Conrad Gesner: Publications: …1548 by the encyclopaedic work Pandectarum sive Partitionum universalium Conradi Gesneri…libri xxi, in which Gesner attempted to survey the recorded knowledge of the world under 21 headings. The first 19 books were published in 1548; the last, devoted to theological thought, was published in 1549, while the 20th, on medicine,…

property law: Marxism, liberalism, and the law: On the Continent the pandectists, a group of systematic jurists prominent in Germany, took the agglomerative tendency inherent in the Roman conception of property and developed it to a point that most modern commentators find goes far beyond what the Roman sources themselves suggest. Their ideas were embodied in…

Pandects, collection of passages from the writings of Roman jurists, arranged in 50 books and subdivided into titles according to the subject matter. In ad 530 the Roman emperor Justinian entrusted its compilation to the jurist Tribonian with instructions to appoint a commission to help him. The

capoeira: … (single-headed, standing, conical drums), a pandeiro (tambourine), an agogô (double bell), and sometimes also a reco-reco (scraped bamboo tube), all of which accompany call-and-response songs, usually led by one of the berimbau players.

Deism: Influence of Deism since the early 20th century: …such modern variants as “pandeism,” which attempted to unite aspects of Deism with pantheism, held that through the act of creation God became the universe. There is thus no theological need to posit any special relationship between God and creation; rather, God is the universe and not a transcendent…

pandemic, outbreak of infectious disease that occurs over a wide geographical area and that is of high prevalence, generally affecting a significant proportion of the world’s population, usually over the course of several months. Pandemics arise from epidemics, which are outbreaks of disease

Aphrodite, ancient Greek goddess of sexual love and beauty, identified with Venus by the Romans. The Greek word aphros means “foam,” and Hesiod relates in his Theogony that Aphrodite was born from the white foam produced by the severed genitals of Uranus (Heaven), after his son Cronus threw them

influenza pandemic (H1N1) of 2009: Treatment and prevention: …was used against H1N1 was Pandemrix, which was developed by GlaxoSmithKline and was approved for use in September 2009 by the European Commission. Pandemrix was used widely, with doses administered in 47 countries worldwide and with some 30 million doses used in Europe alone.

zoology: Historical background: Another German-trained embryologist, Christian Heinrich Pander, introduced in 1817 the concept of germ, or primordial, tissue layers into embryology.

Bandırma, port and town, northwestern Turkey, on the Sea of Marmara. It was used in the 13th century by the Latin Crusaders as a base of operation against the Greeks of Asia Minor (Anatolia) and was taken by the Ottomans in the next century. Its protected harbour is now an active transit port

Panderma rug, any of several types of floor coverings handwoven at Panderma (now Bandırma), a town in Turkey on the southern shore of the Sea of Marmora, usually as imitations of Ghiordes prayer-rug designs. The enterprise was begun early in the 20th century, perhaps with weavers from Ghiordes,

priceite, an earthy, white borate mineral, hydrated calcium borate (Ca4B10O19·7H2O). It has been found as masses and nodules in a hot-spring deposit near Chetco, Ore., U.S.; as nodules in shale in Death Valley, Calif., U.S.; and as very large masses (weighing up to a ton) underlying gypsum and clay

Mangal Pandey was an Indian soldier whose attack on British officers on March 29, 1857, was the first major incident of what came to be known as the Indian, or Sepoy, Mutiny (in India the uprising is often called the First War of Independence or other similar names). Pandey was born in a town near

Pandharpur, town, southern Maharashtra state, western India. It lies in an upland plateau region along the Bhima River, about 35 miles (55 km) west of Solapur city. Pandharpur, easily reached by road and rail, is a religious town visited throughout the year by thousands of Hindu pilgrims. Four

harmony: Polytonality: …in a sense to Stravinsky’s pandiatonicism, or use of diatonic chords without the limitations of classical harmonic function, is the tendency toward polytonality in the works of the post-World War I group of French composers known as “Les Six.” These composers, notably Darius Milhaud, worked for a time with simple,…

scorpion: Size range and diversity of structure: Giants among scorpions include the black emperor scorpion (Pandinus imperator), an African species found in Guinea, which attains a body length of about 18 cm (7 inches) and a mass of 60 grams (more than 2 ounces). The longest scorpion in the world is the rock scorpion (Hadogenes troglodytes) of…

osprey, (Pandion haliaetus), large, long-winged hawk, about 65 cm (26 inches) long, that lives along seacoasts and larger interior waterways, where it catches fish. It is brown above and white below, with some white on the head. An osprey flies over the water to hunt. It hovers above its prey and

osprey: …only species in the family Pandionidae, which is sometimes considered a subfamily (Pandioninae) of the hawk and eagle family, Accipitridae, of the order Falconiformes.

Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit was an Indian political leader and diplomat, one of the world’s leading women in public life in the 20th century. She was the daughter of Motilal Nehru, a wealthy and aristocratic nationalist leader, and sister of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of independent

South Asian arts: Period of the Tamil Cōḷa Empire (10th–13th century): His Paṇḍitārādhya Caritra is a life of the Śaiva devotee Paṇḍitārādhya as well as a book of general knowledge including social customs, arts, crafts, and particularly music. His Vṛṣādhipa Śatakam consists of verses in Tamil, Kannada, Marathi, Sanskrit, and Telugu. This work was probably the first…

Southeast Asian arts: Female court dance-dramas: …nok drama, and the Javanese Pandji stories as subject matter. Romantic episodes from the long Pandji tale were ideal for staging in the elegant and delicate style of female court dance, accompanied by songs and the music of a large pi phat ensemble. In the unhurried court atmosphere, dance scenes…

The Clone Giants: The Clone Giants transcript: …looks like a forest named Pando, and an enormous tree-killing mushroom that apparently still needs a cute name. These individuals are both way bigger than you’re probably thinking, and are likely going to challenge how you think of the word “organism” or “individual.” But before we get to their stories,…

Vito Pandolfi was an Italian critic, theatrical scholar, and director known for his adherence to traditional forms of Italian drama. In 1944, after receiving his diploma in motion picture direction from the Academy of Dramatic Arts in Rome, Pandolfi began his professional career and was soon known

Pandulph was a papal legate to England and bishop of Norwich who was deeply involved in English secular politics. Pandulph’s early life is unknown. In 1211 Pope Innocent III sent him to England in an effort to secure King John’s acceptance of Stephen Langton as archbishop of Canterbury. When the

Pandora, in Greek mythology, the first woman. According to Hesiod’s Theogony, after Prometheus, a fire god and divine trickster, had stolen fire from heaven and bestowed it upon mortals, Zeus, the king of the gods, determined to counteract this blessing. He accordingly commissioned Hephaestus (a

Niklas Zennström: Joost: …assets were sold to competitor Pandora for some $75 million. As part of the deal, Rdio also filed for bankruptcy protection.

Anne Rice: Erotic novels and the Mayfair witches: …the Vampire series, which featured Pandora (1998) and Vittorio the Vampire (1999), the latter of which Rice described as her vampire answer to Romeo and Juliet.

Saturn: Orbital and rotational dynamics: Pandora and its nearest neighbour moon, Prometheus, have been dubbed shepherd moons because of their influence on ring particles. During Voyager 1’s flyby, the two bodies were discovered orbiting on either side of the narrow F ring, which itself had been found only a year…

Albert Lewin: …reviews for the romantic mystery Pandora and the Flying Dutchman (1951), which cast Ava Gardner as an American playgirl whose love for a drifter (James Mason) is doomed. Less successful was Saadia (1953), a romance set in Morocco that featured Cornel Wilde, Mel Ferrer, and Rita Gam. In 1957 Lewin…

Pandora’s Box, Expressionistic drama in three acts by Frank Wedekind, published and performed in German in 1904 as Die Büchse der Pandora. Originally written as the second part of a work similarly titled, the play was censored when it was first published for its explicit scenes of destructive

Lulu: Pabst’s silent film of Die Büchse der Pandora (1929), starring the American actress Louise Brooks, was based on both of Wedekind’s plays. The 20th-century Austrian composer Alban Berg also used the character and thematic material from Wedekind’s plays in his opera Lulu (1937).

virus: Size and shape: The genomes of Mimiviruses and Pandoraviruses, which are some of the largest known viruses, range from 1 to 2.5 Mb (1 Mb = 1,000,000 base pairs of DNA).

Robert Greene: …best of his pastorals is Pandosto (1588), the direct source of Shakespeare’s The Winter’s Tale.

Aglauros: …and her sisters (Herse and Pandrosos) were apparently at first fertility deities. Aglauros had a sanctuary on the Acropolis in which young men of military age swore an oath to her as well as to Zeus and to other deities. The honour, however, may have stemmed from another legend—that Aglauros…

Mahabharata: …in favour of his brother Pandu as king on their father’s death. A curse prevents Pandu from fathering children, however, and his wife Kunti asks the gods to father children in Pandu’s name. As a result, the god Dharma fathers Yudhishtira, the Wind fathers Bhima, Indra fathers Arjuna, and the…

Malda: …of the Hindu capital of Pandua. During the 18th century it was the seat of prosperous cotton and silk industries. It remains an important distributing centre for rice, jute, and wheat. Historical monuments include the Jāmiʿ Masjid, or Great Mosque (1566), and the landmark Nimasari tower across the river. Constituted…

Sri Lanka: Indo-Aryan settlement: …the kingdom of Anuradhapura to Pandukkabhaya, the third king of the Vijaya dynasty. With its growth as the strongest Sinhalese kingdom, the city of Anuradhapura and the nearby settlements flourished. Kings built up the city and developed it for urban life as they extended royal control over villages and outlying…

Pandulph was a papal legate to England and bishop of Norwich who was deeply involved in English secular politics. Pandulph’s early life is unknown. In 1211 Pope Innocent III sent him to England in an effort to secure King John’s acceptance of Stephen Langton as archbishop of Canterbury. When the

Italy: The south, 774–1000: …its most notable prince being Pandulf I (Ironhead; 961–981).

Pandulph was a papal legate to England and bishop of Norwich who was deeply involved in English secular politics. Pandulph’s early life is unknown. In 1211 Pope Innocent III sent him to England in an effort to secure King John’s acceptance of Stephen Langton as archbishop of Canterbury. When the

Leif Panduro was a Danish novelist and dramatist, a social critic who wrote in a satirical, humorous vein. His first novel, Av, min guldtand (1957; “Off, My Gold Tooth”), was an ironic and at times hilarious description of small-town life, based to a large extent on Panduro’s own experiences. The

Sri Lanka: Legendary origins: …land, sent his youngest son, Panduvasudeva, to Sri Lanka. Panduvasudeva landed with 32 followers at Gokanna (now Trincomalee) on the east coast. He was enthroned at Upatissagama and continued the Vijaya dynasty.

Madhya Pradesh: Oral tradition: The Pandwani is the Gond equivalent of the Mahabharata (one of the two great Hindu epics), while the Lachmanjati legend is the Gond equivalent of the Ramayana (the other great Hindu epic). All tribes have myths and legends regarding their origin. Some songs are associated with…

Pandya dynasty, Tamil rulers in the extreme south of India of unknown antiquity (they are mentioned by Greek authors in the 4th century bce). The Roman emperor Julian received an embassy from a Pandya about 361 ce. The dynasty revived under Kadungon in the early 7th century ce and ruled from Madura

Sunita Williams is an American astronaut who set records on her three flights to the International Space Station (ISS). In 1983 Williams entered the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland. She was made an ensign in 1987 and reported for aviator training at the Naval Aviation Training Command. In

Anna Karina: …Brusati’s Pane e cioccolata (Bread and Chocolate), though she continued to act into the 2000s.

Ignazio Silone: …novels, Pane e vino (Bread and Wine, both 1937; revised as Vino e pane, 1955) and Il seme sotto la neve (1940; The Seed Beneath the Snow, 1942), portray socialist heroes who try to help the peasants by sharing their sufferings in a Christian spirit. Pane e vino was…

Giovanni Papini: …of the life of Jesus; Pane e vino (1926; “Bread and Wine”), a volume of religious poetry; and Sant’Agostino (1929; St. Augustine).

panegyris, in Greek religion, an ancient assembly that met on certain fixed dates for the purpose of honouring a specific god. The gatherings varied in size from the inhabitants of a single town to great national meetings, such as the Olympic Games. The religious aspect of the meetings was by far

panegyric, eulogistic oration or laudatory discourse that originally was a speech delivered at an ancient Greek general assembly (panegyris), such as the Olympic and Panathenaic festivals. Speakers frequently took advantage of these occasions, when Greeks of various cities were gathered together,

patristic literature: Late 2nd to early 4th century: Gregory Thaumaturgus left a fascinating Panegyric to Origen, giving a graphic description of Origen’s method of instruction, as well as a dogmatically important Symbol and a Canonical Epistle that is in effect one of the most ancient treatises of casuistry (i.e., the application of moral principles to practical questions).

panegyric: …to survive intact are the Panegyricus (c. 380 bc) and the Panathenaicus (c. 340 bc), both by Isocrates.

panegyris, in Greek religion, an ancient assembly that met on certain fixed dates for the purpose of honouring a specific god. The gatherings varied in size from the inhabitants of a single town to great national meetings, such as the Olympic Games. The religious aspect of the meetings was by far

panegyris, in Greek religion, an ancient assembly that met on certain fixed dates for the purpose of honouring a specific god. The gatherings varied in size from the inhabitants of a single town to great national meetings, such as the Olympic Games. The religious aspect of the meetings was by far

construction: Enclosure systems: …of curtain wall is the panel type. It has no gridwork of mullions and muntins but is made of large prefabricated rigid panels connected to the floors and spanning between them, with transparent openings made as holes cut out of the panel. The panels can be made of precast concrete,…

mining: Mining massive deposits: …for such deposits is called panel/block caving. It is used under the following conditions: (1) large ore bodies of steep dip, (2) massive ore bodies of large vertical extension, (3) rock that will cave and break into manageable fragments, and (4) surface that permits subsidence.

wainscot chair, chair, usually made of oak, and named for the fine grade of oak usually used for wainscot paneling. Like many terms used in reference to furniture, it has a general and a particular meaning. The general sense is any heavy wooden chair of fairly simple construction. The more specific

solar oven: Types of solar ovens: …

coal mining: Ground control and roof support: From the submains, panel entries take off to subdivide further a block of coal into panels for orderly coal extraction.

coal mining: Haulage: …active working faces; intermediate or panel haulage, which transfers the coal onto the primary or main haulage; and the main haulage system, which removes the coal from the mine. The fundamental difference between face, intermediate, and main haulages is that the last two are essentially auxiliary operations in support of…

radiant heating, heating system in which heat is transmitted by radiation from a heated surface. Radiant heating systems usually employ either electric-resistance wiring or hot-water heating pipes, which may be embedded in the floor, ceiling, or walls. Panel heating is a form of radiant heating

Nuno Gonçalves: In the large Panel of the Infante the saint is shown being venerated by a group of notables, among them Afonso V. In the other large panel, the Panel of the Archbishop, he is surrounded by clergy and knights. This remarkable portrait gallery of figures grouped in a…

panel painting, painting executed on a rigid support—ordinarily wood or metal—as distinct from painting done on canvas. Before canvas came into general use at the end of the 16th century, the panel was the support most often used for easel painting. A variety of woods have been used, including

broadcasting: Spoken word: …in many countries involves a panel of distinguished figures under a chairman, answering questions of a topical nature from members of a studio audience. In some cases a parabolic microphone is employed so that questions may be asked from any part of the studio or hall in which the program…

brick and tile: Non-load-bearing walls: …floor, and is called a panel wall. When the wall is supported at the base only, it is called a curtain wall.

mining: Mining massive deposits: …for such deposits is called panel/block caving. It is used under the following conditions: (1) large ore bodies of steep dip, (2) massive ore bodies of large vertical extension, (3) rock that will cave and break into manageable fragments, and (4) surface that permits subsidence.

Czech Republic: Housing: …urban apartment buildings known as paneláks, referring to the panel blocks used in construction—the general condition of Czech housing is relatively good in comparison with many other countries of the former Soviet bloc. The growth of building societies within the Czech banking sector has played an important role in the…

paneling, in architecture and design, decorative treatment of walls, ceilings, doors, and furniture consisting of a series of wide, thin sheets of wood, called panels, framed together by narrower, thicker strips of wood. The latter are called styles (the external vertical strips), muntins (the

paneling, in architecture and design, decorative treatment of walls, ceilings, doors, and furniture consisting of a series of wide, thin sheets of wood, called panels, framed together by narrower, thicker strips of wood. The latter are called styles (the external vertical strips), muntins (the

Panhellenic Socialist Movement: …launch a resistance movement, the Panhellenic Liberation Movement (Panellinio Apeleutherotiko Kinima; PAK), to bring about the overthrow of the military regime. PAK members formed a significant element in the newly established PASOK.

Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK), social democratic political party in Greece. The Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) was founded in 1974 as a radical Marxist-inspired party that called for the dissolution of the country’s military alliances and for tighter government regulation of the

Sundanese: (informal), halus (deferential), and panengah (a middle style).

pantheism: The cognate doctrine of panentheism asserts that God includes the universe as a part though not the whole of his being.

Slavery Abolition Act: Legal challenges to slavery in British North America: In 1793, for instance, Pierre-Louis Panet introduced a bill to the National Assembly to abolish enslavement in Lower Canada, but the bill languished over several sessions and never came to a vote.

Paneth’s cell, specialized type of epithelial cell found in the mucous-membrane lining of the small intestine and of the appendix, at the base of tubelike depressions known as Lieberkühn glands. Named for the 19th-century Austrian physiologist Joseph Paneth, the cell has one nucleus at its base and

Friedrich Adolf Paneth was an Austrian chemist who, with George Charles de Hevesy, introduced radioactive tracer techniques (1912–13). Paneth, the son of noted physiologist Joseph Paneth, studied at Munich, Glasgow, and Vienna, then held positions at the Radium Institute, Vienna, and at research

Jack Levine: …Jerusalem (1975), and a triptych, Panethnikon (1978), that depicts an imaginary meeting of the United Nations Security Council, he continued in the vein of biting social satire. Technically, these works reflect the dramatic distortions of European Expressionists such as Chaim Soutine and Georges Rouault.

Leon Panetta is an American politician who served in the U.S. House of Representatives (1977–93) and held office in the administrations of three U.S. presidents: as director of the Office of Civil Rights (1969–70) under Pres. Richard M. Nixon, as director of the Office of Management and Budget

Leon Panetta is an American politician who served in the U.S. House of Representatives (1977–93) and held office in the administrations of three U.S. presidents: as director of the Office of Civil Rights (1969–70) under Pres. Richard M. Nixon, as director of the Office of Management and Budget

panettone, cake of Italian origin that is traditionally associated with Christmas and New Year festivals. Enriched with butter, eggs, sugar, raisins, candied fruit, and lemon or orange zest, panettone is essentially the Italian Christmas cake, eaten during the festive period including the Christmas

Panevėžys, city, north-central Lithuania, on the Nevėžis River. First mentioned in 1503, it was chartered as a district town in 1842 and became a regional economic centre. Agricultural trade is important in the city; the leading industry is food processing (especially sugar refining). There are

China: The struggle for central authority: …mutinied and, under its leader, Pang Xun, fought and plundered its way back to Henan, where it caused widespread havoc in 868 and 869, cutting the canal linking the capital to the loyal Yangtze and Huai provinces. In 870 war broke out again with Nanzhao.

Pangea, in early geologic time, a supercontinent that incorporated almost all the landmasses on Earth. Pangea was surrounded by a global ocean called Panthalassa, and it was fully assembled by the Early Permian Epoch (some 299 million to about 273 million years ago). The supercontinent began to

Mount Pangaion, mountain, at the mouth of the Struma (Modern Greek: Strymónas) River, northeastern Kaválla nomós (department), Macedonia (Makedonía), Greece. Its highest point is 6,417 feet (1,956 m). The upper slopes are formed by fracturing of marble rock; gold and silver mineral deposits are

Mount Pangaion, mountain, at the mouth of the Struma (Modern Greek: Strymónas) River, northeastern Kaválla nomós (department), Macedonia (Makedonía), Greece. Its highest point is 6,417 feet (1,956 m). The upper slopes are formed by fracturing of marble rock; gold and silver mineral deposits are

Mount Pangaion, mountain, at the mouth of the Struma (Modern Greek: Strymónas) River, northeastern Kaválla nomós (department), Macedonia (Makedonía), Greece. Its highest point is 6,417 feet (1,956 m). The upper slopes are formed by fracturing of marble rock; gold and silver mineral deposits are

Mount Pangaion, mountain, at the mouth of the Struma (Modern Greek: Strymónas) River, northeastern Kaválla nomós (department), Macedonia (Makedonía), Greece. Its highest point is 6,417 feet (1,956 m). The upper slopes are formed by fracturing of marble rock; gold and silver mineral deposits are

Mount Pangaion, mountain, at the mouth of the Struma (Modern Greek: Strymónas) River, northeastern Kaválla nomós (department), Macedonia (Makedonía), Greece. Its highest point is 6,417 feet (1,956 m). The upper slopes are formed by fracturing of marble rock; gold and silver mineral deposits are

Theodoros Pangalos was a soldier and statesman who for eight months in 1926 was the dictator of Greece. After service in World War I and the unsuccessful Greek campaign in western Turkey (1921–22), Pangalos was appointed minister of war shortly after the abdication of King Constantine (1922). He

Pangani, historic town, northeastern Tanzania. It lies at the mouth of the Pangani River, on the Pemba Channel of the Indian Ocean. The town was formerly a slave-trading depot at the terminus of Arab caravan routes from the interior. It is now an important commercial centre, producing sisal, corn

Pangani River, river in northeastern Tanzania. The Pangani rises on Kilimanjaro and flows southeast for some 250 miles (400 km) to enter the Pemba Channel of the Indian Ocean, northwest of the island of Zanzibar. Pangani Falls, just west of the town of Pangani, is an important source of

Pangasinan, eighth largest cultural-linguistic group of the Philippines. Numbering about 1,540,000 in the late 20th century, the Pangasinan occupy the west-central area of the island of Luzon. They are predominantly Roman Catholic. There has been considerable intermarriage with the Ilocanos from

Austronesian languages: Major languages: Waray-Waray, Kapampangan, and Pangasinan of the Philippines; Malay, Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese, Minangkabau, the Batak languages, Acehnese, Balinese, and Buginese of western Indonesia; and Malagasy of Madagascar. Each of these languages has more than one million speakers. Javanese

Venantius Fortunatus: …noblest expression: these poems, the Pange lingua and the Vexilla regis, have been translated into English by John Mason Neale as “Sing My Tongue the Glorious Battle” and “The Royal Banners Forward Go.”

Pangea, in early geologic time, a supercontinent that incorporated almost all the landmasses on Earth. Pangea was surrounded by a global ocean called Panthalassa, and it was fully assembled by the Early Permian Epoch (some 299 million to about 273 million years ago). The supercontinent began to

evolution: The Darwinian aftermath: …his own theory of “pangenesis,” in which each organ and tissue of an organism throws off tiny contributions of itself that are collected in the sex organs and determine the configuration of the offspring) could not account for the conservation of variations, because differences between variant offspring would be…

Mount Pangaion, mountain, at the mouth of the Struma (Modern Greek: Strymónas) River, northeastern Kaválla nomós (department), Macedonia (Makedonía), Greece. Its highest point is 6,417 feet (1,956 m). The upper slopes are formed by fracturing of marble rock; gold and silver mineral deposits are

Pan-Germanism, movement whose goal was the political unification of all people speaking German or a Germanic language. Some of its adherents favoured the unification of only the German-speaking people of central and eastern Europe and the Low Countries (Dutch and Flemish being regarded as Germanic

loach: …vertical black bands, and the kuhli loach (Pangio kuhlii), a pinkish, eel-like species about 8 centimetres long, marked with many vertical black bands. Other loaches include the stone (Nemachilus barbatula) and spined loaches, both mottled, yellow and brown fishes about 13 centimetres long found in Europe and northern Asia. The…

Pangkalpinang, kota (city), major port, and chief settlement of Bangka island and capital of Bangka Belitung propinsi (or provinsi; province), Indonesia. It is located in the east-central part of the island on the Java Sea. The city’s population consists mostly of Hakka, originally from Guangdong