Philippe d’Orléans, count de Paris was a pretender to the French throne after the death of Louis-Philippe (1850). The death of his father, Ferdinand, Duke d’Orléans, son and heir of King Louis-Philippe, in 1842 made the young Philippe heir to the throne and the candidate of the Orleanists. The

plaster of paris, quick-setting gypsum plaster consisting of a fine white powder (calcium sulfate hemihydrate), which hardens when moistened and allowed to dry. Known since ancient times, plaster of paris is so called because of its preparation from the abundant gypsum found near Paris. Plaster of

Siege of Paris, major military engagement of the Franco-German (Prussian) War (1870–71), lasting from September 19, 1870 to January 28, 1871. After the defeat at the Battle of the Sedan, where French emperor Napoleon III surrendered, the new French Third Republic was not ready to accept German

Siege of Paris, (November 25, 885–October 886), nearly year-long Viking siege of Paris, at the time the capital of the kingdom of the West Franks, notable as the first occasion on which the Vikings dug themselves in for a long siege rather than conduct a hit-and-run raid or fight a battle. Their

Ry Cooder: …greatest impact in Wim Wenders’s Paris, Texas (1984), the vast panoramas of which provided the perfect visual counterpoint to Cooder’s moody, reverberating slide guitar.

Treaties of Paris, (1814–15), two treaties signed at Paris respectively in 1814 and 1815 that ended the Napoleonic Wars. The treaty signed on May 30, 1814, was between France on the one side and the Allies (Austria, Great Britain, Prussia, Russia, Sweden, and Portugal) on the other. (Spain made the

Treaties of Paris, (1919–20), collectively the peace settlements concluding World War I and signed at sites around Paris. See Versailles, Treaty of (signed June 28, 1919); Saint-Germain, Treaty of (Sept. 10, 1919); Neuilly, Treaty of (Nov. 27, 1919); Trianon, Treaty of (June 4, 1920); and Sèvres,

Germany: The Wars of Liberation: …of peace in the first Treaty of Paris (May 30) ended the Wars of Liberation except for the episode of the Hundred Days, when Napoleon briefly returned to power and was ultimately beaten at Waterloo. The western frontier of the German states was to remain essentially the same as at…

Treaty of Paris, (1783), treaty between Great Britain and the United States concluding the American Revolution. See Paris, Peace

international agreement: …first treaty was that of Paris, signed in 1951, establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC); the second, the Rome treaty, signed in 1957, establishing the European Economic Community (EEC); the third, the Rome treaty of the same date establishing the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom). A clause in…

Austria: Restoration of sovereignty: During the Paris Peace Conference of 1946, an agreement had been signed guaranteeing the rights of the German-speaking population of Südtirol, a region that Italy had obtained after World War I. The Austrian government, claiming that the Italians had not lived up to their obligations, initiated bilateral…

Albigenses: …civilization, ended, politically, in the Treaty of Paris (1229), which destroyed the independence of the princes of the south but did not extinguish the heresy, in spite of the wholesale massacres of heretics during the war. The Inquisition, however, operating unremittingly in the south at Toulouse, Albi, and other towns…

United Kingdom: The Hundred Years’ War to 1360: …and stemming ultimately from the Treaty of Paris of 1259. By establishing that the kings of England owed homage to the kings of France for Gascony the treaty had created an awkward relationship. The building of bastides (fortified towns) by each side contributed to friction, as did piracy by English…

France: Foreign relations: By the Treaty of Paris (March 1327) France recovered Agenais and Bazadais and imposed a heavy indemnity on England, but a number of issues were left unresolved. Meanwhile, having married the emperor Henry VII’s daughter, Charles was tempted to negotiate for the vacant imperial title in 1324;…

Charles III: By the treaty of Paris (1404) Charles not only renounced the Navarrese claims to Champagne but also ceded Cherbourg (which he had recovered from the English in 1393) and the countship of Évreux to Charles VI of France in exchange for Nemours, which was raised from a…

Treaty of Paris, (1898), treaty concluding the Spanish-American War. It was signed by representatives of Spain and the United States in Paris on Dec. 10, 1898 (see primary source document: Treaty of Paris). Armistice negotiations conducted in Washington, D.C., ended with the signing of a protocol

Treaty of Paris, (1856), treaty signed on March 30, 1856, in Paris that ended the Crimean War. The treaty was signed between Russia on one side and France, Great Britain, Sardinia-Piedmont, and Turkey on the other. Because the western European powers had fought the war to protect Ottoman Turkey

house of Bourbon: The Bourbon sovereignties: The Treaty of Paris of 1817, however, prescribed that on Marie-Louise’s death Parma should revert to the Bourbons, who in 1847 renounced Lucca to the Habsburgs of Tuscany nine weeks before succeeding her.

Ionian Islands: …islands were placed by the Treaty of Paris (1815) under the exclusive protection of Great Britain.

Treaty of Paris, (1763), treaty concluding the Franco-British conflicts of the Seven Years’ War (called the French and Indian War in North America) and signed by representatives of Great Britain and Hanover on one side and France and Spain on the other, with Portugal expressly understood to be

Jules, Cardinal Mazarin: Career as first minister of France.: …Lorraine to its duke (Treaty of Paris, Feb. 28, 1661). Thus, at his death, the former diplomat of the Holy See could rejoice at having “returned peace to Christendom.” He would have liked to have seen Europe take advantage of this peace by uniting in a crusade against the…

Universities of Paris I–XIII, universities founded in 1970 under France’s 1968 Orientation Act, reforming higher education. They replaced the former University of Paris, one of the archetypal European universities, founded about 1170. The medieval University of Paris grew out of the cathedral

pari-mutuel, method of wagering introduced in France about 1870 by Parisian businessman Pierre Oller. It became one of the world’s most popular methods of betting on horse races. Most pari-mutuel systems are operated by the racetrack, although in France a national pari-mutuel system with offtrack

Italian literature: Social commitment and the new realism: …nera (1950; “Black Flag”) and Goffredo Parise’s Prete bello (1954; “The Handsome Priest”; Eng. trans. The Priest Among the Pigeons). In contrast to the more topical appeal of these writings, the great virtue of Pavese’s narrative was the universality of its characters and themes. Among his finest works may be…

Louisiana: Constitutional framework: The parish (county), the municipality, and the special district are the units of local government. There are 64 parishes, with land areas that vary from roughly 180 square miles (466 square km) in Orleans parish near the city of New Orleans to more than 1,300 square…

United Kingdom: Local government: (Parishes are civil subdivisions, usually centred on a village or small town, that are distinct from church bodies.) They have the power to assess “precepts” (surcharges) on the local rates and a range of rights and duties, including maintenance of commons, recreational facilities, and environmental…

parish, in some Christian church polities, a geographic unit served by a pastor or priest. It is a subdivision of a diocese. In the New Testament, the Greek word paroikia means sojourning, or temporary, residence. In the very early church, the parish was the entire body of Christians in a city

constable: Under him were petty constables in each tithing, or village. The high and petty, or parish, constables remained the executive legal officers in counties until the County Police Acts of 1839 and 1840 allowed certain justices to establish a paid police force. In Scotland bodies of high constables,…

library: 17th and 18th centuries and the great national libraries: …were established a number of parish libraries, attached to churches and chiefly intended for the use of the clergy (one of the earliest, at Grantham in Lincolnshire, was set up as early as 1598, and some of its original chained books are still to be seen there). They were sometimes…

George Crabbe: …together with a new work, The Parish Register, a poem of more than 2,000 lines in which he made use of a register of births, deaths, and marriages to create a compassionate depiction of the life of a rural community. Other works followed, including The Borough (1810), another long poem;…

Boston Celtics: …back to their college days), Robert Parish, Kevin McHale, and Dennis Johnson that advanced to the NBA finals five times in the 1980s and won championships in 1980–81, 1983–84, and 1985–86.

India: Political systems: …the sovereign general assembly, or parishad, to the meetings of which members were summoned by kettledrum. Precise rules governed the seating arrangement, the agenda, and the order of speaking and debate, which terminated in a decision. A distinction was maintained between the families represented and the others. The broad authority…

Walter Mosley: In Parishioner (2012), published as an e-book, Xavier (“Ecks”) Rule, a reformed criminal, is roped into solving a kidnapping that occurred nearly a quarter of a century before. Down the River unto the Sea (2018) centers on a New York City police investigator who tries to…

Giorgio Parisi is an Italian physicist who was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize for Physics for his work on spin glasses, which proved widely applicable in the study of complex systems. He shared the prize with Japanese American meteorologist Syukuro Manabe and German oceanographer Klaus Hasselmann.

Charles Baudelaire: Prose poems: Baudelaire’s Petits poèmes en prose was published posthumously in 1869 and was later, as intended by the author, entitled Le Spleen de Paris (translated as The Parisian Prowler). He did not live long enough to bring these poems together in a single volume, but it is…

Notre-Dame school, during the late 12th and early 13th centuries, an important group of composers and singers working under the patronage of the great Cathedral of Notre-Dame in Paris. The Notre-Dame school is important to the history of music because it produced the earliest repertory of

Le Parisien, morning daily newspaper published in Paris, one of the largest and most influential in France. Formerly called Le Parisien Libéré (“The Free Parisian”), it was established in Paris in 1944 as an organ of the French underground during the latter part of the German occupation in World

Le Parisien, morning daily newspaper published in Paris, one of the largest and most influential in France. Formerly called Le Parisien Libéré (“The Free Parisian”), it was established in Paris in 1944 as an organ of the French underground during the latter part of the German occupation in World

Henry-François Becque: La Parisienne (1885; Parisienne, 1943) scandalized the public by its treatment of the story of a married woman and her two lovers. Its importance, like that of Les Corbeaux, was not recognized until a decade after its appearance. In his last years, a withdrawn and…

Jean Perréal was a painter, architect, and sculptor, and the most important portrait painter in France at the beginning of the 16th century. Perréal was a court painter to the Bourbons and later worked for Charles VIII, Louis XII, and Francis I of France. He traveled to Italy several times between

Paris: Foundation and early growth (c. 7600 bce to 12th century ce): …Gallic tribe known as the Parisii. The first recorded name for the settlement was Lutetia (Latin: “Midwater-Dwelling”). When the Romans arrived, the Parisii were sufficiently organized and wealthy to have their own gold coinage. Julius Caesar wrote in his Commentaries (52 bce) that the inhabitants burned their town rather than…

Ford Madox Brown: 1840) and Parisina’s Sleep (1842). Already concerned with the accurate representation of natural phenomena, he drew from corpses in University College Hospital in London when painting his Prisoner of Chillon (1843). During a visit to Italy in 1845, he met Peter von Cornelius, a member of the…

plastic: Blow molding: …a thermoplastic hollow tube, the parison, is formed by injection molding or extrusion. In heated form, the tube is sealed at one end and then blown up like a balloon. The expansion is carried out in a split mold with a cold surface; as the thermoplastic encounters the surface, it…

Buddhism: Protective rites: …closely associated with texts called parittas, many of which are attributed directly to the Buddha. In Sri Lanka and the Theravada countries of Southeast Asia, parittas are traditionally chanted during large public rituals designed to avert collective, public danger. They are also very widely used in private rituals intended to…

parity, in economics, equality in price, rate of exchange, purchasing power, or wages. In international exchange, parity refers to the exchange rate between the currencies of two countries making the purchasing power of both currencies substantially equal. Theoretically, exchange rates of

perfect number: …obtained from it to be even, and in the 18th century the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler showed that any even perfect number must be obtainable from Euclid’s formula. It is not known whether there are any odd perfect numbers.

parity, in physics, property important in the quantum-mechanical description of a physical system. In most cases it relates to the symmetry of the wave function representing a system of fundamental particles. A parity transformation replaces such a system with a type of mirror image. Stated

Bell Trade Act: …Filipinos objected to the so-called Parity Amendment, which required an amendment to the Philippine constitution allowing U.S. citizens equal rights with Filipinos in the exploitation of natural resources and operation of public utilities; nonetheless, some powerful Filipinos involved in these negotiations stood to benefit from the arrangement.

information theory: Error-correcting and error-detecting codes: …of error-detecting code is the parity code, which adds one bit to a block of bits so that the ones in the block always add up to either an odd or even number. For example, an odd parity code might replace the two-bit code words 00, 01, 10, and 11…

parity: This conservation of parity implied that, for fundamental physical interactions, it is impossible to distinguish right from left and clockwise from counterclockwise. The laws of physics, it was thought, are indifferent to mirror reflection and could never predict a change in parity of a system. This…

Vinaya Piṭaka: Parivāra (“Appendix”), a classified digest of the rules in the other Vinaya texts, apparently confined to the Theravāda school.

bivalve: The shell: …typically develops either externally (parivincular) or internally (alivincular) but comprises outer lamellar, and inner fibrous, layers secreted by the mantle crest. The ligament type is generally characteristic of each bivalve group. The hinge plate with ligament also possesses interlocking teeth to enforce valve alignment and locking, when closed, to…

Elijah Bokher Levita: He may also have written Pariz un Viene (printed in 1594; “Paris and Vienna”), about a poor knight seeking to marry a princess.

Pauline Marois: …of finance and future premier Jacques Parizeau, recruited her as a press agent for the first government of the Parti Québécois (PQ). In 1979 she became the chief of staff for the minister of the status of women.

Dravidian languages: Central Dravidian languages: Parji, spoken in the Bastar district of Madhya Pradesh, has borrowed extensively from Halbi, a dialect of Hindi. Parji is geographically contiguous to Ollari and Gadaba, which are spoken in the Koraput district of Orissa and the Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh, respectively. Ollari and…

park, large area of ground set aside for recreation. The earliest parks were those of the Persian kings, who dedicated many square miles to the sport of hunting; by natural progression such reserves became artificially shaped by the creation of riding paths and shelters until the decorative

Park Chung-Hee was a South Korean general and politician, president of the Republic of Korea (South Korea) from 1963 to his death. His 18-year rule brought about enormous economic expansion, though at the cost of civil liberties and political freedom. Born into an impoverished rural family, Park

Park City, city, Summit county, northern Utah, U.S. Founded in 1869 as a mining district in the valley between the Wasatch Range and the Uinta Plateau some 30 miles (48 km) southeast of Salt Lake City, the small city enjoyed several booms during the 19th and early 20th centuries but faltered during

Park Forest, village, Cook and Will counties, northeastern Illinois, U.S. It is a residential suburb of Chicago, lying about 30 miles (50 km) south of the city. Developed as a planned community after World War II, Park Forest attracted widespread interest because its planners assumed responsibility

Park Geun-Hye is a South Korean politician who served as president of South Korea (2013–17) and leader of the conservative Saenuri (“New Frontier”) Party. She was the first female president of South Korea. Park Geun-Hye had long been in the spotlight of Korean society as the daughter of Park

Park In-Bee is a South Korean golfer who in 2013 became the second player to win the first three major tournaments of the Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA) season: the Kraft Nabisco Championship, the LPGA Championship (later called the Women’s PGA Championship), and the U.S. Women’s Open.

PSY is a South Korean singer and rapper. Originally known in his country as a controversial and satirical hip-hop artist, he achieved international fame in 2012 with the music video to his humorous pop song “Gangnam Style,” which became the first video to have more than one billion views on

Parasite: Premise and plot: …that her husband, Geun-Se (Park Myeong-Hoon), has been living there for several years, unbeknownst to the Parks. This discovery plunges the Kims into conflict and threatens not only their scheme but their lives. Meanwhile, the Parks return home early from their trip, further complicating matters. The film’s climax comes…

Park Range, segment of the Rocky Mountains, extending south-southeastward for about 200 miles (320 km) from Carbon county, Wyo., to northwestern Park county, Colo., U.S. The range lies to a large extent within Medicine Bow, Pike, Arapaho, Routt, and White River national forests and includes the

ranger: …1916 a force of national-park rangers whose functions were protection and conservation of forests and wildlife, enforcement of park regulations (for which they have police power), and assistance to visitors. Similar functions with respect to the national forests were assigned to the rangers of the Forest Service, established in…

Park Ridge, city, Cook county, northeastern Illinois, U.S. A suburb of Chicago, it lies on the Des Plaines River, 17 miles (27 km) northwest of downtown. The area was first inhabited by Potawatomi Indians and used by French explorers as a portage. The site was settled in the early 1830s. In 1853

spire: …the exquisitely light spire of Park Street Church, Boston (1819), by Peter Banner.

California: The arts: …has produced such painters as David Park, Elmer Bischoff, and Richard Diebenkorn. Los Angeles has been more successful as a marketplace for art, with a thriving colony of galleries along La Cienega Boulevard. Carmel, Big Sur, Ojai, and Sausalito have harboured communities of practitioners of diverse arts.

Trafford Leigh-Mallory: …the Number 11 Group commander, Keith Park (in charge of defending southern England), and with the head of Fighter Command, Hugh Dowding. In defending Britain against German air attacks, these two commanders stressed the timely, well-directed use of individual fighter squadrons to intercept German planes, whereas Leigh-Mallory advocated the use…

Maud Wood Park was an American suffragist whose lobbying skills and grasp of legislative politics were successfully deployed on behalf of woman suffrage and welfare issues involving women and children. Park attended St. Agnes School in Albany, New York, and after graduating in 1887 she taught

Mungo Park was a Scottish explorer of the Niger. Educated as a surgeon at the University of Edinburgh, Park was appointed a medical officer in 1792 on a vessel engaged in the East Indies trade. His subsequent studies of the plant and animal life of Sumatra won for him the backing of the African

national park, an area set aside by a national government for the preservation of the natural environment. A national park may be set aside for purposes of public recreation and enjoyment or because of its historical or scientific interest. Most of the landscapes and their accompanying plants and

Nick Park is a British animator and director of stop-motion films that often feature his characters Wallace and Gromit. Park demonstrated an early ability to draw, and by age 13 he was animating his cartoon creation Walter the Rat with his mother’s standard 8-mm movie camera. When he was 15, one of

Nick Park is a British animator and director of stop-motion films that often feature his characters Wallace and Gromit. Park demonstrated an early ability to draw, and by age 13 he was animating his cartoon creation Walter the Rat with his mother’s standard 8-mm movie camera. When he was 15, one of

Orlando Park was a U.S. entomologist known chiefly for his work on the biology and taxonomy of insects comprising the family Pselaphidae, a group of small, short-winged, mold beetles that commonly live in ant nests. Several years after acquiring his Ph.D. at the University of Chicago, Park joined

Ali Wong: Early life and education: Wong befriended actor Randall Park, who was also in the Asian American studies department, and she joined Lapu, the Coyote That Cares Theatre Company, which Park cofounded. During her college years, she spent time studying abroad in Hanoi to learn the Vietnamese language and to gain insight into…

Robert E. Park was an American sociologist noted for his work on ethnic minority groups, particularly African Americans, and on human ecology, a term he is credited with coining. One of the leading figures in what came to be known as the “Chicago school” of sociology, he initiated a great deal of

Robert E. Park was an American sociologist noted for his work on ethnic minority groups, particularly African Americans, and on human ecology, a term he is credited with coining. One of the leading figures in what came to be known as the “Chicago school” of sociology, he initiated a great deal of

Thomas Park was a U.S. animal ecologist known for his experiments with beetles in analyzing population dynamics. After earning a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1932, Park taught at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and at the University of Chicago. He wrote, with others, Principles of

British Open: History: Willie Park, Sr., won the inaugural tournament and was presented with the Challenge Belt, a silver-buckled leather belt that each champion was to keep until the following Open. The tournament was opened to amateurs in 1861. In 1863 a purse of £10—which was to be…

Feisal Abdul Rauf: …community centre, to be called Park51, would house a Muslim prayer area, athletic facilities, a day-care centre, and a memorial to the September 11 attacks that would serve as a nondenominational space for prayer and meditation. Abdul Rauf emphasized that the centre would be open to non-Muslims as well as…

parka, hip-length, hooded jacket traditionally made of caribou, seal, or other fur, worn as an outer garment by Arctic peoples. The modern parka is often adapted for such sports as skiing. It is usually made of synthetic, water-repellent material, often filled with batting or goose or duck down for

Jennifer Lopez: Marriage to Marc Anthony and American Idol: In the thrillers Parker (2013) and The Boy Next Door (2015), she played, respectively, a divorced businesswoman who takes part in a heist and a woman who is drawn into a romance with a teenager who then begins stalking her. Lopez also provided voices for the animated films…

Camilla, queen of the United Kingdom is the queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (2023– ), wife of Charles III. While her affair with Charles during his marriage (1981–96) to Princess Diana caused controversy, Camilla eventually gained public acceptance. She is known

Monopoly: …engineer, sold the concept to Parker Brothers in 1935. Before then, homemade versions of a similar game had circulated in many parts of the United States. Most were based on the Landlord’s Game, a board game designed and patented by Lizzie G. Magie in 1904. She revised and renewed the…

Colorado River: Economic development: …construction began downstream on the Parker Dam. From Lake Havasu, the reservoir impounded by the dam, water is transported some 250 miles across California to supply a portion of the water needs for Los Angeles and most of the water supply for San Diego. Davis, Imperial, Laguna, and Morelos dams…

Sean Parker: In 2015 he cofounded the Parker Foundation, a philanthropic organization focused on initiatives in life sciences, global public health, and civic engagement. The following year it provided the funding for the creation of the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy.

Waimea: …is the headquarters for the Parker Ranch (established about 1815), one of the largest Hereford cattle ranches in the United States and famous for its Hawaiian paniolos, who trace their roots to Mexican cowboys taken to the island in the 1830s. The ranch covers about 175,000 acres (70,000 hectares) and…

Eliot Spitzer: …Parker) the nightly talk show Parker Spitzer on CNN. In February 2011 Parker left the program, which was subsequently retitled In the Arena. It struggled in the ratings, and in July Spitzer stepped down as host after CNN announced that the show would be canceled. He later hosted Viewpoint with…

Legal Tender Cases: Lee and Parker v. Davis, the Court reversed its Hepburn v. Griswold decision by a five-to-four majority, asserting that the Legal Tender Act represented a justifiable use of federal power at a time of national emergency.

Alan Parker was a British director, writer, and producer who worked in a wide range of genres; his notable films included Midnight Express (1978) and Fame (1980). After he worked as an advertising copywriter and as a director of television commercials, Parker formed a production company with Alan

Alton B. Parker was an American jurist and Democratic presidential nominee in 1904, defeated by the incumbent, Theodore Roosevelt. Having practiced law in Kingston, N.Y., Parker was elected surrogate of Ulster county in 1877 and reelected six years later. He also was active in state Democratic

Alton B. Parker was an American jurist and Democratic presidential nominee in 1904, defeated by the incumbent, Theodore Roosevelt. Having practiced law in Kingston, N.Y., Parker was elected surrogate of Ulster county in 1877 and reelected six years later. He also was active in state Democratic

Annise Parker is an American politician who served as mayor of Houston (2010–16). At the time of her election, Houston, then America’s fourth largest city, became the country’s largest city to elect an openly gay mayor. Parker lived in Houston until age 15, when her father’s work with the Red Cross

Captain Marvel: Shazam! and the litigious origins of Captain Marvel: Writer Bill Parker and artist C.C. Beck created the superhero for Fawcett Comics in an effort to capitalize on the blockbuster success of DC Comics’ Superman, who had debuted the previous year. Fawcett’s Captain Marvel was a young boy named Billy Batson, who upon speaking the…

Bonnie and Clyde: …1930–32, he teamed up with Parker, and the two began a crime spree that lasted 21 months. Often working with confederates—including Barrow’s brother Buck and Buck’s wife, Blanche, as well as Ray Hamilton and W.D. Jones—Bonnie and Clyde, as they were popularly known, robbed gas stations, restaurants, and small-town banks—their…

Candace Parker is a former professional basketball player who was one of the superstars of the WNBA in the early 21st century. In 2008 the 6-foot 4-inch (1.93-metre) forward-center was named league Most Valuable Player (MVP) and Rookie of the Year, becoming the first player in WNBA history to

Candace Parker is a former professional basketball player who was one of the superstars of the WNBA in the early 21st century. In 2008 the 6-foot 4-inch (1.93-metre) forward-center was named league Most Valuable Player (MVP) and Rookie of the Year, becoming the first player in WNBA history to

Swiss Family Robinson: …different ship, Captain Moreland (Cecil Parker) and his grandson. The two oldest Robinson boys manage to free the grandson, whom they soon discover is actually a girl (Janet Munro). The family is later attacked by the pirates and about to be overrun when Captain Moreland, who had been able…