protomonad, (order Kinetoplastida), any of an order of protozoan zooflagellates characterized as free-living or parasitic colourless organisms, typically with one or two flagella and usually without a secreted pellicle (or envelope). Solitary and colonial free-living forms usually feed by

proton, one of the three basic subatomic particles—along with neutrons and electrons—that make up atoms, the basic building blocks of all matter and chemistry. It is the positively charged particle that, together with the electrically neutral particles called neutrons, make up the nucleus of an

Proton, Russian launch vehicle used for both government and commercial payloads. Since 1965 the Proton launch vehicle has been a workhorse means of access to space, first for the Soviet Union and now Russia. Proton has been used to launch spacecraft to Venus and Mars; elements of the space stations

linear accelerator: The proton linac, designed by the American physicist Luis Alvarez in 1946, is a more efficient variant of Wideröe’s structure. In this accelerator, electric fields are set up as standing waves within a cylindrical metal “resonant cavity,” with drift tubes suspended along the central axis. The…

chemical compound: Classification of compounds: …on the other hand, are proton acceptors. The most common base is the hydroxide ion (OH−), which reacts with an H+ ion to form a water molecule. H+ + OH− → HOH (usually written H2O)

particle accelerator: Proton synchrotrons: …built to demonstrate that the beam could be accelerated through the transition energy in a stable manner.

chemical compound: Carbon-13 magnetic resonance spectroscopy: …by an instrumental technique termed proton decoupling. Proton decoupling eliminates all the splitting patterns that would normally be observed in a 13C spectrum for all carbon atoms bonded to one or more hydrogen atoms and is done routinely to simplify the spectrum.

chemical compound: Classification of compounds: Thus, acids are defined as proton donors. The most common acids are aqueous solutions of HCl (hydrochloric acid), H2SO4 (sulfuric acid), HNO3 (nitric acid), and H3PO4 (phosphoric acid). Bases, on the other hand, are proton acceptors. The most

linear accelerator: The proton linac, designed by the American physicist Luis Alvarez in 1946, is a more efficient variant of Wideröe’s structure. In this accelerator, electric fields are set up as standing waves within a cylindrical metal “resonant cavity,” with drift tubes suspended along the central axis. The…

chemical compound: Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy: Proton NMR spectra yield a great deal of information about molecular structure because most organic molecules contain many hydrogen atoms, and the hydrogen atoms absorb energy of different wavelengths depending on their bonding environment.

chemical analysis: X-ray emission: …the apparatus utilized is a proton microprobe. An electron microprobe functions in much the same manner. The scanning electron microscope utilizes electrons to bombard a surface, but the intensity of either backscattered (deflected through angles greater than 90°) or transmitted electrons is measured rather than the intensity of X rays.…

chemical compound: Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy: Proton NMR spectra yield a great deal of information about molecular structure because most organic molecules contain many hydrogen atoms, and the hydrogen atoms absorb energy of different wavelengths depending on their bonding environment.

chemical compound: Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy: Proton NMR spectra yield a great deal of information about molecular structure because most organic molecules contain many hydrogen atoms, and the hydrogen atoms absorb energy of different wavelengths depending on their bonding environment.

atomic number, the number of a chemical element in the periodic system and on the periodic table that equals the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom. The elements are arranged on the table in order of increasing number of protons in the nucleus. Accordingly, the number of protons, which is

proton pump inhibitor, any drug that suppresses the secretion of gastric acid by inhibiting an enzyme in the parietal cells of the stomach that exchanges acid for potassium ions. The proton pump inhibitors are used in the treatment of erosive esophagitis and peptic ulcer. When given in sufficient

radioactivity: Proton radioactivity: Proton radioactivity, discovered in 1970, is exhibited by an excited isomeric state of cobalt-53, 53mCo, 1.5 percent of which emits protons:

particle accelerator: Proton storage rings: In 1971 CERN pioneered the storage of protons with the Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR), in which two interlaced rings each stored protons at 31 GeV. The two beams collided at eight crossing points, giving a total collision energy of 62 GeV. This…

particle accelerator: Proton synchrotrons: The mode of operation of a proton synchrotron is very similar to that of an electron synchrotron, but there are two important differences. First, because the speed of a proton does not approach the speed of light until its energy is well above…

Brønsted-Lowry theory, a theory, introduced independently in 1923 by the Danish chemist Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted and the English chemist Thomas Martin Lowry, stating that any compound that can transfer a proton to any other compound is an acid, and the compound that accepts the proton is a base.

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory: …Tevatron began operation as a proton-antiproton collider—with 900-GeV protons striking 900-GeV antiprotons to provide total collision energies of 1.8 teraelectron volts (TeV; 1.8 trillion electron volts). The original main ring was replaced in 1999 by a new preaccelerator, called the Main Injector, which delivered more-intense beams to the Tevatron and…

geomagnetic field: Measurement of the field: One such method involves the proton-precession magnetometer, which makes use of the magnetic and gyroscopic properties of protons in a fluid such as gasoline. In this method the magnetic moments of protons are first aligned by a strong magnetic field produced by an external coil. The magnetic field is then…

proton-proton chain, chain of thermonuclear reactions that is the chief source of the energy radiated by the Sun and other cool main-sequence stars. Another sequence of thermonuclear reactions, called the CNO cycle, provides much of the energy released by hotter stars. In a proton-proton chain,

proton-proton chain, chain of thermonuclear reactions that is the chief source of the energy radiated by the Sun and other cool main-sequence stars. Another sequence of thermonuclear reactions, called the CNO cycle, provides much of the energy released by hotter stars. In a proton-proton chain,

acid–base reaction: Proton-transfers: This represents a proton-transfer reaction from A1 to B2, producing B1 and A2. A large number of reactions in solution, often referred to under a variety of names, can be represented in this way. This is illustrated by the following examples, in each of which the species are…

bryophyte: Form and function: The protonema, which grows directly from the germinating spore, is in most mosses an extensive, branched system of multicellular filaments that are rich in chlorophyll. This stage initiates the accumulation of hormones that influence the further growth of newly formed cells. When specific concentrations of the…

nephridium: The protonephridium consists of a hollow cell located in the body cavity and a duct leading from it to an exterior opening, called a nephridiopore. Fluid in the body cavity filters into the hollow cell, called a flame bulb (or flame cell) if it possesses cilia,…

protonosphere, region in the Earth’s upper atmosphere where atomic hydrogen and protons (ionic hydrogen) are the dominant constituents; it can be considered the outermost extension of the ionosphere. In the lowest part of the Earth’s atmosphere, called the homosphere (100 km [about 65 miles]),

petroleum: From planktonic remains to kerogen: the immature stage: …the organic materials, the so-called protopetroleum, for later diagenesis (a series of processes involving biological, chemical, and physical changes) into true petroleum.

protoplanet, in astronomical theory, a hypothetical eddy in a whirling cloud of gas or dust that becomes a planet by condensation during formation of a solar system. As the central body, or protostar, of the system contracts and heats up, the increasing pressure of its radiation is believed to

Oort cloud: …the outer part of the protoplanetary disk and were then scattered far away by the gravity of the incipient giant planets. How far the Oort cloud extends into space is not known, although Marsden’s results suggest that it is almost empty beyond 50,000 AU, which is about one-fifth of the…

protoplasm, colorless ground substance of living material within cells, constituting the cytoplasm and organelles of a cell, particularly the nucleus. Protoplasm serves as the substance in which all reactions of living cells are carried out, and thus it is essential to all living processes.

astrocyte: Unlike fibrous astrocytes, protoplasmic astrocytes occur in the gray matter of the central nervous system. They have fewer fibrils within their cytoplasm, and cytoplasmic organelles are sparse, so that the somata are shaped by surrounding neurons and fibres. The processes of protoplasmic astrocytes also make contact with capillaries

cytoplasmic streaming, the movement of the fluid substance (cytoplasm) within a plant or animal cell. The motion transports nutrients, proteins, and organelles within cells. First discovered in the 1830s, the presence of cytoplasmic streaming helped convince biologists that cells were the

cell: The plant cell wall: …functions include: (1) providing the protoplast, or living cell, with mechanical protection and a chemically buffered environment, (2) providing a porous medium for the circulation and distribution of water, minerals, and other small nutrient molecules, (3) providing rigid building blocks from which stable structures of higher order, such as leaves…

crustacean: Appendages: …has a basal part, or protopodite, bearing two branches, an inner endopodite and an outer exopodite. The protopodite can vary greatly in its development and may have additional lobes on both its inner and outer margin, called, respectively, endites and exites. The walking legs of many malacostracans have become uniramous…

crustacean: Appendages: …has a basal part, or protopodite, bearing two branches, an inner endopodite and an outer exopodite. The protopodite can vary greatly in its development and may have additional lobes on both its inner and outer margin, called, respectively, endites and exites. The walking legs of many malacostracans have become uniramous…

Aleksandr Dmitriyevich Protopopov was a Russian statesman who was imperial Russia’s last minister of the interior (1916–17). A landowner and industrialist, Protopopov was elected a delegate from Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk) province to the third Duma (Russian legislature) in 1907 and joined the left

Oleg Protopopov and Lyudmila Belousova: Protopopov and Belousova began skating at age 15 and 16, respectively, rather late for serious skaters. They met in 1954 (when he had completed his service in the Soviet navy), began to skate together, and married in 1957. They entered their first world championships in…

Oleg Protopopov and Lyudmila Belousova: Protopopov and Belousova began skating at age 15 and 16, respectively, rather late for serious skaters. They met in 1954 (when he had completed his service in the Soviet navy), began to skate together, and married in 1957. They entered their first world championships in…

Oleg Protopopov and Lyudmila Belousova: Protopopov and Belousova began skating at age 15 and 16, respectively, rather late for serious skaters. They met in 1954 (when he had completed his service in the Soviet navy), began to skate together, and married in 1957. They entered their first world championships in…

Oleg Protopopov and Lyudmila Belousova were Russian-born figure skaters who twice won gold medals in pairs at the Olympic Winter Games (1964, in Innsbruck, Austria, and 1968, in Grenoble, France). Protopopov and Belousova began skating at age 15 and 16, respectively, rather late for serious

lungfish: Annotated classification: Family Protopteridae 5 gill clefts; body length to 1.8 metres (about 6 feet). 1 genus (Protopterus), 4 living species. Some writers assign Dipnoi to the ordinal level, subsuming several families—mostly extinct—within that order.

prefern: …the prefern group are the Protopteridales and Coenopteridales.

prefern: Their members include Protopteridium, which, like certain psilophytes, had leafless lower branches, and Aneurophyton, which was a fernlike tree at least 6 m (20 feet) tall. The Coenopteridales were a large group of ferns or fernlike plants that displayed a variety of growth forms, such as creeping stems…

dormancy: Fishes and amphibians: Lungfishes, as represented by the African lungfish (Protopterus), burrow deeply into the mud when their water supply is diminished. They surround themselves with a cocoon of slime and remain inactive. Their gills are nonfunctional during this period of dormancy, and they use a lunglike air bladder for respiratory purposes. They…

lungfish: Behaviour and ecology: The Ethiopian lungfish, Protopterus aethiopicus, has at the front of the upper jaw two rather rounded teeth with a hard transverse (from side to side) bridge. The lower jaw has a number of crushing teeth. The prey is sucked in, crushed, and thoroughly chewed; such a…

Permian Period: Emergence of important reptiles: …certain locations and include the protorosaurs, aquatic reptiles ancestral to archosaurs (dinosaurs, crocodiles, and birds); the captorhinomorphs, “stem reptiles” from which most other reptiles are thought to have evolved; eosuchians, early ancestors of the snakes and lizards; early anapsids, ancestors of turtles; early archosaurs, ancestors of the large

beard worm: Form and function: …small anterior regions are called protosome and mesosome; the long trunk section is called the metasome. Each segment has its own coelom. The small protosome bears tentacles. The mesosome contains a structure known as a bridle, also called a frenulum, a pair of oblique cuticular ridges that extend backward to…

star: Stellar activity and mass loss: …be associated with objects called protostars, which are huge gas balls that have not yet become full-fledged stars in which energy is provided by nuclear reactions (see below Star formation and evolution). Radio and infrared observations of deuterium (heavy hydrogen) and carbon monoxide (CO) molecules in the Orion Nebula

turtle: Origin and evolution: …is a member of the Protostegidae, a likely sister group of modern leatherback sea turtles. S. gaffneyi had a streamlined shell of about 1.5 metres (5 feet) and forelimbs well along the evolutionary path to becoming flippers.

fern: Vascular tissues: …one gap, and some “protostelic” ferns, in which no gaps at all are formed. Complex stelar patterns are known in some species, as in the common bracken fern (Pteridium), which has a polycyclic dictyostele, in which one stele occurs within another stele. Large strands of fibrelike cells running between…

Protostomia, group of animals—including the arthropods (e.g., insects, crabs), mollusks (clams, snails), annelid worms, and some other groups—classified together largely on the basis of embryological development. The mouth of the Protostomia (proto, “first”; stoma, “mouth”) develops from the first

Protostomia, group of animals—including the arthropods (e.g., insects, crabs), mollusks (clams, snails), annelid worms, and some other groups—classified together largely on the basis of embryological development. The mouth of the Protostomia (proto, “first”; stoma, “mouth”) develops from the first

mollusk: The digestive system: …food-laden mucous mass called a protostyle, which abuts a chitinous area of epithelium in the stomach. Usually found within the style sac is a rod, called the crystalline style. The protostyle or the crystalline style are fully retained in the bivalves and gastropods that subsist on small microorganisms and detritus.…

crocodile: Annotated classification: †Suborder Protosuchia Upper Triassic; muzzle very short; choanae (internal nostrils) in region of palatine bones. †Suborder Mesosuchia Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous; choanae in posterior part of palatine bones. †Suborder Sebecosuchia Upper Cretaceous to Miocene;

fungus: Evolution and phylogeny of fungi: …terrestrial plantlike fossils known, called Prototaxites, which were common in all parts of the world throughout the Devonian Period (419.2 million to 358.9 million years ago), are interpreted as large saprotrophic fungi (possibly even Basidiomycota). Fossils of Tortotubus protuberans, a filamentous fungus, date to the early Silurian Period (440 million…

algae: Toxicity: …by the chloroplast-lacking green alga, Prototheca, can result in waterlogged skin lesions, in which the pathogen grows. Prototheca organisms may eventually spread to the lymph glands from these subcutaneous lesions. Prototheca is also believed to be responsible for ulcerative dermatitis in the platypus. Very rarely, similar infections in humans and…

algae: Toxicity: Protothecosis, caused by the chloroplast-lacking green alga, Prototheca, can result in waterlogged skin lesions, in which the pathogen grows. Prototheca organisms may eventually spread to the lymph glands from these subcutaneous lesions. Prototheca is also believed to be responsible for ulcerative dermatitis in the platypus.…

vertebrate: Annotated classification: Subclass Prototheria Primitive; egg-laying; hair; mammary glands without nipples; pectoral girdle; separate oviducts that open into cloacal chamber that is shared with excretory ducts; oviparous. Subclass Theria Mammary glands with nipples; functional teeth; oviducts partly fused; with or without a cloaca; uterus and vagina; viviparous.(Ed.)

Stanisław Leśniewski: Major work in logic: …derived from the Greek, of protothetic, ontology, and mereology (q.v.). The logical basis of the whole theory, and hence its name (prōtos, “first”), is provided by protothetic, which is the most comprehensive theory yet developed of the relations between propositions. The other two systems are based on a distinction the…

aerospace engineering: Aerospace engineering functions: …phase, involves construction of a prototype. Mechanical engineers, technicians, and draftsmen help lay out the drawings necessary to construct each component. Full-scale mock-ups are built of cardboard, wood, or other inexpensive materials to aid in the subsystem layout. Subsystem components are built and bench-tested, and additional wind-tunnel testing is performed.…

3D printing: …turning out plastic or metal prototypes during the design of new parts, though it also can be put to use in making final products for sale to customers. Objects made in 3D printing range from plastic figurines and mold patterns to steel machine parts and titanium surgical implants. An entire…

squirrel: Natural history: …squirrels (genus Ratufa) and the African giant squirrels (genus Protoxerus), rarely descend from the high canopy. Others, like the pygmy squirrel of Sulawesi (Prosciurillus murinus), travel and forage at intermediate levels between ground and canopy. Some large tropical squirrels, such as the Sulawesi giant squirrel (Rubrisciurus rubriventer) and the northern…

protozoan, organism, usually single-celled and heterotrophic (using organic carbon as a source of energy), belonging to any of the major lineages of protists and, like most protists, typically microscopic. All protozoans are eukaryotes and therefore possess a “true,” or membrane-bound, nucleus.

antiprotozoal drug, any agent that kills or inhibits the growth of organisms known as protozoans. Protozoans cause a variety of diseases, including malaria and Chagas’ disease. While protozoans typically are microscopic, they are similar to plants and animals in that they are eukaryotes and thus

protozoal disease, disease caused by protozoans. These organisms may remain in the human host for their entire life cycle, but many carry out part of their reproductive cycle in insects or other hosts. For example, mosquitoes are vectors of plasmodium, the cause of malaria. See also entamoeba;

protozoan, organism, usually single-celled and heterotrophic (using organic carbon as a source of energy), belonging to any of the major lineages of protists and, like most protists, typically microscopic. All protozoans are eukaryotes and therefore possess a “true,” or membrane-bound, nucleus.

protozoology, the study of protozoans. The science had its beginnings in the latter half of the 17th century when Antonie van Leeuwenhoek of the Netherlands first observed protozoans by means of his invention, the microscope. Protozoans are common, and they are of particular interest to man because

protractor, any of a group of instruments used to construct and measure plane angles. The simplest protractor comprises a semicircular disk graduated in degrees—from 0° to 180°. It is an ancient device that was already in use during the 13th century. At that time, European instrument makers

Sophist: Writings: …discussion of law in the Protrepticus, or “Exhortation to Philosophy,” by the 3rd-century-ce Syrian Neoplatonist Iamblichus, and the so-called Dissoi logoi found in the manuscripts of Sextus Empiricus (3rd century ce). This evidence suggests that while most later writers took their

Aristotle: The Academy: Another youthful work, the Protrepticus (“Exhortation”), has been reconstructed by modern scholars from quotations in various works from late antiquity. Everyone must do philosophy, Aristotle claims, because even arguing against the practice of philosophy is itself a form of philosophizing. The best form of philosophy is the contemplation of…

Christianity: Characteristics of Christian myth and legend: , in his Protreptikos [“Exhortation”]) and other Church Fathers roundly condemned the belief that Greek myths might be autonomous sources of truth. In spite of its ambiguous use of mythic symbols and themes, the history of Christian doctrine, from its origins to the present day, testifies to the…

herniated disk, displacement of part of the rubbery centre, or nucleus, of a cartilaginous disk from between the vertebrae so that it presses against the spinal cord. Pain occurs in the arms if the protrusion occurs at the level of the neck (between the fifth and sixth or sixth and seventh cervical

proturan, any of a group of about 800 species of minute (0.5 to 2 mm [0.02 to 0.08 inch]), pale, wingless, blind, primitive insects that live in damp humus and soil and feed on decaying organic matter. Proturans, also known as telsontails, include some of the most primitive hexapods (i.e., animals

proturan, any of a group of about 800 species of minute (0.5 to 2 mm [0.02 to 0.08 inch]), pale, wingless, blind, primitive insects that live in damp humus and soil and feed on decaying organic matter. Proturans, also known as telsontails, include some of the most primitive hexapods (i.e., animals

Proud Boys, neofascist white nationalist organization established in the United States in 2016. The group’s members were noted for their misogynistic and anti-Semitic rhetoric, QAnon-related beliefs, their support for U.S. Pres. Donald Trump, and their propensity for street violence. The Proud Boys

Taraji P. Henson: …then starred in the thrillers Proud Mary, portraying a hit woman, and Tyler Perry’s Acrimony (both 2018), in which she appeared as a betrayed and vengeful wife. Henson was then cast as a sports agent who, after hitting her head, can hear men’s thoughts in What Men Want (2019), a…

Creedence Clearwater Revival: “Proud Mary,” a mythic journey down the Mississippi River of Fogerty’s imagination, was an instant international hit.

Barbara Tuchman: Tuchman’s next book, The Proud Tower (1966), subtitled A Portrait of the World Before the War, 1890–1914, was a survey of European and American society, culture, and politics in the 1890s. She was awarded a second Pulitzer Prize for Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911–45 (1970).…

Joseph Proud was an English Swedenborgian minister and hymn writer who possessed considerable gifts as a preacher. The son of a General Baptist minister, Proud served Baptist churches at Knipton, Fleet, and Norwich before in 1788 openly adopting the views of Emanuel Swedenborg. As a minister of the

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon was a French libertarian socialist and journalist whose doctrines became the basis for later radical and anarchist theory. Proudhon was born into poverty as the son of a feckless cooper and tavern keeper, and at the age of nine he worked as a cowherd in the Jura Mountains.

Zip2: Sorkin was replaced by Derek Proudian. In 1999 Compaq Computer Corp. purchased Zip2 for $307 million, and Zip2 became a unit of the search engine AltaVista, which Compaq had recently acquired. Zip2’s online city guides added local breadth to AltaVista’s features.

Joseph Proudman was a British oceanographer known for his contribution to the Taylor–Proudman theorem of the dynamics of rotating fluids. He directed much of his attention to research on tides, turbulence, temperature, and salinity of the Irish Sea and storm

E. Annie Proulx is an American writer whose darkly comic yet sad fiction is peopled with quirky, memorable individuals and unconventional families. Proulx traveled widely, extensively researching physical backgrounds and locales. She frequently used regional speech patterns, surprising and scathing

E. Annie Proulx is an American writer whose darkly comic yet sad fiction is peopled with quirky, memorable individuals and unconventional families. Proulx traveled widely, extensively researching physical backgrounds and locales. She frequently used regional speech patterns, surprising and scathing

Intuit Inc.: …American entrepreneurs Scott Cook and Tom Proulx. The company headquarters is in Mountain View, California

Mayan hieroglyphic writing: Two years later Tatiana Prouskouriakoff established that the inscriptions were primarily historical: they recorded events in the lives of Mayan rulers and their families. The work of these three scholars constituted a revolution in Mayan studies, and in succeeding decades the decipherment of the writing proceeded at an…

law of definite proportions, statement that every chemical compound contains fixed and constant proportions (by mass) of its constituent elements. Although many experimenters had long assumed the truth of the principle in general, the French chemist Joseph-Louis Proust first accumulated conclusive

Joseph-Louis Proust was a French chemist who proved that the relative quantities of any given pure chemical compound’s constituent elements remain invariant, regardless of the compound’s source. This is known as Proust’s law, or the law of definite proportions (1793), and it is the fundamental

Joseph-Louis Proust was a French chemist who proved that the relative quantities of any given pure chemical compound’s constituent elements remain invariant, regardless of the compound’s source. This is known as Proust’s law, or the law of definite proportions (1793), and it is the fundamental

Marcel Proust was a French novelist, author of À la recherche du temps perdu (1913–27; In Search of Lost Time), a seven-volume novel based on Proust’s life told psychologically and allegorically. Marcel was the son of Adrien Proust, an eminent physician of provincial French Catholic descent, and

proustite, a sulfosalt mineral, silver arsenic sulfide (Ag3AsS3), that is an important source of silver. Sometimes called ruby silver because of its scarlet-vermilion colour, it occurs in the upper portions of most silver veins, where it is less common than pyrargyrite. Large, magnificent crystals,

William Prout: …atomic weight of hydrogen (Prout’s hypothesis). This theory proved highly fruitful for later investigations of atomic weights, atomic theory, and the classification of the elements. Prout’s theory concerning the relative densities and weights of gases was in agreement with Avogadro’s law (1811), which was not generally accepted until the…

William Prout was an English chemist and biochemist noted for his discoveries concerning digestion, metabolic chemistry, and atomic weights. The son of a tenant farmer, Prout graduated from the University of Edinburgh in 1811 with a medical degree. Thereafter he practiced as a successful physician,

Jean Prouvé was a French engineer and builder known particularly for his contributions to the art and technology of prefabricated metal construction. Trained as a metalworker, Prouvé owned and operated from 1922 to 1954 a workshop for the manufacture of wrought-iron objects. He emphasized advanced

New France: …King sent a military commander, Alexandre de Prouville, the marquis de Tracy, and a regiment of soldiers who in 1666 defeated the Iroquois and forced them to make peace. It was then possible to proceed to populate and develop New France. More than 3,000 settlers, including girls of marriageable age,…

Paris Match: Paris Match was acquired by Jean Prouvost, publisher of the daily Le Figaro, and he led the magazine to high prestige and financial success. Its ownership eventually passed, by the early 21st century, to the French conglomerate Lagardère. Paris Match appeals to a broad spectrum of the French people and…

Lake Baikal: …bay in Baikal known as Proval Bay.

Sverdlovsk: To the east lies the Provalsky Steppe, a reserve of natural steppe vegetation. The city was incorporated in 1938 following the amalgamation of several local mining settlements. Pop. (2001) 72,531; (2005 est.) 69,763.

Kelsey Grammer: …appeared in the legal drama Proven Innocent (2019), portraying a tough prosecutor, and was cast as a congressman in Charming the Hearts of Men (2020), a romantic drama set in the 1960s. His films from 2021 included The Space Between, about an aging rock star.