Edinburgh: The Old Town: Giles, in Parliament Square, is Parliament House, built by the town council between 1632 and 1639. Parliament Square lies over the site of the medieval graveyard where John Knox, the most celebrated figure of the Scottish Reformation, was buried; thus, Knox has no marked grave or tombstone, save for a…

John Day: …Elizabethan dramatist whose verse allegory The Parliament of Bees shows unusual ingenuity and delicacy of imagination.

Parliament of Canada, the Crown, the Senate, and the House of Commons of Canada, which, according to the British North America Act (Constitution Act) of 1867, are the institutions that together create Canadian laws. When Parliament is referred to in some formal usages, all three institutions are

Admonition to Parliament, Puritan manifesto, published in 1572 and written by the London clergymen John Field and Thomas Wilcox, that demanded that Queen Elizabeth I restore the “purity” of New Testament worship in the Church of England and eliminate the remaining Roman Catholic elements and

Houses of Parliament, in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the seat of the bicameral Parliament, including the House of Commons and the House of Lords. It is located on the left bank of the River Thames in the borough of Westminster, London. A royal palace was said to have

Parliament-Funkadelic, massive group of performers that greatly influenced the sound and style of funk music in the 1970s. The original members were George Clinton (b. July 22, 1941, Kannapolis, North Carolina, U.S.), Raymond Davis (b. March 29, 1940, Sumter, South Carolina—d. July 5, 2005, New

Council of Europe: The Parliamentary Assembly, which meets four times a year, is a deliberative body consisting of representatives from national parliaments. The Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe is a consultative body that represents local and regional (subnational) governments within the council. The Secretariat, with a…

ombudsman, legislative commissioner for investigating citizens’ complaints of bureaucratic abuse. The office originated in Sweden in 1809–10 and has been copied in various forms in Scandinavia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Israel and in certain states in the United States and

parliamentary system, democratic form of government in which the party (or a coalition of parties) with the greatest representation in the parliament (legislature) forms the government, its leader becoming prime minister or chancellor. Executive functions are exercised by members of the parliament

diplomacy: The League of Nations and the revival of conference diplomacy: The League introduced parliamentary diplomacy in a two-chamber body, acknowledging the equality of states in its lower house and the supremacy of great powers in its upper one. As neither chamber had much power, however, the sovereignty of members was not infringed. The League of Nations sponsored conferences—especially…

Harold Joseph Laski: …Essay in Interpretation (1936), and Parliamentary Government in England: A Commentary (1938), Laski argued that the economic difficulties of capitalism might lead to the destruction of political democracy. He came to view socialism as the only available and possible alternative to the rising menace of fascism in both Germany and…

Labour Party: Policy and structure: …role in party affairs; the Parliamentary Labour Party (PLP), comprising Labour members of Parliament; and a variety of small socialist groups such as the Fabian Society. Delegates from these organizations meet in an annual conference, where they are given formal authority in policy-making matters. The Labour Party’s various ancillary bodies…

parliamentary procedure, the generally accepted rules, precedents, and practices commonly employed in the governance of deliberative assemblies. Such rules are intended to maintain decorum, to ascertain the will of the majority, to preserve the rights of the minority, and to facilitate the orderly

John Almon: In 1774 he began The Parliamentary Register, a monthly record of proceedings (continued until 1813). His printed attacks on William Pitt in the 1780s finally brought his imprisonment for 14 months (1792–93), and he was forced to live the rest of his life on bail.

parliamentary system, democratic form of government in which the party (or a coalition of parties) with the greatest representation in the parliament (legislature) forms the government, its leader becoming prime minister or chancellor. Executive functions are exercised by members of the parliament

abutilon: Another species, sometimes known as redvein flowering maple (A. pictum), is a handsome variegated-leaf shrub reaching a height of 4.5 metres (15 feet) and is grown as a houseplant. The trailing abutilon (A. megapotamicum), often grown as a hanging plant, is noted for its nodding, yellowish orange, closed flowers.

abutilon, (genus Abutilon), genus of over 100 species of herbaceous plants and partly woody shrubs of the mallow family (Malvaceae) native to tropical and warm temperate areas. It includes several species used as houseplants and in gardens for their white to deep orange, usually nodding,

palm: Characteristic morphological features: …of regular branching (in Allagoptera, Chamaedorea, Hyphaene, Nannorrhops, Nypa, Vonitra) appear to involve equal or subequal division at the apex that results in a forking habit. The two newly formed branches may continue equally, or one may be overtopped by the other (Nannorrhops). When thickening occurs, as in the royal…

Parma, city, Cuyahoga county, northeastern Ohio, U.S., a southern suburb of Cleveland. Settled by New Englanders in 1816, it was known as Greenbriar until 1826, when it became the township of Parma, named for the Italian city. A small section seceded to form Parma Heights in 1911, and in 1924 the

Parma, city, in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy, on the Parma River, northwest of Bologna. Founded by the Romans along the Via Aemilia in 183 bc, Parma was important as a road junction; its trade flourished, and it obtained Roman citizenship. It became an episcopal see in the 4th

Alessandro Farnese, duke of Parma and Piacenza was the duke of Parma and Piacenza and the regent of the Netherlands (1578–92) for Philip II, the Habsburg king of Spain. He was primarily responsible for maintaining Spanish control there and for perpetuating Roman Catholicism in the southern

Duchy of Parma and Piacenza, the northern Italian cities of Parma and Piacenza, with their dependent territories, detached from the Papal States by Pope Paul III in 1545 and made a hereditary duchy for his son, Pier Luigi Farnese (died 1547). It was retained by the Farnese family until the family’s

Alessandro Farnese, duke of Parma and Piacenza was the duke of Parma and Piacenza and the regent of the Netherlands (1578–92) for Philip II, the Habsburg king of Spain. He was primarily responsible for maintaining Spanish control there and for perpetuating Roman Catholicism in the southern

Correggio: Mature works: … in the dome of the cathedral of Parma marks the culmination of Correggio’s career as a mural painter. This fresco (a painting in plaster with water-soluble pigments) anticipates the Baroque style of dramatically illusionistic ceiling painting. The entire architectural surface is treated as a single pictorial unit of vast proportions,…

Beppe Grillo: …audiences about balance-sheet irregularities at Parmalat in September 2002, more than a year before the food giant admitted that it had falsified assets and concealed losses that totaled more than $10 billion. The company’s collapse was Europe’s largest corporate bankruptcy at that time, and Grillo testified at the subsequent trial.

Sindhi literature: … (1853–1929), Dayaram Gidumal (1857–1927), and Parmanand Mewaram (1856?–1938). They produced original works and adapted books from Sanskrit, Hindi, Persian, and English. Kauromal Khilnani published Arya nari charitra (1905; “The Indo-Aryan Women”) and wrote extensively on the panchayat system, health, agriculture, and folklore. His style was simple and stately.

Himachal Pradesh: History: …the 18th state of India; Y.S. Parmar, who since the 1940s had been a leader in the quest for self-government in Himachal Pradesh, became the state’s first chief minister.

Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès, duke de Parme was a French statesman and legal expert who was second consul with Napoleon Bonaparte and then archchancellor of the empire. As Napoleon’s principal adviser on all juridical matters from 1800 to 1814, he was instrumental in formulating the Napoleonic

Rwanda: Independence and the 1960s: …Kayibanda, Rwanda’s first president, the Party for Hutu Emancipation (Parti du Mouvement de l’Emancipation du Peuple Hutu) emerged as the spearhead of the revolution. Communal elections were held in 1960, resulting in a massive transfer of power to Hutu elements at the local level. And in the wake of the…

sprinkler system: …sought and found in the Parmelee sprinkler head, introduced in the United States in the 1870s. In this, the normally closed orifice is opened by heat from a fire. Modern versions use a fusible link or a bulb containing chemicals, which breaks at about 160° F (70° C) to open…

Parmelia, largest genus of foliose (leafy) lichens, which includes among its members the species commonly known as crottle and skull lichen. Crottle, the largest foliose lichen, resembles crumpled leather and sometimes grows 90 to 120 centimetres in diameter. It is characterized by a black

Parmelia: The so-called skull lichen (Parmelia saxatilis) is a common variety that grows in flat gray-brown rosettes (5 to 10 centimetres across). According to folk superstition, it was believed to be an effective treatment for epilepsy if found growing on an old skull, especially that of an executed…

Parmenides was a Greek philosopher of Elea in southern Italy who founded Eleaticism, one of the leading pre-Socratic schools of Greek thought. His general teaching has been diligently reconstructed from the few surviving fragments of his principal work, a lengthy three-part verse composition titled

Plato: Dialectic: In the later dialogue Parmenides, dialectic is introduced as an exercise that the young Socrates must undertake if he is to understand the forms properly. The exercise, which Parmenides demonstrates in the second part of the work, is extremely laborious: a single instance involves the construction of eight sections…

Parmenio was a Macedonian general usually considered the best officer in the service of Philip II and his son Alexander the Great. During the reign of Philip, Parmenio won a great victory over the Illyrians (356). In 336 he was sent with Amyntas and Attalus, his son-in-law, to Asia Minor to make

Gaius Cassius was one of the assassins of Julius Caesar. After the death of Caesar he joined the party of Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus (the more famous Cassius and prime mover of the assassination). After Caesar’s assassination, Cassius was in command of the fleet that engaged

André Parmentier was a Belgian-born American horticulturist, responsible for exhibiting many plant species in America. Parmentier was the son of a linen merchant and was educated at the Catholic University of Leuven (Louvain). His brothers were all horticulturists, the eldest being director of the

André Parmentier was a Belgian-born American horticulturist, responsible for exhibiting many plant species in America. Parmentier was the son of a linen merchant and was educated at the Catholic University of Leuven (Louvain). His brothers were all horticulturists, the eldest being director of the

Jean Ango: Jean and Raoul Parmentier in 1529 reached the coast of Sumatra in two of Ango’s ships, the Pensée and the Sacre.

Jean Ango: Jean and Raoul Parmentier in 1529 reached the coast of Sumatra in two of Ango’s ships, the Pensée and the Sacre.

Parmesan, hard, sharp cow’s-milk cheese used primarily in grated form. The original Parmigiano-Reggiano is produced within a strictly delineated region in Italy that includes the towns of Parma, Modena, and Mantua and part of Bologna. The official name, along with the year the cheese was made, is

Parmigianino was an Italian painter who was one of the first artists to develop the elegant and sophisticated version of Mannerist style that became a formative influence on the post-High Renaissance generation. There is no doubt that Correggio was the strongest single influence on Parmigianino’s

Parmigianino was an Italian painter who was one of the first artists to develop the elegant and sophisticated version of Mannerist style that became a formative influence on the post-High Renaissance generation. There is no doubt that Correggio was the strongest single influence on Parmigianino’s

Parmesan, hard, sharp cow’s-milk cheese used primarily in grated form. The original Parmigiano-Reggiano is produced within a strictly delineated region in Italy that includes the towns of Parma, Modena, and Mantua and part of Bologna. The official name, along with the year the cheese was made, is

Parnaíba, port city, northwestern Piauí estado (state), northeastern Brazil. It is located on the Igaraçu River, an outlet of the Parnaíba River, 9 miles (14 km) upstream from the Atlantic Ocean. Founded in 1761 and given city status in 1884, Parnaíba is the most important trade and distributing

South America: Events in the Mesozoic: …increase in subsidence in the Parnaiba and Paraná intracratonic basins, where deposits of Triassic age have been recovered from core samples.

Parnaíba River, river, northeastern Brazil, rising in the Serra da Tabatinga and flowing north-northeastward for 1,056 mi (1,700 km) to empty into the Atlantic Ocean, forming a delta at its mouth. In addition to marking the border between the states of Maranhão and Piauí, the Parnaíba has great

Parnashavari, in Vajrayana or Tantric Buddhism, a goddess distinguished by the girdle of leaves she wears. She is known as Lo-ma-gyon-ma in Tibet and as Hiyōi in Japan. Parnashavari is apparently derived from an aboriginal deity, and one of her titles is Sarvashavaranam Bhagavati, or “goddess of

Parnashavari, in Vajrayana or Tantric Buddhism, a goddess distinguished by the girdle of leaves she wears. She is known as Lo-ma-gyon-ma in Tibet and as Hiyōi in Japan. Parnashavari is apparently derived from an aboriginal deity, and one of her titles is Sarvashavaranam Bhagavati, or “goddess of

Diego Velázquez: …volume (El Parnaso español; “The Spanish Parnassus”) of El museo pictórico y escala óptica (“The Pictorial Museum and Optical Scale”), published in 1724 by the court painter and art scholar Antonio Palomino. This was based on biographical notes made by Velázquez’s pupil Juan de Alfaro, who was Palomino’s patron.…

Parnassian: …anthology to which they contributed: Le Parnasse Contemporain (3 vol., 1866, 1871, 1876), edited by Louis-Xavier de Ricard and Catulle Mendès and published by Alphonse Lemerre. Their principles, though, had been formulated earlier in Théophile Gautier’s preface to Mademoiselle de Maupin (1835), which expounded the theory of art for art’s…

Elisabeth-Claude Jacquet de la Guerre: …praise upon her in his Parnasse françois (1732; “French Parnassus”), a compilation of biographical vignettes concerning eminent poets and musicians in France. He wrote,

grass of Parnassus, (Parnassia), any of about 15 species of low perennial herbs, in the family Parnassiaceae, distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere. The plants grow in tufts and bear white, greenish white, or yellow flowers. Five sterile stamens bearing nectar glands alternate with five

Celastrales: Parnassiaceae: Parnassiaceae, with two genera, includes annual to perennial herbs. Parnassia contains 50 species that grow in the north temperate to Arctic region. Lepuropetalon spathulatum, the only species of its genus, occurs in the southeastern United States and Mexico. The leaves in the family have…

Parnassian, member of a group—headed by Charles-Marie-René Leconte de Lisle—of 19th-century French poets who stressed restraint, objectivity, technical perfection, and precise description as a reaction against the emotionalism and verbal imprecision of the Romantics. The poetic movement led by the

parnassian butterfly, any member of the insect subfamily Parnassiinae of the cosmopolitan family Papilionidae (order Lepidoptera). The parnassian (Parnassius), also known as apollo, found in mountainous alpine regions in Asia, Europe, and North America, is a medium-sized butterfly, generally with

Brazilian literature: Emergence of the republic: …part of the 20th century, Parnassianism surfaced as a poetry movement advocating “art for art’s sake.” Primarily opposed to Romanticism’s unbridled sensibility and unrestrained poetic forms, Parnassianism heralded artistic control, polish, elegance, objectivity, and impassiveness. The three outstanding Parnassian poets of Brazil are Raimundo Correia, Alberto de Oliveira, and Olavo…

Parnassian, member of a group—headed by Charles-Marie-René Leconte de Lisle—of 19th-century French poets who stressed restraint, objectivity, technical perfection, and precise description as a reaction against the emotionalism and verbal imprecision of the Romantics. The poetic movement led by the

parnassian butterfly, any member of the insect subfamily Parnassiinae of the cosmopolitan family Papilionidae (order Lepidoptera). The parnassian (Parnassius), also known as apollo, found in mountainous alpine regions in Asia, Europe, and North America, is a medium-sized butterfly, generally with

parnassian butterfly: The parnassian (Parnassius), also known as apollo, found in mountainous alpine regions in Asia, Europe, and North America, is a medium-sized butterfly, generally with translucent white, yellow, or gray wings with dark markings and usually a red or orange spot on the hindwing.

Mount Parnassus, mountain barren limestone spur of the Pindus (Modern Greek: Píndos) Mountains, central Greece, running northwest-southeast on the borders of the nomoí (departments) of Phocis (Fokída), Fthiótis, and Boeotia (Voiotía). Rising to a maximum elevation of 8,061 ft (2,457 m) in Mount

Anton Raphael Mengs: …completion in 1761, his fresco Parnassus at the Villa Albani in Rome created a sensation and helped establish the ascendancy of Neoclassical painting. Mengs also continued to paint portraits during this period, competing with Pompeo Batoni, the leading Rococo portraitist of the Roman school. In 1761 he went to the…

Andrea Mantegna: Years as court painter in Mantua: …his life, Mantegna painted the Parnassus (1497), a picture celebrating the marriage of Isabella d’Este to Francesco Gonzaga in 1490, and Wisdom Overcoming the Vices (1502) for Isabella’s studiolo (a small room in the Gonzaga palace at Mantua embellished with fine paintings and carvings of mythological subjects intended to display…

Ann Patchett: Parnassus Books: …and publisher Karen Hayes opened Parnassus Books in Nashville in 2011; the store expanded to include a traveling book van in 2016.

Christopher Morley: …first novel was the popular Parnassus on Wheels (1917), about an itinerant bookseller’s adventures and romance. His other novels include the innovative The Trojan Horse (1937), a combination of prose, verse, and dramatic dialogue that satirized human devotion to luxury, and the sentimental best-seller Kitty Foyle (1939), about an office…

grass of Parnassus, (Parnassia), any of about 15 species of low perennial herbs, in the family Parnassiaceae, distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere. The plants grow in tufts and bear white, greenish white, or yellow flowers. Five sterile stamens bearing nectar glands alternate with five

Mount Parnassus, mountain barren limestone spur of the Pindus (Modern Greek: Píndos) Mountains, central Greece, running northwest-southeast on the borders of the nomoí (departments) of Phocis (Fokída), Fthiótis, and Boeotia (Voiotía). Rising to a maximum elevation of 8,061 ft (2,457 m) in Mount

antidepressant: isocarboxazid, phenelzine, and tranylcypromine—in general are used only after treatment with tricyclic drugs has proved unsatisfactory, because these drugs’ side effects are unpredictable and their complex interactions are incompletely understood. Fluoxetine often relieves cases of depression that have failed to yield to tricyclics or MAOIs.

John M. Stahl: In 1937 Stahl helmed Parnell. a lavish biopic with Clark Gable miscast as the 19th-century Irish politician and Myrna Loy as his mistress, Katie O’Shea. The plodding drama was notable for being Gable’s biggest box-office failure. Stahl returned to more familiar material with Letter of Introduction (1938), which starred…

Charles Stewart Parnell was an Irish Nationalist, member of the British Parliament (1875–91), and the leader of the struggle for Irish Home Rule in the late 19th century. In 1889–90 he was ruined by proof of his adultery with Katherine O’Shea, whom he subsequently married. During Parnell’s youth,

William Henry O’Shea and Katharine O’Shea: In 1867 he married Katharine, sixth daughter of the Rev. Sir John Page Wood of Rivenhall Place, Essex. The O’Sheas had one son, Gerard, and two daughters. It is not clear when O’Shea became aware of the existence of intimate relations between his wife and Parnell, though he and…

This Is Spinal Tap: …and drummer Mick Shrimpton (R.J. Parnell)—as they tour the United States for the first time in six years in support of their new album, Smell the Glove. The tour starts well, but a series of unfortunate events very quickly sends it into a downward spiral. Performances are canceled, the…

Thomas Parnell was an Irish poet, essayist, and friend of Alexander Pope, who relied on Parnell’s scholarship in his translation of the Iliad. Parnell’s poetry, written in heroic couplets, was esteemed by Pope for its lyric quality and stylistic ease. Among his best poems are “An Elegy to an Old

Mount Párnis, mountain massif just northwest of Athens, Greece. It rises to 4,636 feet (1,413 metres). Its slopes afford summer pasture and feature some forests of fir. A cable car carries visitors to a casino 1,000 feet (300 metres) below the

Parni, one of three nomadic or seminomadic tribes in the confederacy of the Dahae living east of the Caspian Sea; its members founded the Parthian empire. After the death of Alexander the Great (323 bc) the Parni apparently moved southward into the region of Parthia and perhaps eastward into

Teodor Parnicki was a Polish historical novelist who modernized the genre through his interest in psychoanalysis and his use of innovative narrative techniques. Parnicki was the son of a civil engineer, and he lived in Russia until 1917, then in Manchuria, and settled in 1928 in Lwów, Poland (now

Mount Párnis, mountain massif just northwest of Athens, Greece. It rises to 4,636 feet (1,413 metres). Its slopes afford summer pasture and feature some forests of fir. A cable car carries visitors to a casino 1,000 feet (300 metres) below the

Mount Párnis, mountain massif just northwest of Athens, Greece. It rises to 4,636 feet (1,413 metres). Its slopes afford summer pasture and feature some forests of fir. A cable car carries visitors to a casino 1,000 feet (300 metres) below the

Pärnu, city, Estonia, at the mouth of the Pärnu River on Pärnu Bay of the Gulf of Riga. First mentioned in 1251 as a member of the Hanseatic League, Pärnu was successively controlled by the Teutonic Knights, the Poles, the Swedes, and the Russians. It is now significant as an Estonian port, holiday

Estonia: Relief and drainage: The longest river, the Pärnu, stretches for about 90 miles (145 km); other important rivers are the Pedja, Narva, and Kasari. The country’s largest lake is Peipus, with a surface area of about 1,370 square miles (3,550 square km), which is shared with Russia. Lake Võrts is situated in…

Paro, town, western Bhutan, in the Himalayas on the Paro River. Centred on Fort Paro, a large rectangular building with a seven-story tower, it was the main cultural, commercial, and political centre of the country until the national capital was settled at Thimphu in 1962; Paro remains the summer

cardinal: The red-crested cardinal (P. coronata), also known as the Brazilian cardinal, has a red head, a white belly, and gray wings. Though native to Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Bolivia, it occasionally can be seen visiting the eastern coast of the United States. It was introduced…

cardinal: For example, the red-capped cardinal (P. gularis), which is named for its conspicuous red head that contrasts with its black throat and wings, is native to a large portion of northern South America. The yellow-billed cardinal (P. capitata), a resident of Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay, differs mainly in…

shamrock: The shamrock pea (Parochetus communis), found in Asia and tropical Africa, is a creeping trifoliate legume with attractive blue flowers; it can be grown in pots and in hanging baskets.

St. John Henry Newman: Association with the Oxford movement: …belief; and above all his Parochial and Plain Sermons (1834–42), which in their published form took the principles of the movement, in their best expression, into the country at large.

parochial education, education offered institutionally by a religious group. In the United States, parochial education refers to the schooling obtained in elementary and secondary schools that are maintained by Roman Catholic parishes, Protestant churches, or Jewish organizations; that are separate

political culture: In a parochial political culture, citizens are only indistinctly aware of the existence of central government. In a subject political culture, citizens see themselves not as participants in the political process but as subjects of the government. In a participant political culture, citizens believe both that they…

Western sculpture: Late Baroque: …lesser extent, in those of Filippo Parodi in Genoa, Venice, and Naples. Outside Venice and Sicily the true Rococo made little headway in Italy.

ball cactus, (genus Parodia), genus of 60–70 species of cacti (family Cactaceae) native to the grasslands of South America. Several species are commonly cultivated as potted plants, including silver ball cactus (Parodia scopa) and golden ball cactus (P. leninghausii), which are especially valued

ball cactus: …ball cactus (Parodia scopa) and golden ball cactus (P. leninghausii), which are especially valued for their woolly appearance.

ball cactus: …cultivated as potted plants, including silver ball cactus (Parodia scopa) and golden ball cactus (P. leninghausii), which are especially valued for their woolly appearance.

Arthur Adamov: His first play, La Parodie, features a handless clock that looms eerily over characters who are constantly questioning one another about time. The world of the play is a parody of man, whom Adamov saw as helplessly searching for life’s meaning, which, although it exists, is tragically inaccessible…

Old Comedy: …is explained and developed; the parodos, entry of the chorus; the contest, or agon, a ritualized debate between opposing principals, usually stock characters; the parabasis, in which the chorus addresses the audience on the topics of the day and hurls scurrilous criticism at prominent citizens; a series of farcical scenes;…

parody, in music, originally the creative reworking of several voice parts of a preexistent composition to form a new composition, frequently a mass; in modern musical usage, parody usually refers to the humorous imitation of a serious composition. The earliest known parody masses date from the

parody, in literature, an imitation of the style and manner of a particular writer or school of writers. Parody is typically negative in intent: it calls attention to a writer’s perceived weaknesses or a school’s overused conventions and seeks to ridicule them. Parody can, however, serve a

parody, in literature, an imitation of the style and manner of a particular writer or school of writers. Parody is typically negative in intent: it calls attention to a writer’s perceived weaknesses or a school’s overused conventions and seeks to ridicule them. Parody can, however, serve a

parody, in literature, an imitation of the style and manner of a particular writer or school of writers. Parody is typically negative in intent: it calls attention to a writer’s perceived weaknesses or a school’s overused conventions and seeks to ridicule them. Parody can, however, serve a

Ferdinand de Saussure: …become common currency in linguistics—“parole,” or the speech of the individual person, and “langue,” the system underlying speech activity. His distinctions proved to be mainsprings to productive linguistic research and can be regarded as starting points on the avenue of linguistics known as structuralism.

parole, supervised conditional release from prison granted prior to the expiration of a sentence. In French parole means “word,” and its use in connection with the release of prisoners was derived from the idea that they were released on their word of honour that they would commit no further

Futurism: Literature: …genres, the most significant being parole in libertà (“words-in-freedom”), also referred to as free-word poetry. It was poetry liberated from the constraints of linear typography and conventional syntax and spelling. A brief extract from Marinetti’s war poem “Battaglia peso + odore” (1912; “Battle Weight + Smell”) was appended to one…