the duchy upon the death of his grandfather, Eudes IV, and inherited the countships upon the death of his grandmother, Joan of France. His mother, Joan of Boulogne,

Philip I was the king of France (1059–1108) who came to the throne at a time when the Capetian monarchy was extremely weak but who succeeded in enlarging the royal estates and treasury by a policy of devious alliances, the sale of his neutrality in the quarrels of powerful vassals, and the practice

Philip II was the king of the Spaniards (1556–98) and king of the Portuguese (as Philip I, 1580–98), champion of the Roman Catholic Counter-Reformation. During his reign the Spanish empire attained its greatest power, extent, and influence, though he failed to suppress the revolt of the Netherlands

Philip II was the king of the Spaniards (1556–98) and king of the Portuguese (as Philip I, 1580–98), champion of the Roman Catholic Counter-Reformation. During his reign the Spanish empire attained its greatest power, extent, and influence, though he failed to suppress the revolt of the Netherlands

Philip II was the first of the great Capetian kings of medieval France (reigned 1180–1223), who gradually reconquered the French territories held by the kings of England and also furthered the royal domains northward into Flanders and southward into Languedoc. He was a major figure in the Third

Philip II was the duke of Burgundy (1363–1404) and the youngest son of the French king John II the Good. One of the most powerful men of his day in France, he was for a time regent for his nephew Charles VI; and when Charles went insane, he became the virtual ruler of France. John II’s grant of the

Philip II was the 18th king of Macedonia (359–336 bce), who restored internal peace to his country and by 339 had gained domination over all of Greece by military and diplomatic means, thus laying the foundations for its expansion under his son Alexander III the Great. Philip was a son of Amyntas

Philip III was the king of Spain and of Portugal (as Philip II) whose reign (1598–1621) was characterized by a successful peaceful foreign policy in western Europe and internally by the expulsion of the Moriscos (Christians of Moorish ancestry) and government by the king’s favourites. Philip was

Titian: Portraits: …his greatest state portraits, the Philip II in full length. In this portrait of Philip, when still a prince aged 23, Titian achieved another tour de force in sheer beauty of painting, and he treated gently the surly face of the arrogant young man.

Philip III was the most important of the Valois dukes of Burgundy (reigned 1419–67) and the true founder of the Burgundian state that rivaled France in the 15th century. Philip was the son of John the Fearless and Margaret of Bavaria. When he became duke of Burgundy at the age of 23, his first aim

Philip III was the king of Spain and of Portugal (as Philip II) whose reign (1598–1621) was characterized by a successful peaceful foreign policy in western Europe and internally by the expulsion of the Moriscos (Christians of Moorish ancestry) and government by the king’s favourites. Philip was

Philip III was the king of France (1270–85), in whose reign the power of the monarchy was enlarged and the royal domain extended, though his foreign policy and military ventures were largely unsuccessful. Philip, the second son of Louis IX of France (Saint Louis), became heir to the throne on the

Philip IV was the king of Spain (1621–65) and of Portugal (1621–40), during the decline of Spain as a great world power. He succeeded his father, Philip III of Spain, in 1621, and, for the first 22 years of his reign, Philip’s valido, or chief minister, was the Conde-Duque de Olivares, who took the

Philip IV was the king of Spain (1621–65) and of Portugal (1621–40), during the decline of Spain as a great world power. He succeeded his father, Philip III of Spain, in 1621, and, for the first 22 years of his reign, Philip’s valido, or chief minister, was the Conde-Duque de Olivares, who took the

Argead Dynasty: …Alexander’s two successors, his half-brother Philip III Arrhidaeus and his son Alexander IV, furnished a nominal focus for loyalty until about 311, the real power in the empire lay in other hands.

Norfolk Island: Geography: Two smaller islands, Philip (a volcanic pinnacle rising to 900 feet [275 m]) and Nepean (a limestone formation), lie off the southern shore. Although much of the land has been cleared for cropping and pasture, the once-dominant Norfolk Island pines (species Araucaria excelsa, or A. heterophylla) remain a…

Philip IV was the king of France from 1285 to 1314 (and of Navarre, as Philip I, from 1284 to 1305, ruling jointly with his wife, Joan I of Navarre). His long struggle with the Roman papacy ended with the transfer of the Curia to Avignon, France (beginning the so-called Babylonian Captivity,

Philip IV was the king of Spain (1621–65) and of Portugal (1621–40), during the decline of Spain as a great world power. He succeeded his father, Philip III of Spain, in 1621, and, for the first 22 years of his reign, Philip’s valido, or chief minister, was the Conde-Duque de Olivares, who took the

Altria Group, American holding company founded in 1985, the owner of several major American companies with interests in tobacco products and wine, most notably Philip Morris Inc., the largest cigarette manufacturer in the United States. Its headquarters are in Richmond, Virginia. The ancestor of

Altria Group: … products and wine, most notably Philip Morris Inc., the largest cigarette manufacturer in the United States. Its headquarters are in Richmond, Virginia.

Thierry: …the countship to his son Philip of Alsace and betook himself once more to Jerusalem. On his return from the East, Thierry retired to a monastery.

Philip V was the king of Spain from 1700 (except for a brief period from January to August 1724) and founder of the Bourbon dynasty in Spain. During his reign, Spain regained much of its former influence in international affairs. Philip was a son of the dauphin Louis (son of Louis XIV of France)

Germany: Hohenstaufen policy in Italy: …instance, Rainald of Dassel and Philip of Heinsberg, archbishops of Cologne from 1159 to 1167 and from 1167 to 1191, respectively, as archchancellors for Italy, had a vested interest in it. The support of the lay princes, conversely, was fitful and sporadic. Even at critical moments they could not be…

Philip was the landgrave (Landgraf) of Hesse (1509–67), one of the great figures of German Protestantism, who championed the independence of German princes against the Holy Roman emperor Charles V. Philip was the son of Landgrave William II, an austere cultivated man and an experienced soldier. He

Philip II was the 18th king of Macedonia (359–336 bce), who restored internal peace to his country and by 339 had gained domination over all of Greece by military and diplomatic means, thus laying the foundations for its expansion under his son Alexander III the Great. Philip was a son of Amyntas

Metacom was a sachem (intertribal leader) of a confederation of indigenous peoples that included the Wampanoag and Narraganset. Metacom led one of the most costly wars of resistance in New England history, known as King Philip’s War (1675–76). Metacom was the second son of Massasoit, a Wampanoag

Philip I was the last Capetian duke of Burgundy (1349–61) and count of Boulogne and Artois. Son of Philip of Burgundy, he inherited the duchy upon the death of his grandfather, Eudes IV, and inherited the countships upon the death of his grandmother, Joan of France. His mother, Joan of Boulogne,

Philip was a German Hohenstaufen king whose rivalry for the crown involved him in a decade of warfare with the Welf Otto IV. The youngest son of the Holy Roman emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, Philip was destined for the church. After being provost of the cathedral at Aachen, he was, in 1190 or

Philip VI was the first French king of the Valois dynasty. Reigning at the outbreak of the Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453), he had no means of imposing on his country the measures necessary for the maintenance of his monarchical power, though he continued the efforts of the 13th-century Capetians

Saint Philip the Apostle ; Western feast day May 3, Eastern feast day November 14) was one of the Twelve Apostles. Mentioned only by name in the Apostle lists of the Synoptic Gospels, he is a frequent character in the Gospel According to John, according to which (1:43–51) he came from Bethsaida,

Philip was a Roman emperor from 244 to 249. A member of a distinguished equestrian family of Arab descent, Philip was praetorian prefect when the emperor Gordian III was killed in a mutiny (perhaps with Philip’s connivance). Philip became emperor and quickly concluded a peace ending a war with

King John: … (formerly Eleanor of Aquitaine), and Philip the Bastard, who supports the king and yet mocks all political and moral pretensions.

Philip III was the king of France (1270–85), in whose reign the power of the monarchy was enlarged and the royal domain extended, though his foreign policy and military ventures were largely unsuccessful. Philip, the second son of Louis IX of France (Saint Louis), became heir to the throne on the

Philip II was the duke of Burgundy (1363–1404) and the youngest son of the French king John II the Good. One of the most powerful men of his day in France, he was for a time regent for his nephew Charles VI; and when Charles went insane, he became the virtual ruler of France. John II’s grant of the

Saint Philip the Evangelist ; feast day June 6) was, in the early Christian church, one of the seven deacons appointed to tend the Christians of Jerusalem, thereby enabling the Apostles to freely conduct their missions. His energetic preaching, however, earned him the title of Philip the Evangelist

Saint Philip the Evangelist ; feast day June 6) was, in the early Christian church, one of the seven deacons appointed to tend the Christians of Jerusalem, thereby enabling the Apostles to freely conduct their missions. His energetic preaching, however, earned him the title of Philip the Evangelist

Philip IV was the king of France from 1285 to 1314 (and of Navarre, as Philip I, from 1284 to 1305, ruling jointly with his wife, Joan I of Navarre). His long struggle with the Roman papacy ended with the transfer of the Curia to Avignon, France (beginning the so-called Babylonian Captivity,

Philip III was the most important of the Valois dukes of Burgundy (reigned 1419–67) and the true founder of the Burgundian state that rivaled France in the 15th century. Philip was the son of John the Fearless and Margaret of Bavaria. When he became duke of Burgundy at the age of 23, his first aim

Philip I was the king of Castile for less than a month before his death and the founder of the Habsburg dynasty in Spain. Philip was the son of the future Holy Roman emperor Maximilian I of Habsburg and Mary of Burgundy. At his mother’s death (1482) he succeeded to her Netherlands dominions, with

Philip was the landgrave (Landgraf) of Hesse (1509–67), one of the great figures of German Protestantism, who championed the independence of German princes against the Holy Roman emperor Charles V. Philip was the son of Landgrave William II, an austere cultivated man and an experienced soldier. He

Philip V was the king of France (from 1316) and king of Navarre (as Philip II, from 1314), who largely succeeded in restoring the royal power to what it had been under his father, Philip IV. Philip was the second son of Philip IV, who made him count of Poitiers in 1311. When his elder brother, King

Philip was the son of Herod I the Great and Cleopatra of Jerusalem (not to be confused with another Herod Philip, son of Herod I the Great by Mariamne II). He ruled ably as tetrarch over the former northeastern quarter of his father’s kingdom of Judaea. When the Roman emperor Augustus adjusted

Philip V was the king of Spain from 1700 (except for a brief period from January to August 1724) and founder of the Bourbon dynasty in Spain. During his reign, Spain regained much of its former influence in international affairs. Philip was a son of the dauphin Louis (son of Louis XIV of France)

Philip V was the king of Macedonia from 221 to 179, whose attempt to extend Macedonian influence throughout Greece resulted in his defeat by Rome. His career is significant mainly as an episode in Rome’s expansion. The son of Demetrius II and his wife Phthia (Chryseis), the young prince was

Philip V was the king of France (from 1316) and king of Navarre (as Philip II, from 1314), who largely succeeded in restoring the royal power to what it had been under his father, Philip IV. Philip was the second son of Philip IV, who made him count of Poitiers in 1311. When his elder brother, King

Philip VI was the first French king of the Valois dynasty. Reigning at the outbreak of the Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453), he had no means of imposing on his country the measures necessary for the maintenance of his monarchical power, though he continued the efforts of the 13th-century Capetians

Netherlands: The formation of a new government: …I’s second son (the first, Philip William, became prince of Orange and remained loyal to Spain), who was named stadtholder of Holland and Zeeland and became the commander of the republic’s armies. The result was a series of military triumphs over the Spanish forces under Alessandro Farnese, duke di Parma…

Solomon Islands: Efforts toward recovery and reform and the 2006 and 2010 general elections: …in August 2010, after which Danny Philip, the leader of a parliamentary coalition, became prime minister. Philip stated that constitutional reform would be a priority of his administration, but he left before it could be completed, resigning a little more than a year later in the face of corruption allegations.…

Philip, duke of Edinburgh was the husband of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom. Philip’s father was Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark (1882–1944), a younger son of King George I of the Hellenes (originally Prince William of Denmark). His mother was Princess Alice (1885–1969), who was the

Philip, duke of Edinburgh was the husband of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom. Philip’s father was Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark (1882–1944), a younger son of King George I of the Hellenes (originally Prince William of Denmark). His mother was Princess Alice (1885–1969), who was the

biblical literature: Gospels: …account of the Resurrection; the Gospel of Philip, a Valentinian gnostic treatise; the Gospel of Thomas, published in 1959 and containing “the secret sayings of Jesus” (Greek fragments in Oxyrhynchus papyri 1, 654, and 655); and an “infancy gospel” also ascribed to Thomas. Beyond these lie gospels ascribed to famous…

golf: Early clubs: …the early 19th century were Hugh Philip at St. Andrews and the McEwan brothers of Musselburgh, notably Douglas, whose clubs were described as models of symmetry and shape. They were artists at a time when clubs were passing from “rude and clumsy bludgeons” to a new and handsome look.

John Philip was a Scottish missionary in Southern Africa who championed the rights of the Africans against the European settlers. In 1818, at the invitation of the London Missionary Society (now Council for World Mission), Philip left his congregation in Aberdeen, where he had served since 1804, to

Metacom was a sachem (intertribal leader) of a confederation of indigenous peoples that included the Wampanoag and Narraganset. Metacom led one of the most costly wars of resistance in New England history, known as King Philip’s War (1675–76). Metacom was the second son of Massasoit, a Wampanoag

Canadian literature: Poetry and poetics: …Language Is Neutral (1990) and Marlene Nourbese Philip’s She Tries Her Tongue, Her Silence Softly Breaks (1988) challenge the colonization, sexism, and racism of the English language, while George Elliott Clarke’s collage Whylah Falls (1990) uncovers the life of Canadian blacks in a 1930s Nova Scotia village. In mapping arrivals…

Philip, duke of Edinburgh was the husband of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom. Philip’s father was Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark (1882–1944), a younger son of King George I of the Hellenes (originally Prince William of Denmark). His mother was Princess Alice (1885–1969), who was the

Saint Philip the Apostle ; Western feast day May 3, Eastern feast day November 14) was one of the Twelve Apostles. Mentioned only by name in the Apostle lists of the Synoptic Gospels, he is a frequent character in the Gospel According to John, according to which (1:43–51) he came from Bethsaida,

Gérard Philipe was one of France’s most popular and versatile actors, whose brilliant performances on both stage and screen established his international reputation. Philipe attended the Conservatory of Dramatic Art in Paris and made his debut in Nice at the age of 19. Consequently, he was invited

Charles Philipon was a French caricaturist, lithographer, and liberal journalist who made caricatures a regular journalistic feature. Philipon settled in Paris in 1823, took to lithography, and began to draw caricatures for a living. He was an excellent draftsman with a fertile and irrepressible

Philip was the landgrave (Landgraf) of Hesse (1509–67), one of the great figures of German Protestantism, who championed the independence of German princes against the Holy Roman emperor Charles V. Philip was the son of Landgrave William II, an austere cultivated man and an experienced soldier. He

Philip was a German Hohenstaufen king whose rivalry for the crown involved him in a decade of warfare with the Welf Otto IV. The youngest son of the Holy Roman emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, Philip was destined for the church. After being provost of the cathedral at Aachen, he was, in 1190 or

Isidor Philipp was a French pianist who had a long, highly successful tenure at the Paris Conservatoire. Philipp was brought to Paris as an infant. As a piano student of Georges Mathias at the Conservatoire, he won the first prize in 1883. After study with Saint-Saëns and Stephen Heller, he began a

Philippa Of Hainaut was the queen consort of King Edward III of England (ruled 1327–77); her popularity helped Edward maintain peace in England during his long reign. Philippa’s father was William the Good, graaf van Hainaut (in modern Belgium) and Holland, and her mother, Jeanne de Valois, was the

Philip II was the first of the great Capetian kings of medieval France (reigned 1180–1223), who gradually reconquered the French territories held by the kings of England and also furthered the royal domains northward into Flanders and southward into Languedoc. He was a major figure in the Third

Philip I was the last Capetian duke of Burgundy (1349–61) and count of Boulogne and Artois. Son of Philip of Burgundy, he inherited the duchy upon the death of his grandfather, Eudes IV, and inherited the countships upon the death of his grandmother, Joan of France. His mother, Joan of Boulogne,

Anglo-Norman literature: Political and historical writings.: …the earliest writers in Anglo-Norman, Philippe de Thaon, or Thaün, wrote Li Cumpoz (The Computus), the first French bestiary, and a work on precious stones. Simund de Freine based his Roman de philosophie on Boethius, to whom the 13th-century Petite Philosophie also owes much.

Anglo-Norman literature: Political and historical writings.: …the earliest writers in Anglo-Norman, Philippe de Thaon, or Thaün, wrote Li Cumpoz (The Computus), the first French bestiary, and a work on precious stones. Simund de Freine based his Roman de philosophie on Boethius, to whom the 13th-century Petite Philosophie also owes much.

Philip VI was the first French king of the Valois dynasty. Reigning at the outbreak of the Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453), he had no means of imposing on his country the measures necessary for the maintenance of his monarchical power, though he continued the efforts of the 13th-century Capetians

Louis-Philippe-Joseph, duc d’Orléans was a Bourbon prince who became a supporter of popular democracy during the Revolution of 1789. The cousin of King Louis XVI (ruled 1774–92) and the son of Louis-Philippe (later duc d’Orléans), he became duc de Chartres in 1752 and succeeded to his father’s

Lucien Paul Victor Febvre: His first books, Philippe II et la Franche-Comté: étude d’histoire politique, religieuse et sociale (1911), a brilliant local as well as global study of an isolated, strife-ridden province during the second half of the 16th century, and Histoire de Franche-Comté (1912), a broad investigation of the region based…

Philip IV was the king of France from 1285 to 1314 (and of Navarre, as Philip I, from 1284 to 1305, ruling jointly with his wife, Joan I of Navarre). His long struggle with the Roman papacy ended with the transfer of the Curia to Avignon, France (beginning the so-called Babylonian Captivity,

Philip III was the most important of the Valois dukes of Burgundy (reigned 1419–67) and the true founder of the Burgundian state that rivaled France in the 15th century. Philip was the son of John the Fearless and Margaret of Bavaria. When he became duke of Burgundy at the age of 23, his first aim

Philip II was the duke of Burgundy (1363–1404) and the youngest son of the French king John II the Good. One of the most powerful men of his day in France, he was for a time regent for his nephew Charles VI; and when Charles went insane, he became the virtual ruler of France. John II’s grant of the