Peruzzi Family, leading family of medieval Italian financiers whose bankruptcy in the 14th century contributed to the economic depression of the late Middle Ages. An old Florentine family belonging to the “popular” (democratic) party, the Peruzzi contributed 10 gonfaloniers (chief executives) and

Baldassarre Peruzzi was a Sienese architect and painter, one of the earliest artists to attempt illusionist architectural painting (quadratura), the extension of real architecture into imaginary space. Peruzzi was a contemporary of Raphael and Donato Bramante. He began his career as a painter of

vizier, originally the chief minister or representative of the ʿAbbāsid caliphs and later a high administrative officer in various Muslim countries, among Arabs, Persians, Turks, Mongols, and other eastern peoples. The office took shape during its tenure by the Barmakid (Barmecide) family in the

computer: Ubiquitous computing: The combination of the connectedness of the Internet with the ability of new microprocessors that can handle multiple tasks in parallel has inspired new ways of programming. Programmers are developing software to divide computational tasks into subtasks that a program can assign to…

pervasive developmental disorder (PDD), term historically used in reference to any of a group of conditions characterized by early-childhood onset and varying degrees of impairment of language acquisition, communication, social behavior, and motor function. In 2013 pervasive developmental disorders

pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), condition characterized by impairment in the ability to interact with others and by atypical communication or behavior patterns and interests. In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (1994; DSM-IV),

Latin literature: Later writers: The anonymous Pervigilium Veneris (“Vigil of Venus”), of uncertain date, presages the Middle Ages in its vitality and touch of stressed metre. Ausonius, though in the pagan literary tradition, was a Christian and contemporary with a truly original Christian poet, the Spaniard Prudentius. Henceforward, Christian literature overlaps…

methamphetamine, potent and addictive synthetic stimulant drug that affects the central nervous system (the spinal cord and brain). Methamphetamine is prescribed for the treatment of certain medical conditions, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and obesity. In

Pervomaysk, mining town, eastern Ukraine, on the Donets Coal Basin. The town was established by 1765 and grew with the development of mining there after 1872. It was incorporated in 1938. Besides mining, Pervomaysk has been the site of electrical-engineering and light industries. Pop. (2001)

Pervomaysk, city, southern Ukraine, at the confluence of the Synyukha (Sinyukha) and Southern Buh rivers. The city was established in 1919 by the merging of three settlements—Olviopil, Holta, and Bohopil—founded during the 15th–18th century by Lithuanians, Cossacks, and Poles, respectively. It is

Pervomaysk, city, southern Ukraine, at the confluence of the Synyukha (Sinyukha) and Southern Buh rivers. The city was established in 1919 by the merging of three settlements—Olviopil, Holta, and Bohopil—founded during the 15th–18th century by Lithuanians, Cossacks, and Poles, respectively. It is

Pervomaysk, mining town, eastern Ukraine, on the Donets Coal Basin. The town was established by 1765 and grew with the development of mining there after 1872. It was incorporated in 1938. Besides mining, Pervomaysk has been the site of electrical-engineering and light industries. Pop. (2001)

Pervouralsk, city, Sverdlovsk oblast (region), western Russia, located on the upper Chusovaya River and on the railway from Yekaterinburg to Perm. Founded in 1732 as an ironworks, the modern city of Pervouralsk has several large steel-pipe factories. It also produces mining machinery, pipes,

measurement system: Greeks and Romans: …the Roman standard foot (pes). This unit was divided into 16 digits or into 12 inches. In both cases its length was the same. Metrologists have come to differing conclusions concerning its exact length, but the currently accepted modern equivalents are 296 mm or 11.65 inches. Expressed in terms…

Party of European Socialists, transnational political group representing the interests of allied socialist and social democratic parties in Europe, particularly in the European Parliament and other organs of the European Union (EU). Although a socialist group fostered cooperation among socialist

spectroscopy: Photoelectron spectroscopy: Photoelectron spectroscopy is an extension of the photoelectric effect (see radiation: The photoelectric effect), first explained by Einstein in 1905, to atoms and molecules in all energy states. The technique involves the bombardment of a sample

Passover, in Judaism, holiday commemorating the Hebrews’ liberation from slavery in Egypt and the “passing over” of the forces of destruction, or the sparing of the firstborn of the Israelites, when the Lord “smote the land of Egypt” on the eve of the Exodus. Passover begins with the 15th and ends

Passover, in Judaism, holiday commemorating the Hebrews’ liberation from slavery in Egypt and the “passing over” of the forces of destruction, or the sparing of the firstborn of the Israelites, when the Lord “smote the land of Egypt” on the eve of the Exodus. Passover begins with the 15th and ends

Pesaro, city, Marche regione, northern Italy. Pesaro is a seaport lying along the Adriatic Sea at the mouth of the Foglia (Pisaurum) River. Destroyed by Witigis the Ostrogoth in 536, the town was rebuilt and fortified by the Byzantine general Belisarius and was one of the five cities of the

Titian: Religious paintings: In the Pesaro Madonna (1519–26) Titian created a new type of composition, in which the Madonna and Saints with the male members of the Pesaro family are placed within a monumental columnar portico of a church. The picture is flooded with sunlight and shadows. This work established…

Venice: Palaces: …and grotesques, as in the Palazzo Pesaro (1659–1710, by Baldassare Longhena). The variety of styles along the larger canals, unified by the chiaroscuro of deep-set windows, decorative paneling, and building materials, provides much of the visual excitement of the Venetian landscape.

Newark, city and port, Essex county, northeastern New Jersey, U.S. It lies on the west bank of the Passaic River and on Newark Bay, 8 miles (13 km) west of lower Manhattan Island, New York City. Newark was incorporated as a city in 1836. Pop. (2010) 277,140; Newark-Union Metro Division, 2,147,727;

P’eng-hu Islands, archipelago and hsien (county) of Taiwan. It consists of about 64 small islands that lie approximately 30 miles (50 km) west of the coast of mainland Taiwan, from which it is separated by the P’eng-hu Channel. Of volcanic origin, many of the islands consist of weathered basalt,

Pescara, city, Abruzzi regione, central Italy. Pescara lies along the Adriatic Sea at the mouth of the Pescara River, east-northeast of Rome. The Roman Aternum, the city was almost destroyed in the barbarian invasions and arose again in the early European Middle Ages as Piscaria (i.e., abounding

Pescara River, river, south-central Italy. Rising in the Apennines 4 miles (6 km) south of Amatrice, it flows southwest past Aquila and northeast past Popoli and after a course of about 90 miles (150 km) debouches into the Adriatic at the city of Pescara. The river receives the Sagittario, Orte,

Fernando Francesco de Avalos, marquis di Pescara was an Italian leader of the forces of the Holy Roman emperor Charles V against the French king Francis I. A pupil of the soldier of fortune Prospero Colonna, Pescara commanded Spanish forces in Italy in the struggles from 1512 to 1525 between the

pescatarianism, dietary practice based on the consumption of fish and shellfish to the exclusion of land-based meats. Fishing is an ancient pursuit, and many maritime and riverine cultures have developed culinary traditions relying on fish. Numerous long-lived religious traditions eschew the

Pescennius Niger was a rival Roman emperor from 193 to 194. An equestrian army officer from Italy, Niger was promoted to senatorial rank about 180. Most of his earlier service had been in the eastern provinces, but in 185–186 he commanded an expeditionary force against deserters who had seized

pescatarianism, dietary practice based on the consumption of fish and shellfish to the exclusion of land-based meats. Fishing is an ancient pursuit, and many maritime and riverine cultures have developed culinary traditions relying on fish. Numerous long-lived religious traditions eschew the

Ob River: Physiography: …first flows westward, receiving the Peschanaya, Anuy, and Charysh rivers from the left; in this reach, the river has low banks of alluvium, a bed studded with islands and shoals, and an average gradient of 1 foot per mile (20 cm per km). From the Charysh confluence the upper Ob…

Peschiera del Garda, port village, Verona provincia, Veneto regione, northern Italy. Situated on the southeast end of Garda Lake at the efflux of the Mincio River, Peschiera lies about 14 miles (23 km) west of Verona. It is a rail junction. The village also has a fish hatchery. During Austrian

Peschiera del Garda, port village, Verona provincia, Veneto regione, northern Italy. Situated on the southeast end of Garda Lake at the efflux of the Mincio River, Peschiera lies about 14 miles (23 km) west of Verona. It is a rail junction. The village also has a fish hatchery. During Austrian

Peschiera del Garda, port village, Verona provincia, Veneto regione, northern Italy. Situated on the southeast end of Garda Lake at the efflux of the Mincio River, Peschiera lies about 14 miles (23 km) west of Verona. It is a rail junction. The village also has a fish hatchery. During Austrian

Mike Nichols was an American motion-picture, television, and stage director whose productions focus on the absurdities and horrors of modern life as revealed in personal relationships. (Read Martin Scorsese’s Britannica essay on film preservation.) At age seven, Nichols emigrated with his family

Joe Pesci is an American character actor who is equally adept at comic roles and at playing menacing characters. Pesci grew up in a blue-collar family and took acting, dancing, and music classes from an early age. He became a child actor and appeared onstage from the time he was five years old. At

Joe Pesci is an American character actor who is equally adept at comic roles and at playing menacing characters. Pesci grew up in a blue-collar family and took acting, dancing, and music classes from an early age. He became a child actor and appeared onstage from the time he was five years old. At

Pescia, town, Toscana (Tuscany) regione, central Italy, at the base of the Etruscan Apennines and at the western end of the Nievole River. Its cathedral is notable for an ancient tower, and in the 14th-century Church of St. Francis is a picture of St. Francis of Assisi, painted in 1235 by

Pesellino was an Italian artist of the early Renaissance who excelled in the execution of small-scale paintings. Pesellino was raised by his grandfather, the painter Giuliano il Pesello, and worked as his assistant until Giuliano’s death. He then became associated with Filippo Lippi. In 1453 he

peseta, former monetary unit of Spain. The peseta ceased to be legal tender in 2002, when the euro, the monetary unit of the European Union, was adopted as the country’s sole monetary unit. In 1868 the peseta replaced the peso, which had been adopted in the 15th century and which was known in full

biblical literature: Pesharim: An important source of knowledge about the history of the Dead Sea sect is the pesharim (“commentaries”; singular pesher). The sectarian authors commented on the books of Old Testament prophets and the book of Psalms and in the commentaries explained the biblical text as…

peshaṭ, (Hebrew: “spread out”), in Jewish hermeneutics, the simple, obvious, literal meaning of a biblical text. In the interpretation of the Halakha (the “Proper Way”; i.e., the Oral Law that was essentially an interpretation of the Written Law), peshaṭ was preferred. Other interpretive

Peshawar, city, capital of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, northern Pakistan. The city lies just west of the Bara River, a tributary of the Kabul River, near the Khyber Pass. The Shahji-ki Dheri mounds, situated to the east, cover ruins of the largest Buddhist stupa in the subcontinent (2nd century

museum: Asia: …opened in 1891; and the Peshawar Museum, in Pakistan, opened in 1907.

Peshawar school massacre, terrorist attack in which seven heavily armed Taliban fighters stormed an army-run primary and secondary school in Peshawar, Pakistan, on December 16, 2014, killing 150 people, of whom at least 134 were students. At the time of the incident, the Army Public School held

Abbottabad: …several colleges affiliated with the University of Peshawar, and a forest research centre. The Pakistan Military Academy is at Kakul, 5 miles (8 km) northeast. Major iron-ore deposits are nearby. With its lush scenery and proximity to the Himalayas and the Karakoram Range, the city is a popular summer resort.…

Peshawar: …an agricultural college, and the University of Peshawar (founded 1950), with several constituent and affiliated colleges.

Peshitta, Syriac version of the Bible, the accepted Bible of Syrian Christian churches from the end of the 3rd century ce. The name “Peshitta” was first employed by Moses bar Kepha in the 9th century to suggest (as does the name of the Latin Vulgate) that the text was in common use. The name also

Maxim Gorky was a Russian short-story writer and novelist who first attracted attention with his naturalistic and sympathetic stories of tramps and social outcasts and later wrote other stories, novels, and plays, including his famous The Lower Depths. Gorky’s earliest years were spent in

Peshtigo, city, Marinette county, northeastern Wisconsin, U.S. It is situated on the Peshtigo River, about 45 miles (70 km) northeast of Green Bay. The site was first settled about 1838. On October 8, 1871, the date when the more famous but less deadly Chicago fire began, winds whipped up the

Peshtigo: …several days and created a firestorm that destroyed hundreds of square miles of forest and farmland. In a few hours Peshtigo was burned to the ground, with about 800 people killed; with the surrounding areas included, the total number of deaths reached some 1,200–2,400. A monument commemorating those who died…

Peshtigo: …Peshtigo Fire Cemetery, and a museum houses exhibits on the subject.

peshwa, the office of chief minister among the Maratha people of India. The peshwa, also known as the mukhya pradhan, originally headed the advisory council of the raja Shivaji (reigned c. 1659–80). After Shivaji’s death the council broke up and the office lost its primacy, but it was revived when

Yakov Sinai: …be widely applicable; Russian mathematician Yakov Pesin later demonstrated that when the Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy is greater than zero, the dynamical system will display chaos; that is, a slight difference in the initial conditions will produce vastly different trajectories.

Antoine Pesne was a French-born Rococo painter of historical subjects and portraits who was the most important artist in Prussia in the first half of the 18th century. His father, the painter Thomas Pesne, and his maternal great-uncle, Charles de La Fosse, were probably his first teachers. While

Modest Mussorgsky: Life and career: …Pesni i plyaski smerti (Songs and Dances of Death). At that time Mussorgsky was haunted by the spectre of death—he himself had only seven more years to live. The death of another friend, the painter Victor Hartmann, inspired Mussorgsky to write the piano suite Kartinki s vystavki (Pictures from…

peso, the monetary unit of several Latin American countries and the Philippines; it is divided into 100 centavos. The peso was introduced into Spain by the monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella, who reformed the Spanish coinage system in 1497; it did not come into common use, though, until the time of

bristlehead, (species Psittrichas fulgidus), parrot of the forested slopes of northern New Guinea, the sole species constituting the subfamily Psittrichasinae (order Psittaciformes). A short-tailed, crow-sized parrot, nearly 50 cm (20 inches) in length, it is black with red underparts and gray

Eduardo Kac: …an artwork that French astronaut Thomas Pesquet made following Kac’s instructions. At the International Space Station (ISS), Pesquet used only paper and scissors to create a sculpture that resembled the letters that spell moi, French for “me.” The piece Adsum (2019), a glass cube engraved with a typeface of Kac’s…

Pessac, town, southwestern suburb of Bordeaux, Gironde département, Nouvelle-Aquitaine région, southwestern France. It was the site of a Gallo-Roman villa of the patrician Pesus. Located in the Graves vineyard region, it is noted for its red wines (Haut-Brion and Pape Clément). The 17th-century

Portugal: The kingdom and the Reconquista: …1317 engaged a Genoese admiral, Emmanuele Pessagno, to build up his navy. He founded the University of Coimbra (at first in Lisbon) in 1290 and was both a poet and a patron of literature. Yet he was especially famed as the rei lavrador (farmer king) for his interest in the…

Camilo Pessanha was a Portuguese poet whose work is the representative in Portuguese poetry of Symbolism in its purest and most genuine form and the chief precursor of Modernist poetry. After studying law at the university at Coimbra in 1891, Pessanha became a high-school teacher in the Portuguese

pessimism, an attitude of hopelessness toward life and toward existence, coupled with a vague general opinion that pain and evil predominate in the world. It is derived from the Latin pessimus (“worst”). Pessimism is the antithesis of optimism, an attitude of general hopefulness, coupled with the

Great Mother of the Gods: …her cult centre was at Pessinus, located on the slopes of Mount Dindymus, or Agdistis (hence her names Dindymene and Agdistis). The existence, however, of many similar non-Phrygian deities indicates that she was merely the Phrygian form of the nature deity of all Asia Minor. From Asia Minor her cult…

Fernando Pessoa was one of the greatest Portuguese poets, whose Modernist work gave Portuguese literature European significance. From the age of seven Pessoa lived in Durban, S.Af., where his stepfather was Portuguese consul. He became a fluent reader and writer of English. With the hope of

Fernando Pessoa was one of the greatest Portuguese poets, whose Modernist work gave Portuguese literature European significance. From the age of seven Pessoa lived in Durban, S.Af., where his stepfather was Portuguese consul. He became a fluent reader and writer of English. With the hope of

Paraíba: …memory of a former governor, João Pessoa, a reformist and national vice presidential candidate whose assassination in 1930 helped spark the revolution that brought Getúlio Vargas to national power in Brazil.

Pest, megye (county), central Hungary. It borders Slovakia to the north and the counties of Nógrád and Heves to the northeast, Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok to the east, Bács-Kiskun to the south, and Komárom-Esztergom and Fejér to the west. Pest is by far the most-populous and most-industrialized county in

pest, any organism judged as a threat to human beings or to their interests. When early man hunted animals and foraged for food, he shared the natural resources with other organisms in the community. As human culture developed and population rose, people made ever-increasing demands on these

origins of agriculture: Beginnings of pest control: Wherever agriculture has been practiced, pests have attacked, destroying part or even all of the crop. In modern usage, the term pest includes animals (mostly insects), fungi, plants, bacteria, and viruses. Human efforts to control pests have a long history. Even in Neolithic…

Blessed Clemens August, Graf von Galen: Lambert’s, he published his Die Pest des Laizismus und ihre Erscheinungsformen (1932; “The Plague of Laicism and Its Manifestations”), deploring what he deemed the godlessness of post-World War I Germany. He was made bishop of Münster in 1933. At first Galen hoped that the Nazis would restore Germany to…

origins of agriculture: Beginnings of pest control: Wherever agriculture has been practiced, pests have attacked, destroying part or even all of the crop. In modern usage, the term pest includes animals (mostly insects), fungi, plants, bacteria, and viruses. Human efforts to control pests have a long history. Even in Neolithic…

bandicoot rat: …two species of Nesokia, the short-tailed bandicoot rat, or pest rat (N. indica), is almost the size of the lesser bandicoot rat, with soft brown fur and a short tail. Its range extends from northern Bangladesh through Central Asia to northeastern Egypt and also north of the Himalayas from Turkmenistan…

Arnold Böcklin: …Odysseus and Calypso (1883) and The Pest (1898) reveal the morbid symbolism that anticipated the so-called Freudian imagery of much 20th-century art.

Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi was a Swiss educational reformer, who advocated education of the poor and emphasized teaching methods designed to strengthen the student’s own abilities. Pestalozzi’s method became widely accepted, and most of his principles have been absorbed into modern elementary

Pestalozzianism, pedagogical doctrines of Swiss educator Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746–1827) stressing that instruction should proceed from the familiar to the new, incorporate the performance of concrete arts and the experience of actual emotional responses, and be paced to follow the gradual

African literature: Portuguese: Pepetela (Artur Carlos Maurício Pestana dos Santos) wrote novels, such as Mayombe (1980; Eng. trans. Mayombe), about the civil war that followed Angola’s independence in 1975. He also looked to the more distant past: Yaka (1984; Eng. trans. Yaka) deals with 19th-century Angola, and Lueji (1989)…

Spain: Opposition movements, 1898–1923: …CNT leaders Salvador Seguí and Angel Pestaña shared the anarchist contempt for political action, they wished to build unions powerful enough to challenge the employers by direct action. They mistrusted the libertarian tradition of spontaneous revolution as a means of toppling the bourgeois state. The great Barcelona strike of 1919…

The Plague, novel by Algerian-born French writer Albert Camus, published in 1947 as La Peste. The work is an allegorical account of the determined fight against an epidemic in the town of Oran, Alg., by characters who embody human dignity and

Pavel Ivanovich Pestel was a Russian military officer and a radical leader of the Decembrist revolutionaries. The son of a government official, Pestel attended school in Dresden, Saxony, from 1805 to 1809. He entered the elite Corps of Pages in St. Petersburg in 1810 and, upon graduation in 1811,

Károly Eötvös: …editor of the influential newspaper Pesti Napló (“Pest Journal”) and then a member of the National Assembly. In 1878 he joined the opposition Independence Party and set up a law firm in Budapest. In 1883 he represented the defendants in the widely publicized Tiszaeszlár case, in which local Jews were…

Hungarian literature: Renaissance and Reformation: Benedek Komjáti, Gábor Pesti, and János Sylvester, all of whom were disciples of the humanist Erasmus, translated parts of the Bible with philological accuracy. Pesti made a very readable translation of Aesop’s fables and published a Latin–Hungarian dictionary. Sylvester published the first Hungarian grammar and, to show…

pesticide, any toxic substance used to kill animals, fungi, or plants that cause economic damage to crop or ornamental plants or are hazardous to the health of domestic animals or humans. All pesticides interfere with normal metabolic processes in the pest organism and often are classified

Aernout Drost: …Stories”), the most important is De pestilentie te Katwijk (“The Plague at Katwijk”), in which the influence of the Baroque masters Joost van den Vondel and Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft is evident. The dialogue is full of 17th-century expressions, and the story as a whole shows Drost’s intense admiration of his…

African horse sickness (AHS), disease of Equidae (horses, mules, donkeys, and zebras) caused by an orbivirus called AHSV (family Reoviridae) that is transmitted by arthropods, notably biting midges (Culicoides imicola). The disease, which is not usually fatal to indigenous zebra herds, is often

flavivirus: Hepacivirus, and Pestivirus. Species of Flaviviridae are transmitted by either insects or arachnids and cause severe diseases such as yellow fever, dengue, tick-borne encephalitis, and Japanese B encephalitis. Well-characterized species of this family are the pestivirus Classical swine fever virus, the flavivirus Yellow

mortar and pestle: The pestle is a rounded grinding club often made of the same material as the mortar. Together with the saddle quern (a round stone rolled or rubbed on a flat stone bed), the mortar and pestle was the first means known for grinding grain; the grain…

mortar and pestle, ancient device for milling by pounding. The mortar is a durable bowl commonly made of stone, ceramic, or wood. The pestle is a rounded grinding club often made of the same material as the mortar. Together with the saddle quern (a round stone rolled or rubbed on a flat stone bed),

pesto, Italian sauce that, in its best-known form, combines basil, pine nuts, garlic, grated Parmesan cheese, and olive oil. It is commonly used as a topping for pasta, vegetables, poultry, fish, and bread. Pesto made with the above ingredients is called pesto alla genovese, indicating that its

shaharith: …called “verses of song” (pesuqe de-zimra); (3) the Shema, the central affirmation of the unity and indivisibility of God; (4) the amidah, a series of benedictions; (5) Psalms 145 and 20 and a prayer beginning “May the Redeemer come to Zion” (u-va le-Ẕiyyon), which is largely made up of…

polyethylene terephthalate (PET or PETE), a strong, stiff synthetic fibre and resin and a member of the polyester family of polymers. PET is spun into fibres for permanent-press fabrics and blow-molded into disposable beverage bottles. PET is produced by the polymerization of ethylene glycol and

pet, any animal kept by human beings as a source of companionship and pleasure. While a pet is generally kept for the pleasure that it can give to its owner, often, especially with horses, dogs, and cats, as well as with some other domesticated animals, this pleasure appears to be mutual. Thus, pet

positron emission tomography (PET), imaging technique used in diagnosis and biomedical research. It has proved particularly useful for studying brain and heart functions and certain biochemical processes involving these organs (e.g., glucose metabolism and oxygen uptake). In PET a chemical compound

coarctation of the aorta: …a synthetic fibre such as Dacron™, or the defect is left but is bypassed by a Dacron™ tube opening into the aorta on either side of the defect—a permanent bypass for the blood flow. Surgery for this condition is most effective in young persons and is rarely performed on patients…

positron emission tomography (PET), imaging technique used in diagnosis and biomedical research. It has proved particularly useful for studying brain and heart functions and certain biochemical processes involving these organs (e.g., glucose metabolism and oxygen uptake). In PET a chemical compound

Fred Gwynne: …performances in the horror film Pet Sematary (1989) and the comedy My Cousin Vinny (1992).

John Lithgow: Other credits, including The Crown: …his films from 2019 were Pet Sematary, an adaptation of the Stephen King novel, and Bombshell, in which he played media executive Roger Ailes, who resigned from the Fox News Channel amid allegations of sexual misconduct. Lithgow also had roles in The Tomorrow Man and Late Night (both 2019). He…

Pet Shop Boys, British pop music duo that produced a string of international hits beginning in the 1980s. The band comprised Neil Tennant (b. July 10, 1954, North Shields, Tyne and Wear, England) and Chris Lowe (b. October 4, 1959, Blackpool, Lancashire). Formed in London in 1981 by vocalist

Glen Campbell: …recording of the breakthrough album Pet Sounds (1966).

Indonesia: Japanese occupation: The Sukarela Tentara Pembela Tanah Air (Peta; “Volunteer Army of Defenders of the Homeland”) would become the core military force of the Indonesian revolution.

People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), nongovernmental organization (NGO) committed to ending abusive treatment of animals in business and society and promoting consideration of animal interests in everyday decision making and general policies and practices. PETA was founded in 1980 by