mara: … of the cavy family, the Patagonian mara (D. patagonum) or the Chacoan mara (D. salinicola).

Patagonian opossum, (Lestodelphys halli), a small insectivorous and carnivorous marsupial (family Didelphidae, subfamily Didelphinae) found only in south-central Argentina, occurring farther south than other American marsupials. Adults reach 24.5 cm (10 inches) in length and weigh up to 90 grams

Patagonian opossum, (Lestodelphys halli), a small insectivorous and carnivorous marsupial (family Didelphidae, subfamily Didelphinae) found only in south-central Argentina, occurring farther south than other American marsupials. Adults reach 24.5 cm (10 inches) in length and weigh up to 90 grams

seedsnipe: …is the least, pygmy, or Patagonian seedsnipe (Thinocorus rumicivorus). It covers its eggs with sand when it leaves the nest. The largest (about 30 cm, or 12 in.) is Gay’s seedsnipe (Attagis gayi), which nests high in the Andes.

puppetry: Styles of puppet theatre: …of Irish wits ran the Patagonian Theatre in London from 1776 to 1781 with a program of ballad operas and literary burlesques. In France there was a great vogue for the puppet theatre among literary men during the second half of the 19th century. This seems to have begun with…

weasel: The Patagonian weasel (Lyncodon patagonicus) is a larger mustelid of the South American Pampas. It is about 30–35 cm (12–14 inches) long, excluding the 6–9-cm (2.5–3.5-inch) tail. That weasel is grayish with dark brown underparts and a white stripe running across the forehead to the sides…

titanosaur: Although other titanosaurs (such as Patagotitan and Argentinosaurus, whose weights have been estimated at 63.5 metric tons [70 tons] and 70 metric tons [77 tons], respectively) have been conjectured to have been larger than Dreadnoughtus, which was 26 metres (about 85 feet) long and weighed 59 metric tons (65 tons),…

Lenny Bruce: …his death, New York Governor George Pataki issued him an unprecedented posthumous pardon.

Alexander the Great: Invasion of India: On reaching Patala, located at the head of the Indus delta, he built a harbour and docks and explored both arms of the Indus, which probably then ran into the Rann of Kachchh. He planned to lead part of his forces back by land, while the rest…

Patna, city, capital of Bihar state, northern India. It lies about 290 miles (470 km) northwest of Kolkata (Calcutta). Patna is one of the oldest cities in India. During the Mughal period it was known as Azimabad. Patna is a riverside city that extends along the south bank of the Ganges (Ganga)

Patan, city, northern Gujarat state, west-central India. It is situated on the Saraswati River in the lowlands between the Aravalli Range and the Gulf of Khambhat (Cambay). Patan was once the capital of the Chavada and Solanki dynasties (720–1242), but it was sacked in 1024 by Maḥmūd of Ghazna. The

Lalitpur, town, central Nepal, in the Kathmandu Valley near the Baghmati River, about 3 miles (5 km) southeast of Kathmandu. According to Nepalese chronicles, Lalitpur was founded by King Varadeva in 299 ce. Some scholars believe that it was the capital of the Licchavi, Thakuri, and Malla

Somnath, ancient ruined city, southwestern Gujarat state, west-central India. It is the site of the temple of Shiva as Somanatha (“Lord of the Soma,” a sacred intoxicating drink, and, by extension, “Lord of the Moon”). The temple was sacked by the Turkic Muslim invader Maḥmūd of Ghazna in 1024–25

Patángoro, Indian people of western Colombia, apparently extinct since the late 16th century. They spoke a language of the Chibchan family. The Patángoro were agricultural, raising corn (maize), sweet manioc (yuca), beans, avocados, and some fruit. Land was cleared by slash-and-burn methods, and

Pattani, town, southern Thailand, on the east coast of the Malay Peninsula. The town is located at the mouth of the Pattani River. Pattani was an independent Muslim city-state, ruling a large portion of the surrounding region until the 16th century, when it became a vassal state of Siam (now

Patanjali was the author or one of the authors of two great Hindu classics: the first, Yoga-sutras, a categorization of Yogic thought arranged in four volumes with the titles “Psychic Power,” “Practice of Yoga,” “Samadhi” (state of profound contemplation of the Absolute), and “Kaivalya”

children’s literature: The 20th century: Patapoufs et filifers, by André Maurois, a gentle satire on war, has lasted (Eng. trans. Pattypuffs and Thinifers, 1948; reissued 1968). His fantastic Le Pays des 36,000 volontés is almost as popular. The famous dramatist Charles Vildrac has done much to advance the cause of…

Ardem Patapoutian is a Lebanese-born American molecular biologist and neuroscientist known for his investigations of the molecular basis of mechanoreception, the ability of animals to detect and respond to certain kinds of stimuli, particularly touch and changes in pressure or posture. Among his

Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps: …husband business manager of the Patapsco Female Institute in Ellicott’s Mills, Maryland. In her 15 years at that school, Phelps created an institution of high academic standards, with a curriculum rich in the sciences, mathematics, and natural history and designed in particular to train highly qualified teachers. The polite attainments…

Patarine, member of a medieval group of lay craftsmen, tradesmen, and peasants organized in Milan about 1058 to oppose clerical concubinage and marriage; the group later widened its attack to oppose generally the papacy’s moral corruption and temporal powers. The Patarine movement was so called

Patarine, member of a medieval group of lay craftsmen, tradesmen, and peasants organized in Milan about 1058 to oppose clerical concubinage and marriage; the group later widened its attack to oppose generally the papacy’s moral corruption and temporal powers. The Patarine movement was so called

Patarine, member of a medieval group of lay craftsmen, tradesmen, and peasants organized in Milan about 1058 to oppose clerical concubinage and marriage; the group later widened its attack to oppose generally the papacy’s moral corruption and temporal powers. The Patarine movement was so called

Patarine, member of a medieval group of lay craftsmen, tradesmen, and peasants organized in Milan about 1058 to oppose clerical concubinage and marriage; the group later widened its attack to oppose generally the papacy’s moral corruption and temporal powers. The Patarine movement was so called

patas monkey, (Erythrocebus patas), long-limbed and predominantly ground-dwelling primate found in the grass and scrub regions of West and Central Africa and southeast to the Serengeti plains. The adult male patas monkey has shaggy fur set off by a white mustache and white underparts, and its build

trisomy 13, human chromosomal disorder that results from an extra (third) copy of chromosome 13. Trisomy 13 can be present in all cells of the body but can also occur as mosaic trisomy 13, in which the extra chromosome is in only some cells. It can also occur as partial trisomy 13, in which only

Padua, city, Veneto region, northern Italy, on the River Bacchiglione, west of Venice. As the Roman town Patavium—founded, according to legend, by the Trojan hero Antenor—it was first mentioned in 302 bce, according to the Roman historian Livy, who was born there (59 bce). The town prospered

Jamestown Colony: Peace and the onset of the tobacco economy (1613–14): …Japazeus, the chief of the Patawomeck tribe. The Patawomeck were located along the Potomac River, beyond Chief Powhatan’s empire. In March 1613 Argall chanced to learn that Powhatan’s daughter Pocahontas was staying with Japazeus. Argall resolved to kidnap her and ransom her for English prisoners held by the Powhatan Indians…

St. Joan of Arc: Victories and coronation: …came face to face at Patay on June 18, 1429. Joan promised success to the French, saying that Charles, would win a greater victory that day than any he had won so far. The victory was indeed complete: the English army was routed and with it, finally, its reputation for…

Robin Williams: …his patients with laughter in Patch Adams (1998) and portrayed a psychotic photo-lab technician who stalks a suburban family in One Hour Photo (2002). A 2002 stand-up performance led to the hugely successful Robin Williams: Live on Broadway (2002), which was released as both an album and a video. He…

patch box, small, usually rectangular, sometimes oval box used mostly as a receptacle for beauty patches, especially in the 18th century. During the days of Louis XV, black patches of gummed taffeta were popular with fashionable women (and sometimes men) who wanted to emphasize the beauty or

patch dynamics, in ecology, a theoretical approach positing that the structure, function, and dynamics of an ecological system can be understood and predicted from an analysis of its smaller interactive spatial components (patches). In addition to its significance as a theoretical approach, the

Sidney Poitier: Hollywood trailblazer: …blind girl (Elizabeth Hartman) in A Patch of Blue (1965); the moving drama also starred Shelley Winters as her abusive mother.

platform reef, a coral reef found on continental shelves and characterized by a primarily radial growth pattern. A platform reef may or may not lie behind a barrier reef and may undergo elongation if established on a sandbank. Reefs grow actively outward as well as upward, especially in the stable

patch test, controlled application of biological or chemical substances to the skin in order to detect if the subject has an allergic hypersensitivity to one of them. The test was originally developed to test new chemical compounds for their allergic potential on animals but has since become widely

John McPhee: … (2017) and the essay collection The Patch (2018).

Erwin Neher: …for the development of the patch-clamp technique, a laboratory method that can detect the very small electrical currents produced by the passage of ions through the cell membrane.

Kenneth Patchen was an American experimental poet, novelist, painter, and graphic designer. Itinerant in his youth and only occasionally a student, Patchen worked at many jobs before beginning to write and paint. He published many collections of verse from 1936 on, notably Collected Poems (1968),

Ann Patchett is an American author whose novels often portray the intersecting lives of characters from disparate backgrounds. When Patchett was six years old, her family moved to Nashville, Tennessee, where she grew up and where she made her home. She obtained a B.A. degree (1984) from Sarah

patchouli, (Pogostemon cablin), aromatic flowering plant of the mint family (Lamiaceae), the leaves of which are a source of essential oil that is used as a fragrance in perfumes, cosmetics, and incense. Patchouli is native to tropical Asia, where it is widely cultivated and has been used for

patchouli: Uses: Patchouli essential oil is obtained from the shade-dried leaves by steam distillation. The oil is widely used in the manufacture of soaps, perfumes, detergents, cosmetics, and deodorants, although patchouli is not the dominant fragrance in many of these products. Patchouli essential oil has pleasing musky…

patchwork, the process of joining strips, squares, triangles, hexagons, or other shaped pieces of fabric (also called patches), by either hand or machine stitching, into square blocks or other units. It is one of the primary construction techniques of quilting and is often combined with appliqué.

Anne Tyler: … (1991); Ladder of Years (1995); A Patchwork Planet (1998); Digging to America (2006); The Beginner’s Goodbye (2012); and A Spool of Blue Thread (2015). Vinegar Girl (2016), a retelling of William Shakespeare’s The Taming of the Shrew, was written for the Hogarth Shakespeare series. Tyler’s 22nd novel,

Ronald Reagan: First days: …of air traffic controllers, the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO)—one of the few unions to endorse Reagan in the 1980 election—walked off their jobs, demanding higher pay and better working conditions. As federal employees, the PATCO members were forbidden by law to strike, and Reagan, on the advice of…

pâté, (French: “paste”), in French cuisine, a filled pastry, analogous to the English pie. The term pâté is also used, with modifiers, to denote two other distinct preparations: pâté en terrine, a meat, game, or fish mixture wrapped in suet or other animal fat or lining and cooked in a deep oval or

eastern Africa: The Shirazi migration: …very substantial town, as did Pate, in the Lamu islands. The ruling classes of these towns were Muslims of mixed Arab and African descent who were mostly involved in trade; beneath them were African labourers who were often slaves and a transient Arab population. The impetus in this society was…

tourtière, a double-crusted meat pie that is likely named for a shallow pie dish still used for cooking and serving tourtes (pies) in France. The ground or chopped filling usually includes pork and is sometimes mixed with other meats, including local game, such as rabbit, pheasant, or moose. It is

pâté: …pastry, and served cold; and pâté en croûte, a meat, game, or fish filling cooked in a crust and served hot or cold. It is from pâté en terrine, more properly abbreviated terrine, that the pâté of British and American usage derives.

pâté: …other distinct preparations: pâté en terrine, a meat, game, or fish mixture wrapped in suet or other animal fat or lining and cooked in a deep oval or oblong dish, without pastry, and served cold; and pâté en croûte, a meat, game, or fish filling cooked in a crust and…

pastry: …extreme of flaky pastry is pâte feuilletée, which is formed by folding and refolding a butter-filled pastry to form hundreds of layers of flour and butter that rise in the oven to 12 times the height of the uncooked pastry.

opaline glass: …of crystal, semicrystal, glass, and pâte-de-riz (glass made by firing glass powder in a mold), the latter a Bohemian innovation. Sky blue—a colour invented in Bohemia in 1835—was copied at Baccarat and Saint-Louis about 1843; the glass used was generally pâte-de-riz. Ultramarine blue was most frequently used between 1845 and…

pâte-sur-pâte, (French: “paste on paste”), method of porcelain decoration in which a relief design is created on an unfired, unglazed body by applying successive layers of white slip (liquid clay) with a brush. The technique was first employed by the Chinese in the 18th century. It was introduced

Pategi, town, Kwara state, west-central Nigeria. It lies on the south bank of the Niger River opposite the town of Mureji and the mouth of the Kaduna River. Founded in the late 16th century by the king of the Nupe peoples, the town, the name of which means “small hill,” became the capital of the

Bhikaiji Cama was an Indian political activist and advocate for women’s rights who had the unique distinction of unfurling the first version of the Indian national flag—a tricolor of green, saffron, and red stripes—at the International Socialist Congress held at Stuttgart, Germany, in 1907. Born to

Dev Patel is a multifaceted English actor of Indian descent who rose to international fame after starring in Slumdog Millionaire (2008) and has continued to enjoy an award-winning film career. Patel was born and raised in Harrow, an outer borough of London. His parents, of Gujarati descent,

Narendra Modi: Political ascent and term as chief minister of Gujarat: …chief minister, fellow BJP member Keshubhai Patel, after Patel had been held responsible for the state government’s poor response in the aftermath of the massive Bhuj earthquake in Gujarat earlier that year that killed more than 20,000 people. Modi entered his first-ever electoral contest in a February 2002 by-election that…

Bernstein v. the U.S. Department of State: Ninth Circuit District Court Judge Marilyn Hall Patel ruled in the instructor’s favour in 1996, citing First Amendment grounds to declare that free-speech rights protected the software’s source code.

Theresa May: Cabinet resignations: …earlier in his career, and Priti Patel, the international development secretary, resigned after it was revealed that she had held unauthorized meetings with Israeli politicians. In December, Damian Green, the first secretary of state, quit his position as a consequence of allegations that he had downloaded pornography onto his House…

Vallabhbhai Patel was an Indian barrister and statesman, one of the leaders of the Indian National Congress during the struggle for Indian independence. During the first three years of Indian independence after 1947, he served as deputy prime minister, minister of home affairs, minister of

Vallabhbhai Patel was an Indian barrister and statesman, one of the leaders of the Indian National Congress during the struggle for Indian independence. During the first three years of Indian independence after 1947, he served as deputy prime minister, minister of home affairs, minister of

knee: …the femur; the kneecap, or patella, rests upon the ends of the femur and serves to prevent the tibia from moving too far forward when the leg is bent. The articulating (meeting) surfaces of the femur and tibia condyles are very smooth and are separated by a slight gap. The…

gastropod: Classification: Superfamily Patellacea (Docoglossa) Conical-shelled limpets, without slits or holes, found in rocky shallow waters (Acmaeidae and Patellidae). Superfamily Trochacea Small to large spiral shells in shallow to deep ocean waters, often brightly coloured, with or without heavy shell ornamentation; Trochidae

Akita: Care and upkeep: …breed is also susceptible to patellar luxation (dislocated kneecap) and hypothyroidism. As with all large breeds prone to hip dysplasia, puppies should be fed a diet for large-breed puppies that slows their rate of growth. Regular eye examinations to detect progressive retinal atrophy are also recommended.

knee-jerk reflex, sudden kicking movement of the lower leg in response to a sharp tap on the patellar tendon, which lies just below the kneecap. One of the several positions that a subject may take for the test is to sit with knees bent and with one leg crossed over the other so that the upper foot

fungus: Annotated classification: Order Patellariales (incertae sedis; not placed in any subclass) Parasitic and saprotrophic; flask-shaped (perithecium-like) fruiting bodies; example genus is Patellaria. Order Trypetheliales (incertae sedis; not placed in any subclass) Forms lichen; most have hyaline ascospores. Class

gastropod: Classification: …rocky shallow waters (Acmaeidae and Patellidae). Superfamily Trochacea Small to large spiral shells in shallow to deep ocean waters, often brightly coloured, with or without heavy shell ornamentation; Trochidae (top shells), Turbinidae (turban shells), and Phasianellidae (pheasant shells).

gastropod: Classification: ) Superfamily Patelliformia Brackish water or marine limpets with (Siphonariidae) gill-like structures or with a lung (Gadinidae). Superfamily Amphibolacea Operculum present; shell conical; with pulmonary cavity; brackish water; burrow in sand; 1 family. Superfamily

Carole Pateman is a British political scientist and educator known for her contribution to democratic theory and feminist political theory. After leaving school at 16 years of age and working in lesser clerical positions, Pateman decided to complete her education and entered Ruskin College in

Joachim Patinir was a Flemish painter, the first Western artist known to have specialized in landscape painting. Little is known of his early life, but his work reflects an early knowledge of the painting of Gerard David, the last of the Early Netherlandish painters. He may have studied under

patent, a government grant to an inventor of the right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention, usually for a limited period. Patents are granted for new and useful machines, manufactured products, and industrial processes and for significant improvements of existing ones.

anchor: The stockless anchor (Figure 2), which was patented in England in 1821, came into wide use principally because of its ease of handling and stowing. The crown, arms, and flukes of a stockless anchor are cast in one piece and can pivot slightly from side to…

patent: The 1970 Patent Cooperation Treaty simplified the filing of patent applications on the same invention in different countries by providing centralized filing procedures and a standardized application format. The European Patent Convention, which was implemented in 1977, created a European Patent Office that can issue a European…

patent ductus arteriosus, congenital heart defect characterized by the persistence of the ductus arteriosus, a channel that shunts blood between the pulmonary artery and the aorta. Normally, after birth the pulmonary artery carries blood depleted of oxygen and laden with carbon dioxide from the

cereal processing: Milling: …the mill, is often called patent flour. It has very low mineral (or ash) content and is remarkably free from traces of branny specks and other impurities. The bulk of the approximately 72 percent released is suited to most bread-making purposes, but special varieties are needed for some confectionery purposes.…

patent, a government grant to an inventor of the right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention, usually for a limited period. Patents are granted for new and useful machines, manufactured products, and industrial processes and for significant improvements of existing ones.

shoe: Materials: Patent leather, usually made from cattle hide, is given a hard, glossy surface finish. Suede is made from any of several leathers (calf, kid, or cattle hide) by buffing the inner surface to produce a napped finish.

navigation: Distance and speed measurements: …Humphry Cole, invented the so-called patent log, in which a vaned rotor was towed from the stern, and its revolutions were counted on a register. Logs of this kind did not become common until the mid-19th century, when the register was mounted on the aft rail, where it could be…

Bertha Benz: Invention of the Patent-Motorwagen: Benz struggled to market his Patent-Motorwagen, but his wife knew the value of the invention. During the application process, she could not legally apply for the patent alongside her husband despite her financial and practical engineering contributions.

National Portrait Gallery: …building, now known as the Donald W. Reynolds Center for American Art and Portraiture, reopened in 2006 after undergoing renovations to emphasize its strongest architectural features, including porticos, vaulted ceilings, and a curving double staircase.

energy conversion: Windmills: These so-called patent sails, however, found acceptance only in England and northern Europe.

patent theatre, any of several London theatres that, through government licensing, held a monopoly on legitimate dramatic production there between 1660 and 1843. In reopening the theatres that had been closed by the Puritans, Charles II issued Letters Patent to Thomas Killigrew and William Davenant

patent troll, pejorative term for a company, found most often in the American information technology industry, that uses a portfolio of patents not to produce products but solely to collect licensing fees or settlements on patent infringement from other companies. The term patent troll arose in the

shape-note hymnal, American hymnal incorporating many folk hymns and utilizing a special musical notation. The seven-note scale was sung not to the syllables do–re–mi–fa–sol–la–ti but to a four-syllable system carried with them by early English colonists: fa–sol–la–fa–sol–la–mi. Differently shaped

David Lloyd George: Early life: …on newly constructed ships; the Patents and Designs Act (1907), preventing foreign exploitation of British inventions; and the Port of London Act (1908), setting up the Port of London Authority. He also earned a high reputation by his patient work in settling strikes. He suffered a cruel bereavement in November…

parent: …a biological father, and a “pater” is a social one.

Mithraism: Worship, practices, and institutions: …of (and to) the Sun; pater, Father. To each rank belonged a particular mask (Raven, Persian, Lion) or dress (Bridegroom). The rising of the Mithraist in grade prefigured the ascent of the soul after death. The series of the seven initiations seems to have been enacted by passing through seven…

Lord’s Prayer, Christian prayer that, according to tradition, was taught by Jesus to his disciples. It appears in two forms in the New Testament: the shorter version in the Gospel According to Luke (11:2–4) and the longer version, part of the Sermon on the Mount, in the Gospel According to Matthew

fetial: Another member, called the pater patratus, served as the group’s representative. Upon reaching the border of the offending state, the pater patratus first announced his mission and addressed a prayer to Jupiter in which he affirmed the justness of his errand. Crossing the border, he repeated the same form…

pater patriae, in ancient Rome, a title originally accorded (in the form parens urbis Romanae, or “parent of the Roman city”) to Romulus, Rome’s legendary founder. It was next accorded to Marcus Furius Camillus, who led the city’s recovery after its capture by the Gauls (c. 390 bc). The title was

Walter Pater was an English critic, essayist, and humanist whose advocacy of “art for art’s sake” became a cardinal doctrine of the movement known as Aestheticism. Pater was educated at King’s School, Canterbury, and at Queen’s College, Oxford, where he studied Greek philosophy under Benjamin

Walter Pater was an English critic, essayist, and humanist whose advocacy of “art for art’s sake” became a cardinal doctrine of the movement known as Aestheticism. Pater was educated at King’s School, Canterbury, and at Queen’s College, Oxford, where he studied Greek philosophy under Benjamin

Seattle Seahawks: …in 1978, earning head coach Jack Patera NFL Coach of the Year honours. The early Seahawks teams were led by quarterback Jim Zorn, running back Curt Warner, and wide receiver Steve Largent, who retired as the NFL’s all-time leading receiver and in 1995 was the first Seahawk inducted into the…

Velleius Paterculus was a Roman soldier, political figure, and historian whose work on Rome is a valuable if amateurish source for the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius. Velleius’s father was of equestrian status, and his mother belonged to a distinguished Campanian family. He served as military

inheritance: Roman law: … ruled by its head, the paterfamilias, to whom his wife, his slaves, and possibly several generations of his descendants were subject and in whom title to all property was vested, so that a son or any other member of the house, even as an adult, did not own anything until…

Russian literature: The Kievan period: The Kievo-Pechersky paterik (The Paterik of the Kievan Caves Monastery), closely related to hagiography, collects stories from the lives of monks, along with other religious writings. A saint’s life of quite a different sort, Zhitiye Aleksandra Nevskogo (“Life of Alexandr Nevsky”) (d. 1263), celebrates a pious warrior prince.…

lamp shells: Annotated classification: Order Paterinida Shell with phosphate, rounded or elliptical; pedicle opening partly closed by cover called homeodeltidium; dorsal valve similar to the ventral but with a convex homeochilidium; 7 genera; Early Cambrian to mid-Ordovician. Class Articulata Shells articulate by means of teeth and sockets; shells always calcareous;…

Paterna ware, tin-glazed earthenware produced in the 14th and 15th centuries at Paterna, near Valencia, in eastern Spain. Although pottery was produced in Paterna as early as the 12th century under the Almohads, it was not famous until the reign of the Naṣrids (1230–1492), the last Islāmic dynasty

paternalism, attitude and practice that are commonly, though not exclusively, understood as an infringement on the personal freedom and autonomy of a person (or class of persons) with a beneficent or protective intent. Paternalism generally involves competing claims between individual liberty and

human genetic disease: Imprinted gene mutations: …from the father, and so-called paternally imprinted genes are generally expressed only when inherited from the mother. The disease gene associated with Prader-Willi syndrome is maternally imprinted, so that although every child inherits two copies of the gene (one maternal, one paternal), only the paternal copy is expressed. If the…

blood group: Paternity testing: …a male is not the father of a particular child. Since the red cell antigens are inherited as dominant traits, a child cannot have a blood group antigen that is not present in one or both parents. For example, if the child in question belongs to group A and both…

Sweden: Labour and taxation: …known for its maternity and parental leave schemes that allow up to 13 months’ leave at about four-fifths of their pay. Employers pay additional fees of more than two-fifths of gross wages for statutory social benefits, including pensions. As of 1999, a new general pension system was introduced, which allowed…