Italian Popular Party, former centrist Italian political party whose several factions were united by their Roman Catholicism and anticommunism. They advocated programs ranging from social reform to the defense of free enterprise. The DC usually dominated Italian politics from World War II until the

Italy: Years of crisis: …by Felice Cavallotti and the Radical group in parliament, who in the 1890s strongly denounced bank scandals, tariff protectionism, colonial wars, and the Triple Alliance. The Radicals were a northern, anticlerical, moralistic group that denounced the corruption of the south (Crispi was the first southern prime minister), of the monarchy,…

Italian Republican Party, anticlerical social-reform party. Although it had only a small following in the years after World War II, its position in the centre of the Italian political spectrum enabled it to take part in many coalition governments. The party dates back to the 19th century, when

Giuseppe Saragat: …statesman and founder of the Socialist Party of Italian Workers (PSLI), who held many ministerial posts from 1944 to 1964, when he became president of the Italian Republic (1964–71).

Italian Democratic Socialist Party, anticommunist reform party advocating the nationalization of some industries. As a centre party, it was able to join many Italian governments in the decades after World War II. In early 1947, socialists who opposed the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) for its

Italian Socialist Party, former Italian political party, one of the first Italian parties with a national scope and a modern democratic organization. It was founded in 1892 in Genoa as the Italian Workers’ Party (Partito dei Lavoratori Italiani) and formally adopted the name Italian Socialist Party

Social Democratic Party of Switzerland, Swiss political party of the centre-left that supports an extensive government role in the economy. With the Christian Democratic People’s Party, FDP. The Liberals, and the Swiss People’s Party, the Social Democratic Party has governed Switzerland as part of

Italian Socialist Party, former Italian political party, one of the first Italian parties with a national scope and a modern democratic organization. It was founded in 1892 in Genoa as the Italian Workers’ Party (Partito dei Lavoratori Italiani) and formally adopted the name Italian Socialist Party

Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), militant Kurdish nationalist organization founded by Abdullah (“Apo”) Öcalan in the late 1970s. Although the group initially espoused demands for the establishment of an independent Kurdish state, its stated aims were later tempered to calls for greater Kurdish

Kadet, a Russian political party advocating a radical change in Russian government toward a constitutional monarchy like Great Britain’s. It was founded in October 1905 by the Union of Liberation and other liberals associated with the zemstvos, local councils that often were centres of liberal

Partisan, member of a guerrilla force led by the Communist Party of Yugoslavia during World War II against the Axis powers, their Yugoslav collaborators, and a rival resistance force, the royalist Chetniks. Germany and Italy occupied Yugoslavia in April 1941, but it was not until Germany invaded

Partizansk, city, Primorsky kray (territory), far eastern Russia. It lies in the valley of the Partizanskaya River. It was formed in 1932 by the amalgamation of mining settlements that developed near mine shafts in a bituminous coal basin. A thermal power station serving the region is located in

Slovakia: Settlement patterns: Partizánske and Nová Dubnica, both in the west, are examples of new towns founded, respectively, just before and after World War II.

Paul Farmer: …administrator who, as cofounder of Partners in Health (PIH), was known for his efforts to provide medical care in impoverished countries.

partnership, voluntary association of two or more persons for the purpose of managing a business enterprise and sharing its profits or losses. In the usual partnership each general partner has full power to act for the firm in carrying on its business; thus, partners are at once proprietors and

Ukraine: Kuchma’s presidency: In 1994 Ukraine joined the Partnership for Peace Programme run by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); the country also established a “special partnership” with the organization in 1996. In 1995 Ukraine joined the Council of Europe.

pinochle: Partnership pinochle: Four play in two partnerships, with partners sitting opposite each other. All the cards are dealt out in four rounds of three cards. Each side’s aim is to score 100 or more points over as many deals as necessary. Points are scored for…

subatomic particle: The development of quark theory: …pointlike objects, which were named partons because they are parts of the larger particles. The experiments also showed that the partons can indeed have fractional charges of + 2 3 e or − 1 3 e and thus confirmed one of the more surprising predictions of the quark model.

Dolly Parton is an American country music singer, guitarist, and actress best known for pioneering the interface between country and pop music styles. Parton was born into a poor farming family, the fourth of 12 children. She displayed an aptitude and passion for music at an early age, and as a

Dolly Parton is an American country music singer, guitarist, and actress best known for pioneering the interface between country and pop music styles. Parton was born into a poor farming family, the fourth of 12 children. She displayed an aptitude and passion for music at an early age, and as a

biography: 19th century: One professional biographer, James Parton, published competent, well-researched narratives, such as his lives of Aaron Burr and Andrew Jackson, but they brought him thin rewards and are today outmoded. In France, biography was turned inward, to romantic introspection, a trend introduced by Étienne Pivert de Senancour’s Obermann (1804).…

Sara Payson Willis Parton was an American novelist and newspaper writer, one of the first woman columnists, known for her satiric commentary on contemporary society. Grata Payson Willis early changed her first name to Sara. Her family had a strong literary and journalistic tradition: her father,

Konrad von Würzburg: …to full-scale epics, such as Partonopier und Meliur, on the fairy-lover theme, and Der Trojanerkrieg (The Trojan War), an account of the Trojan War. He is at his best in his shorter narrative poems, the secular romances Engelhart, Dasz Herzmaere (The Heart’s Tidings), and Keiser Otte mit dem Barte (Kaiser…

partridge, any of many small game birds native to the Old World and belonging to the family Phasianidae (order Galliformes). They are larger than quails, with stronger bills and feet. (For New World birds erroneously called partridges, see grouse; quail. For dwarf partridges of India called bush

The Brady Bunch: …cue from the success of The Partridge Family (1970–74), another popular situation comedy, which centred on a large family that also happened to be a rock group. The Brady cast went on to record commercial albums and perform live.

Eric Partridge was a New Zealand-born English lexicographer, best known for his A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English (1937). (Read H.L. Mencken’s 1926 Britannica essay on American English.) Partridge served with the Australian Infantry in World War I and with the Royal Air Force in

Eric Partridge was a New Zealand-born English lexicographer, best known for his A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English (1937). (Read H.L. Mencken’s 1926 Britannica essay on American English.) Partridge served with the Australian Infantry in World War I and with the Royal Air Force in

partridgeberry, (Mitchella repens), North American plant of the madder family (Rubiaceae), growing in dry woods from southwestern Newfoundland westward to Minnesota and southward to Florida and Texas. Partridgeberry is a good wild-garden plant for shady places and is popular in winter terrariums

gamma function: …technique from calculus known as integration by parts, it can be proved that the gamma function has the following recursive property: if x > 0, then Γ(x + 1) = xΓ(x). From this it follows that Γ(2) = 1 Γ(1) = 1; Γ(3) = 2 Γ(2) = 2 × 1…

gastropod: Classification: Superfamily Partulacea Small, generally arboreal snails found on high volcanic islands of Polynesia and Micronesia, a few in Melanesia. Order Mesurethra Ureter represented by lateral opening of very short kidney, pore of ureter opening near or behind middle of mantle cavity; about 1,500 species. Superfamily

parturient paresis, in cattle, a disorder characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood (hypocalcemia). It occurs in cows most commonly within three days after they have calved, at a time when the cow’s production of milk has put a severe strain on its calcium stores.

birth, process of bringing forth a child from the uterus, or womb. The prior development of the child in the uterus is described in the article human embryology. The process and series of changes that take place in a woman’s organs and tissues as a result of the developing fetus are discussed in

rock: Rock and youth culture: Moreover, rock became multifunctional—dance and party music on the one hand, a matter of serious attention and intimate expression on the other. As rock spread globally this had different implications in different countries, but in general it allowed rock to continue to define itself as youthful even as its performers…

procedural law: Parties: Every civil lawsuit involves at least two parties—a plaintiff making a claim and a defendant resisting it. Beyond this basic requirement, legal systems differ slightly in their approach to the question of whether other parties may or must be joined.

Wanda Jackson: …a comeback with the album The Party Ain’t Over (2011), which was produced by Jack White of the White Stripes, and she followed that with Unfinished Business (2012). In 2019 Jackson announced that she was retiring from performing, citing “health and safety” issues; it was subsequently revealed that she had…

Euroskepticism: The emergence of Euroskeptic parties: … in France and the Dutch Party for Freedom (Partij voor de Vrijheid; PVV). Although the National Front and the PVV were known primarily for promoting anti-immigration and anti-Islamic policies, both were quick to capitalize on populist sentiment in the wake of the euro-zone debt crisis. In November 2013 National Front…

Nicholas Ray: Films of the late 1950s: Party Girl (1958) was a return to the crime genre, starring Cyd Charisse as a 1920s Chicago showgirl who questions her ties to a syndicate boss (Lee J. Cobb) when a mob lawyer (Robert Taylor) wants her to make a break with him.

Macaulay Culkin: Return to acting: …movie as an adult was Party Monster (2003), in which he played the murderous party promoter Michael Alig. It was closely followed by his role in Saved! (2004), a comedy in which he played a high-school student whose sister is a Christian zealot. Later films included Sex and Breakfast (2007),…

Enver Hoxha: …communists helped Hoxha found the Albanian Communist Party (afterward called the Party of Labour). Hoxha became first secretary of the party’s Central Committee and political commissar of the communist-dominated Army of National Liberation. He was prime minister of Albania from its liberation in 1944 until 1954, simultaneously holding the ministry…

heraldry: Other charges: …divisions of a shield are: party per pale (or, simply, per pale), division of the field into two equal parts by a perpendicular line (that resembles the impalement just mentioned but does not serve the same purpose of combining arms); party per fess, division into two equal parts by a…

New Frontier: The party platform pledged to expand the country’s defense and foreign aid programs. Controversially, it also committed the party to protecting the civil rights of African Americans.

party press era, period (1780s–1830s) in United States history when news editors received patronage from political parties, usually in the form of government printing contracts. An editor would readily endorse a party’s candidates and champion its principles, typically in line with his own beliefs,

political party, a group of persons organized to acquire and exercise political power. Political parties originated in their modern form in Europe and the United States in the 19th century, along with the electoral and parliamentary systems, whose development reflects the evolution of parties. The

House of Commons: Functions and operation: …exercised by members called “whips.”

election: Balloting: On party-column ballots, it is possible to vote a “straight ticket” for all of a party’s candidates by entering a single mark, though voting for individual candidates is usually possible. Conversely, on the office-bloc ballot, voters choose individual candidates grouped by office rather than party, which…

list system, a method of voting for several electoral candidates, usually members of the same political party, with one mark of the ballot. It is used to elect the parliaments of many western European countries, including Switzerland, Italy, the Benelux countries, and Germany. Electors vote for one

Boris Johnson: Partygate: The Johnson government’s response to the pandemic would make headlines for very different reasons beginning in late November 2021, when reports began surfacing that members of the prime minister’s cabinet and staff, as well as Johnson himself, had attended parties earlier in the pandemic…

Natalie du Toit: The Other-Abled Swimmer: …disabled competitor, Polish table-tennis player Natalia Partyka, who was born without a right forearm and hand, competed in both the Paralympics and the Olympics in Beijing.

Paru River, river, northern Brazil, rising on the southern slopes of the Tumuc-Humac Mountains, on the Suriname border, and flowing for about 500 miles (800 km) south-southeastward through Pará state. It empties into the lower Amazon River just above Almeirim. The Paru is navigable for 50 miles (80

history of film: Germany: …in the founding of the Parufamet (Paramount-UFA-Metro) Distribution Company in early 1926 and the almost immediate emigration of UFA film artists and technicians to Hollywood, where they worked for a variety of studios. This first Germanic migration was temporary. Many of the filmmakers went back to UFA disgusted at the…

wood warbler: …or American, parula warbler (Parula americana), which breeds in eastern North America, is pale blue with white wing bars, a partial white eye ring, and a yellow breast crossed by a narrow dark band. The black-and-white warbler (Mniotilta varia), common east of the Rockies, is streaked and has creeperlike…

wood warbler, any of the species in the songbird family Parulidae. Wood warblers are New World birds, distinct from the true warblers of the Old World, which represent a taxonomically diverse group. Because most wood warblers are brightly coloured and active, they are known as the “butterflies of

Croatian literature: Vesna Parun, an important and fruitful poet, was recognized most notably for her collection of poems Crna maslina (1955; “Black Olive Tree”). The younger prose writer Antun Šoljan took more cosmopolitan themes for his work, as did the poet Ivan Slamnig of the same generation.…

parure, matched set of jewelry consisting of such pieces as earrings, bracelet, brooch, necklace, and ring. By the mid-17th century, jewels had ceased to be created as individual works of art expressing some idea or fancy and had instead become mere personal ornaments that were beautiful but

animal social behaviour: Dominance: …role in mating patterns in black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus), where more dominant males tend to mate with more dominant females. Higher-status pairs then experience greater overwinter survival, presumably compete more effectively for high-quality breeding space, and produce more offspring.

titmouse: …10 North American species, the tufted titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor, formerly Parus bicolor) is the best known, ranging widely over the eastern United States, where its cheery whistled “peter-peter-peter” rings through deciduous woodlands, orchards, and suburbs. Often attracted to bird feeders, this handsome crested little bird relishes sunflowers, although insects make…

titmouse: …other tits, such as the great tit (Parus major). This widespread, adaptable species is found from Great Britain through Russia to Japan and southern Asia. It is a common visitor to backyards and lays its eggs in drainpipes, mailboxes, and hollow trees.

Paridae: …Europe there is the similar willow tit (P. montanus), immortalized by Gilbert and Sullivan.

dream: Dreams as extensions of the waking state: …his work Parva naturalia (On the Senses and Their Objects), the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–322 bce), despite the practice of divination and incubation among his contemporaries, attributed dreams to sensory impressions from “external objects…pauses within the body…eddies…of sensory movement often remaining like they were when they first started, but…

Romanian literature: Between the wars: The archaeologist Vasile Pârvan commemorated the sacrifices of the war generation in Parentalia (1922); the historian and politician Nicolae Iorga founded literary periodicals and a people’s university (an adult education centre unaffiliated with the Romanian general educational system), wrote literary works, and was a great influence on…

Georgi Parvanov is a Bulgarian politician who served as president of his country (2002–12). He was the first former communist to be elected president of Bulgaria since the fall of communism in the country and the first Bulgarian head of state to be reelected. Parvanov obtained a master’s degree in

Georgi Parvanov is a Bulgarian politician who served as president of his country (2002–12). He was the first former communist to be elected president of Bulgaria since the fall of communism in the country and the first Bulgarian head of state to be reelected. Parvanov obtained a master’s degree in

Parvati, wife of the Hindu god Shiva. Parvati is a benevolent goddess. Born the daughter of a mountain called Himalaya, she won Shiva’s affection only after undergoing severe ascetic discipline. The couple had two children. The Mahabharata, the Ramayana, Kalidasa’s poem Kumarasambhava (“The Birth

South Asian arts: The Gupta period (4th–6th centuries ad): The Pārvatī Devī temple at Nācnā Kuṭthārā, also of this period, is interesting for the covered circumambulatory provided around the sanctum and the large hall in front. When first discovered, the temple had an entire chamber above the sanctum (which subsequently collapsed). Though provided with a…

pareve, (Yiddish: “neutral”), in the observance of Jewish dietary laws (kashrut), those foods that may be eaten indiscriminately, with either meat dishes or dairy products—two general classes of food that may not be consumed at the same meal. Fruits and vegetables are classified as pareve unless

pareve, (Yiddish: “neutral”), in the observance of Jewish dietary laws (kashrut), those foods that may be eaten indiscriminately, with either meat dishes or dairy products—two general classes of food that may not be consumed at the same meal. Fruits and vegetables are classified as pareve unless

Islamic arts: Persian literatures: The lyrics of Parvīn Eʿteṣāmī (died 1940) are regarded as near classics, despite a trace of sentimentality in their sympathetic treatment of the poor. Some Persian writers whose left-wing political ideas brought them into conflict with the government left for what is now Tajikistan. Of these, the gifted…

photoreception: Central processing of visual information: …layers contain small cells (the parvocellular [P] layers). This division reflects a difference in the types of ganglion cells that supply the M and P layers. The M layers receive their input from so-called Y-cells, which have fast responses, relatively poor resolution, and weak or absent responses to colour. The…

parvovirus, any virus belonging to the family Parvoviridae. Parvoviruses have small nonenveloped virions (virus particles), and the icosahedral capsid (the protein shell surrounding the viral nucleic acids) is made up of 32 capsomeres (capsid subunits) measuring 18–26 nm (1 nm = 10−9 metre) in

parvovirus: Parvoviruses fall into two subfamilies: Parvovirinae, which infect vertebrates, and Densovirinae, which infect insects. Type species of the Parvovirinae include minute virus of mice, human parvovirus, and Aleutian mink disease virus. Whereas many species of Parvovirinae replicate autonomously, the genus Dependovirus contains viruses that replicate only in the presence of…

parvovirus, any virus belonging to the family Parvoviridae. Parvoviruses have small nonenveloped virions (virus particles), and the icosahedral capsid (the protein shell surrounding the viral nucleic acids) is made up of 32 capsomeres (capsid subunits) measuring 18–26 nm (1 nm = 10−9 metre) in

Alexander Israel Helphand was a Russian-German socialist who helped enable Lenin to reenter Russia in 1917 from exile in Switzerland, thus helping to ignite the Russian Revolution of October 1917. (Read Leon Trotsky’s 1926 Britannica essay on Lenin.) Helphand, the son of Jewish parents, grew up in

Southeast Asian arts: Shadow-puppet theatre: …Mahabharata epics, while the majority—the Pandawa (Pāṇḍav in Sanskrit) cycle of about 100 plays—are essentially Javanese creations in which the five heroic Pandawa brothers are placed in different situations. Three and sometimes four god-clown-servants and a set of ogre-antagonists who are not in the epics at all suggest how far…

Afghanistan: Dōst Moḥammad (1826–39; 1843–63): In a battle at Parwan on November 2, 1840, Dōst Moḥammad had the upper hand, but the next day he surrendered to the British in Kabul. He was deported to India with the greater part of his family.

Indian philosophy: The new school: …direct and indirect temporal relations, paryapti relation (in which a number of entities reside, in sets rather than in individual members of those sets), svarupa relation (which holds, for example, between an absence and its locus), and relation between a knowledge and its object.

Parys, resort town, northern Free State province, South Africa. It is situated on the southern bank of the Vaal River. Parys was founded in 1873 and most likely named by a German surveyor named Schilbach, who had fought in the siege of Paris in 1870. Parys officially became a town in 1887. Tobacco,

Cyrus The Younger: …Darius II and his wife, Parysatis.

Paryuṣaṇa, a popular eight-day festival in Jainism, a religion of India. It generally is celebrated by members of the Śvetāmbara sect from the 13th day of the dark half of the month Bhādrapada (August–September) to the 5th day of the bright half of the month. Among Digambaras, a corresponding

Parzival, epic poem, one of the masterpieces of the Middle Ages, written between 1200 and 1210 in Middle High German by Wolfram von Eschenbach. This 16-book, 25,000-line poem is in part a religious allegory describing Parzival’s painful journey from utter ignorance and naïveté to spiritual

Crohn disease: drugs, including corticosteroids and aminosalicylic acid compounds, are used to treat Crohn disease. The drugs are effective both in treating acute episodes and in suppressing the disease over the long term. Depending on the circumstances, hematinics, vitamins, high-protein diets, and blood transfusions are also used. Surgical resection of the…

assemblé, (French: “step put together”), in classical ballet, a movement in which a dancer’s feet or legs are brought together in the air and the dancer lands on both feet. It can be done front, back, dessus, dessous, and so on. In a basic assemblé, the dancer brushes the working leg into the air

brisé, (French: “broken step”), in classical ballet, a small, battu (“beaten”) step. The quality of a brisé should be sharp and brisk. The basic brisé is a travelled assemblé that is done with a beat. The dancer brushes the working leg, as in an assemblé, to the side and into the air while

Sergey Prokofiev: Foreign period of Sergey Prokofiev: …Prokofiev created new one-act ballets, Le Pas d’acier (performed in 1927) and The Prodigal Son (performed in 1929). Le Pas d’acier had a sensational success in Paris and London, thanks to its original staging and bold evocation of images of Soviet Russia at the beginning of the 1920s—with its economic…

pas d’élévation, (French: “high steps”), all jumping and leaping movements in classical ballet. The steps are admired for the height at which they are performed and for the dancer’s ability to ascend without apparent effort and to land smoothly. Dancers famed for aerial maneuvers of this kind

pas de deux, (French: “step for two”), dance for two performers. The strictly classical balletic pas de deux followed a fixed pattern: a supported adagio, a solo variation for the male dancer, a solo variation for the female dancer, and a coda in which both participants displayed their

Manitoba: Settlement patterns: …town in the northern forest; The Pas, a trading and communications centre on the Saskatchewan River; Flin Flon, a mining centre near the Saskatchewan border; Churchill, a trans-shipment centre and port on Hudson Bay; Dauphin, a regional service town in west-central Manitoba;

Nord–Pas-de-Calais: …northernmost départements of Nord and Pas-de-Calais. In 2016 the Nord–Pas-de-Calais région was joined with the région of Picardy to form the new administrative entity of Hauts-de-France.

pasha, title of a man of high rank or office in the Ottoman Empire and North Africa. It was the highest official title of honour in the Ottoman Empire, always used with a proper name, which it followed. It was given to soldiers and high civil officials, not to men of religion, and was purely

Gerlinde Kaltenbrunner: …Eun-Sun of South Korea and Edurne Pasaban of Spain—were also on track to become the first woman to summit all of the 14. Kaltenbrunner maintained that she was not competing with them and even climbed two of the peaks, Broad in 2007 and Dhaulagiri I (26,795 feet [8,167 metres]; in…

passacaglia: …original name survives in the pasacalle, a lively folk dance for couples popular in western South America.

Pasadena, city, Harris county, southeastern Texas, U.S. It borders Houston (west) between the Houston Ship Channel and the Clear Lake area. It was founded in 1895 by J.H. Burnett and named after Pasadena, California. Several oil refineries had been built in the area by 1920. The city’s rapid growth

Pasadena, city, Los Angeles county, southern California, U.S. It is located in the San Gabriel Valley, at the base of the San Gabriel Mountains. The area was part of Rancho el Rincon de San Pasqual, a northeastern section of the San Gabriel Mission (1771). The city was founded in 1874 by Thomas B.

Pasadena Playhouse: …acting company known as the Pasadena Community Playhouse Association. The group obtained its own 700-seat theatre (the Pasadena Playhouse) in 1925, and it went on to acquire a nationwide reputation for its productions of both Shakespearean classics and new works by such playwrights as Eugene O’Neill, Noel Coward, and Tennessee…

Pasadena Playhouse, theatre in Pasadena, California, that was one of the first community theatres in the United States. It was founded in 1917–18 when Gilmor Brown organized a semiprofessional acting company known as the Pasadena Community Playhouse Association. The group obtained its own 700-seat

Rose Bowl, oldest American postseason college football contest, held annually in Pasadena, California. Each Rose Bowl game is preceded by a Tournament of Roses Parade, or Rose Parade, which is one of the world’s most elaborate and famous annual parades. In 2014 the Rose Bowl began participating in

Che Guevara: The Cuban Revolution: …de la guerra revolucionaria (1963; Reminiscences of the Cuban Revolutionary War, 1968).

goat: …goats are descended from the pasang (Capra aegagrus), which is probably native to Asia, the earliest records being Persian. In China, Great Britain, Europe, and North America, the domestic goat is primarily a milk producer, with a large portion of the milk being used to make cheese. One or two…

Pancho Gonzales: …at age 41, he defeated Charlie Pasarell in a 112-game match that was then the longest in Wimbledon history; it was not surpassed until 2010.

Pasargadae, first dynastic capital of the Persian Achaemenian dynasty, situated on a plain northeast of Persepolis in southwestern Iran. According to tradition, Cyrus II (the Great; reigned 559–c. 529 bce) chose the site because it lay near the scene of his victory over Astyages the Mede (550). The

Persis: …leading Persian tribes as the Pasargadae, to which the Achaemenians, the royal family of Persia, belonged; the Maraphii; and the Maspii. It was these three that Cyrus II the Great assembled to approve his plans for his revolt against Astyages, his Median overlord, in 550 bc.