Princess Royal Island, island in British Columbia, Canada, that lies about a mile off the mainland in Hecate Strait (northern Pacific), which separates it from Haida Gwaii (formerly the Queen Charlotte Islands). One of many offshore islands, it is about 52 miles (84 km) long and 7–26 miles (11–42

princess style, in dress design, style of women’s clothing characterized by garments that are closely fitted to the waistline, which is unbroken by a seam. The princess style first was introduced in 1848 but was little worn until the 1860s. At that time, the princess gown was made of fitted

Constantin Brancusi: Maturity of Constantin Brancusi: …to the Salon of 1920, Princess X, a portrait of an imaginary person that takes on a curiously phallic form, created a scandal. The police intervened and forced him to remove the work because it led to improper interpretation. In 1922 he sculpted the first versions of The Fish in…

The Princess, long poem by Alfred, Lord Tennyson, published in 1847; a third edition in 1850 added some new lyrics. This odd narrative fantasy sometimes anticipates 20th-century poetry in its fragmented, nontraditional structure and was well received in its time. Seven young men and women gather on

The Princess, long poem by Alfred, Lord Tennyson, published in 1847; a third edition in 1850 added some new lyrics. This odd narrative fantasy sometimes anticipates 20th-century poetry in its fragmented, nontraditional structure and was well received in its time. Seven young men and women gather on

La Princesse de Clèves, novel written by Marie-Madeleine, comtesse de La Fayette, and published anonymously in 1678. Often called France’s first historical novel, the work influenced the course of French fiction. It is set during the 16th-century reign of Henry II and is the story of a virtuous

Gottfried Schadow: …works is the group of the princesses Luise and Friederike of Prussia (1797).

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec: Childhood and education: …professional teacher in painting was René Princeteau, a friend of the Lautrec family. Princeteau’s fame, such as it was, arose from his depiction of military and equestrian subjects, done in a 19th-century academic style. Though Toulouse-Lautrec got on well with Princeteau, he moved on to the atelier of Léon Bonnat…

warship: Propulsion: …first screw-driven steam man-of-war, USS Princeton, a large 10-gun sloop.

Princeton, city, seat (1837) of Mercer county, southern West Virginia, U.S., about 10 miles (16 km) northeast of Bluefield. The site was settled in 1826 and named for the American Revolutionary War general Hugh Mercer, who was mortally wounded at the Battle of Princeton on January 3, 1777. During

Tri-State Tornado of 1925: towns of Griffin, Owensville, and Princeton and devastated about 85 farms in between. Having taken 71 lives in Indiana, the storm dissipated about 4:30 pm approximately 3 miles (5 km) southwest of Petersburg.

Princeton, borough (town) and township, Mercer county, western New Jersey, U.S. It lies along the Millstone River, 11 miles (18 km) northeast of Trenton. The borough was incorporated in 1813; it is surrounded by the township (incorporated 1838) that also includes the community of North Princeton.

Charles Hodge: This body, like the “Princeton School” of orthodox Calvinist theology, in which Hodge was a major figure, stressed the verbal infallibility of the Bible and asserted other generally conservative views.

Christian fundamentalism: Origins: …this challenge, theologians at the Princeton Theological Seminary argued for the verbal (word-for-word) inspiration of Scripture and affirmed that the Bible was not only infallible (correct when it spoke on matters of faith and morals) but inerrant (correct when it spoke on any matters, including history and science).

Princeton University, coeducational, privately endowed institution of higher learning at Princeton, New Jersey, U.S. It was founded as the College of New Jersey in 1746, making it the fourth oldest institution of higher education in the United States. It is one of the eight Ivy League schools,

Dartmoor: …few settlements; the largest is Princetown, founded in 1806 to serve adjoining Dartmoor Prison, which was built to hold French captives from the Napoleonic Wars. Since 1850 it has been England’s chief confinement centre for serious offenders.

Gavrilo Princip was a South Slav nationalist who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his consort, Sophie, Duchess von Hohenberg (née Chotek), at Sarajevo, Bosnia, on June 28, 1914. Princip’s act gave Austria-Hungary the excuse that it had sought for

Asturias, comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) and historic region of Spain that is coextensive with the northwestern Spanish provincia (province) of Asturias. It is bounded by the autonomous communities of Cantabria to the east, Castile-León to the south, and Galicia to the west. The

insurance: Suretyship: The three parties are the principal, who is the person bonded; the obligee, the person who is protected; and the surety, the person or corporation agreeing to reimburse the obligee for any losses stemming from failures or dishonesty of the principal. The bond covers events within the control of the…

Principal, also known as par value or face value in the bond market, is the amount of money the issuer will return to bondholders at maturity. The principal is separate from the interest payments (known as coupon payments) the bond issuer makes to the bondholder. The value of a bond investment can

diapason: …pipes are also known as principals.

Saint Chŏng Yak-jong: He also wrote the Principal Articles of the Religion, the first guidebook to Roman Catholicism written in Korean; it contributed toward the spread of the Korean alphabet, which had been generally neglected in favour of Chinese.

lens: Optical principles for lenses: …single straight line called the principal axis of the lens. A frequently used measure of the quality of any lens system is its ability to form an image that is sharp enough to separate, or resolve, two very close dots or lines in an object. Resolving power depends on how…

curvature: …principal directions are called the principal curvatures of the surface. The mean curvature of the surface at the point is either the sum of the principal curvatures or half that sum (usage varies among authorities). The total (or Gaussian) curvature (see differential geometry: Curvature of surfaces) is the product of…

lens: Optical principles for lenses: This point is called the focal point, or principal focus, of the lens (often depicted in ray diagrams as F). Refraction of the rays of light reflected from or emitted by an object causes the rays to form a visual image of the object. This image may be either real—photographable…

criminal law: Degrees of participation: …his own hand” is a principal in the first degree. His counterpart in French law is the auteur (literally, “author”), or coauteur when two or more persons are directly engaged. A principal in the second degree is one who intentionally aids or abets the principal in the first degree, being…

criminal law: Degrees of participation: The fourth and last degree of participation is that of accessory after the fact, who is punishable for receiving, concealing, or comforting one whom that person knows to have committed a crime so as to obstruct the criminal’s apprehension or to otherwise obstruct justice. In continental…

principal in the second degree, person who assists another in the commission of a crime and is present when the crime is being committed but does not actually participate in the crime. For example, an individual standing guard at the door during the armed robbery of a service station would be

criminal law: Degrees of participation: …fact; in continental law this third degree of participation is covered partly by the concept of instigation and partly by the above-mentioned aide et assistance. The fourth and last degree of participation is that of accessory after the fact, who is punishable for receiving, concealing, or comforting one whom that…

Richard Hakluyt: This was The Principall Navigations, Voiages and Discoveries of the English Nation, which, by its scholarship and comprehensiveness, transcended all geographical literature to date; the first edition, in one volume, appeared in 1589. About this time he married Duglesse Cavendish, a relative of Thomas Cavendish, the circumnavigator,…

orbital: The numerals, called principal quantum numbers, indicate energy levels as well as relative distance from the nucleus. A 1s electron occupies the energy level nearest the nucleus. A 2s electron, less strongly bound, spends most of its time farther away from the nucleus. The letters, s, p, d,…

Dallas: …role), and Pamela Barnes (Victoria Principal), the sister of rival oil tycoon—and J.R.’s chief nemesis—Cliff Barnes (Ken Kercheval).

Philippines: The Spanish period: …nobility were known as the principalia and played an important role in the friar-dominated local government.

Germany: The continued ascendancy of the princes: …into numerous loosely defined territorial principalities had reached an advanced stage.

Andorra, small, landlocked, independent European coprincipality situated among the southern peaks of the Pyrenees Mountains and bounded by France to the north and east and by Spain to the south and west. It is one of the smallest states in Europe. The capital is Andorra la Vella. Andorra consists

Asturias, comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) and historic region of Spain that is coextensive with the northwestern Spanish provincia (province) of Asturias. It is bounded by the autonomous communities of Cantabria to the east, Castile-León to the south, and Galicia to the west. The

Liechtenstein, western European principality located between Switzerland and Austria. It is one of the smallest countries of Europe; its capital is Vaduz. The eastern two-thirds of the country is composed of the rugged foothills of the Rhätikon Mountains, part of the central Alps. The highest peak

Tver, medieval principality located in the region northwest of Moscow and centring on the city of Tver and including the towns of Kashin, Mikulin, Kholm, Dorogobuzh, and Staritsa. Descendants of Prince Yaroslav Yaroslavich (brother of Alexander Nevsky and son of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich) founded the

Richard Hakluyt: This was The Principall Navigations, Voiages and Discoveries of the English Nation, which, by its scholarship and comprehensiveness, transcended all geographical literature to date; the first edition, in one volume, appeared in 1589. About this time he married Duglesse Cavendish, a relative of Thomas Cavendish, the circumnavigator,…

Andorra, small, landlocked, independent European coprincipality situated among the southern peaks of the Pyrenees Mountains and bounded by France to the north and east and by Spain to the south and west. It is one of the smallest states in Europe. The capital is Andorra la Vella. Andorra consists

Augustus: …regime is known as the principate because he was the princeps, the first citizen, at the head of that array of outwardly revived republican institutions that alone made his autocracy palatable. With unlimited patience, skill, and efficiency, he overhauled every aspect of Roman life and brought durable peace and prosperity…

The Prince, political treatise by Niccolò Machiavelli, written in 1513. A short treatise on how to acquire power, create a state, and keep it, The Prince represents Machiavelli’s effort to provide a guide for political action based on the lessons of history and his own experience as a foreign

Pedro Calderón de la Barca: Religious plays of Pedro Calderón de la Barca: …is El príncipe constante (1629; The Constant Prince), which dramatizes the martyrdom of Prince Ferdinand of Portugal. El mágico prodigioso (1637; The Wonder-Working Magician) is a more complex religious play. Los dos amantes del cielo (The Two Lovers of Heaven) and El Joséf de las mujeres (c. 1640; “The Joseph…

Sao Tome and Principe: Land: …in shape, is larger than Príncipe, which lies about 90 miles (145 km) northeast of its sister island. The capital of the country, São Tomé city, is situated in the northeastern part of São Tomé island. The country’s closest neighbours are Gabon and Equatorial Guinea on the Atlantic coast of…

Sao Tome and Principe: Relief and drainage: …metres) above sea level, and Príncipe Peak on the smaller island reaches 3,110 feet (948 metres). These mountainous areas are deeply dissected by stream erosion, and spectacular isolated volcanic plugs stand out as landmarks. Swift and rocky streams rush down to the coast in every direction.

John II was the king of Portugal from 1481 to 1495, regarded as one of the greatest Portuguese rulers, chiefly because of his ruthless assertion of royal authority over the great nobles and his resumption of the exploration of Africa and the quest for India. John was the great-grandson of the

The Prince, political treatise by Niccolò Machiavelli, written in 1513. A short treatise on how to acquire power, create a state, and keep it, The Prince represents Machiavelli’s effort to provide a guide for political action based on the lessons of history and his own experience as a foreign

Arecales, order of flowering plants that contains only one family, Arecaceae (also known as Palmae), which comprises the palms. Nearly 2,400 species in 189 genera are known. The order includes some of the most important plants in terms of economic value. The members of the Arecales are distinctive

Jacques Hotteterre: Hotteterre’s first published work, Principes de la flûte traversière (1707), is the first known essay on flute-playing. It contains instructions for playing the recorder and oboe, as well as the flute, and was an immense success throughout Europe, undergoing numerous reprints. This treatise proved to be a valuable source…

Western philosophy: The rationalism of Spinoza and Leibniz: In the Principes de la nature et de la grâce fondés en raison (1714; “Principles of Nature and of Grace Founded in Reason”), Leibniz stated a maxim that could fairly represent the entire school:

Principia, book about physics by Isaac Newton, the fundamental work for the whole of modern science. Published in 1687, the Principia lays out Newton’s three laws of motion (the basic principles of modern physics), which resulted in the formulation of the law of universal gravitation. The Principia

Western philosophy: The Western tradition: …example of the second; the Principia Ethica (1903) of G.E. Moore (1873–1958), a founder of analytic philosophy, is an example of the first. Beginning with a simple question about justice, the Republic in its discursiveness slowly but progressively brings more and more areas into the discussion: first ethics, then politics,…

Principia, book about physics by Isaac Newton, the fundamental work for the whole of modern science. Published in 1687, the Principia lays out Newton’s three laws of motion (the basic principles of modern physics), which resulted in the formulation of the law of universal gravitation. The Principia

Principia Mathematica, monumental work in the philosophy of mathematics and the philosophy of logic, first published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913, by the British philosophers Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) and Alfred North Whitehead (1861–1947). Principia Mathematica was intended to lay

cogito, ergo sum: …in a later work, the Principles of Philosophy (1644), Descartes suggested that the cogito is indeed the conclusion of a syllogism whose premises include the propositions that he is thinking and that whatever thinks must exist.

Emanuel Swedenborg: Swedenborg’s philosophy of nature: …the first of which, the Principia Rerum Naturalium (“Principles of Natural Things”), contains Swedenborg’s mature philosophy of nature. In this work he reached by inductive argument several conclusions that resemble the theories of modern scientists. Swedenborg posited that matter consists of particles that are indefinitely divisible, and that these particles…

José Emilio Pacheco: The short stories in El principio del placer (1972; “The Pleasure Principle”) are united by the recurrent theme of anguish. In the poems of Islas a la deriva (1976; “Islands Adrift”), Pacheco reinterpreted history and mythology.

Immanuel Kant: Tutor and Privatdozent: In a third dissertation, Principiorum Primorum Cognitionis Metaphysicae Nova Dilucidato (1755; “New Elucidation of the First Principles of Metaphysical Cognition”), Kant analyzed especially the principle of sufficient reason, which in Wolff’s formulation asserts that for everything there is a sufficient reason why it should be rather than not be.…

learning theory: Principle learning: A subject may be shown sets of three figures (say, two round and one triangular; next, two square and one round, and so on). With proper rewards, the subject may learn to distinguish any “odd” member of any set from those that are…

Philip Schaff: …a controversial address, published as The Principle of Protestantism, in which he expressed his view that the positive values of both Roman Catholicism and Protestantism would eventually be blended in an ecumenical, evangelical Catholicism. The address provoked criticism and charges of heresy, but Schaff was exonerated by the Eastern Synod…

law of superposition, a major principle of stratigraphy stating that within a sequence of layers of sedimentary rock, the oldest layer is at the base and that the layers are progressively younger with ascending order in the sequence. On occasion, however, deformation may have caused the rocks of

mechanics: The principle of virtual work: A special class of problems in mechanics involves systems in equilibrium. The problem is to find the configuration of the system, subject to whatever constraints there may be, when all forces are balanced. The body or system will be at rest (in the…

Western philosophy: Monistic cosmologies: Thus, the term arche, which originally simply meant “beginning,” acquired the new meaning of “principle,” a term that henceforth played an enormous role in philosophy down to the present. This concept of a principle that remains the same through many transmutations is, furthermore, the presupposition of the idea…

Lu Jiuyuan: …the Learning of Principle (lixue), often called the Cheng-Zhu school after its leading philosophers, Cheng Yi and Zhu Xi.

Noam Chomsky: Principles and parameters: …theoretical framework known as “principles and parameters” (P&P), which Chomsky introduced in Lectures on Government and Binding (1981) and elaborated in Knowledge of Language (1986). Principles are linguistic universals, or structural features that are common to all natural languages; hence, they are part of the child’s native endowment. Parameters,…

Sir William Osler, Baronet: …used the time to write The Principles and Practice of Medicine, first published in 1892. In the same year, he married Grace Gross, widow of a surgical colleague at Philadelphia and great-granddaughter of Paul Revere.

Outer Space Treaty, (1967), international treaty binding the parties to use outer space only for peaceful purposes. In June 1966 the United States and the Soviet Union submitted draft treaties on the uses of space to the United Nations. These were reconciled during several months of negotiation in

aesthetics: Expressionism: Collingwood (Principles of Art, 1938) was similarly dismissive of representation and similarly concerned with presenting a theory of art that would justify the revolutionary practice of his contemporaries (in this case, the post-Symbolist poetry of T.S. Eliot’s The Waste Land ). As pointed out earlier, Collingwood…

Heinrich Wölfflin: …work was Kunstgeschichtliche Grundbegriffe (1915; Principles of Art History), which synthesized his ideas into a complete aesthetic system that was to become of great importance in art criticism.

Clark L. Hull: …further developed these ideas in Principles of Behavior (1943), which suggested that the stimulus-response connection depends on both the kind and the amount of reinforcement. His lasting legacy to psychology is thought to be his approach to the study of behaviour, rather than the specifics of his theories.

survival of the fittest: …it in his 1864 book Principles of Biology. (Spencer came up with the phrase only after reading Darwin’s work.)

Dmitri Mendeleev: Formulation of the periodic law: …result was Osnovy khimii (1868–71; The Principles of Chemistry), which became a classic, running through many editions and many translations. When Mendeleev began to compose the chapter on the halogen elements (chlorine and its analogs) at the end of the first volume, he compared the properties of this group of…

Alfred Marshall: Marshall’s Principles of Economics (1890) was his most important contribution to economic literature. It was distinguished by the introduction of a number of new concepts, such as elasticity of demand, consumer’s surplus, quasirent, and the representative firm—all of which played a major role in the subsequent…

Sir William Maddock Bayliss: …his best known work is Principles of General Physiology (1915), considered to be the best text on the subject at that time. He was knighted in 1922.

archaeology: First steps to archaeology: Lyell, in his Principles of Geology (1830–33), popularized this new system and paved the way for the acceptance of the great antiquity of man. Charles Darwin regarded Lyell’s Principles as one of the two germinal works in the formation of his own ideas on evolution. Early stone tools…

Kurt Koffka: A major work, Principles of Gestalt Psychology (1935), dealt with a wide range of applied psychology but contributed mainly to the study of perception, memory, and learning.

Orphism: …contraste simultané des couleurs (1839; The Principles of Harmony and Contrast of Colours and Their Applications to the Arts) by the chemist Michel-Eugène Chevreul. The Neo-Impressionist painter Georges Seurat had employed those theories in figurative and landscape compositions during the 1880s, but the Orphist style applied them in an abstract…

Hans Kelsen: In such works as Principles of International Law (1952) he envisioned a world unity under law superimposed on the legal order within each nation.

William Labov: …ways, culminating in his monumental Principles of Linguistic Change (1994). The discovery that American English pronunciation was becoming regionally more, rather than less, divergent countered popular belief and attracted the attention of many outside his field. In 2006, together with Sharon Ash and Charles Boberg, he published Atlas of North…

I.A. Richards: …pioneer work on semantics; and Principles of Literary Criticism (1924) and Practical Criticism (1929), companion volumes that he used to develop his critical method. The latter two were based on experimental pedagogy: Richards would give students poems in which the titles and authors’ names had been removed and then use…

F.H. Bradley: In The Principles of Logic (1883), Bradley denounced the deficient psychology of the Empiricists, whose logic was limited, in his view, to the doctrine of the association of ideas held in the human mind. He gave Hegel due credit for borrowed ideas in both books, but…

Bertrand Russell: …logicism—was stated at length in The Principles of Mathematics (1903). There Russell argued that the whole of mathematics could be derived from a few simple axioms that made no use of specifically mathematical notions, such as number and square root, but were rather confined to purely logical notions, such as…

wind instrument: The Romantic period: In his Principles of Orchestration (1913; written 1896–1908), the Russian composer Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov developed the theory that the four basic woodwinds had a vast range of expression. At each end of the entire range were areas useful for their individual colour, and the instruments of smaller and…

cogito, ergo sum: …in a later work, the Principles of Philosophy (1644), Descartes suggested that the cogito is indeed the conclusion of a syllogism whose premises include the propositions that he is thinking and that whatever thinks must exist.

Wilhelm Wundt: …in the history of psychology, Grundzüge der physiologischen Psychologie, 2 vol. (1873–74; 3 vol., 6th ed., 1908–11; Principles of Physiological Psychology). The Grundzüge advanced a system of psychology that sought to investigate the immediate experiences of consciousness, including sensations, feelings, volitions, and ideas; it also contained the concept of apperception,…

Thomas Malthus: Malthusian theory: In his summary Principles of Political Economy Considered with a View to Their Practical Application (1820), Malthus went so far as to propose public works and private luxury investment as possible solutions for economic distress through their ability to increase demand and prosperity. He criticized those who valued…

classical economics: …were restated by Mill in Principles of Political Economy (1848), a treatise that marked the culmination of classical economics. Mill’s work related abstract economic principles to real-world social conditions and thereby lent new authority to economic concepts.

Thomas Malthus: Malthusian theory: In his summary Principles of Political Economy Considered with a View to Their Practical Application (1820), Malthus went so far as to propose public works and private luxury investment as possible solutions for economic distress through their ability to increase demand and prosperity. He criticized those who valued…

Christopher Simpson: …(variations on a ground); and The Principles of Practical Musick (1665; modern ed., 1970), praised for its excellence by Henry Purcell and other contemporary composers.

Herbert Spencer: Life and works: …published the first part of The Principles of Psychology in 1855. Between 1854 and 1859 he published a series of essays on education, which were collected in Education: Intellectual, Moral, and Physical (1861). Spencer rejected some traditional elements of the curriculum and emphasized the importance of self-development, sympathetic attention from…

attention: 19th-century roots: In his major work, The Principles of Psychology (1890), he says:

quantum mechanics: Axiomatic approach: …in a classic textbook entitled The Principles of Quantum Mechanics. (The book, published in 1930, is still in print.) An observable is anything that can be measured—energy, position, a component of angular momentum, and so forth. Every observable has a set of states, each state being represented by an algebraic…

Frederick W. Taylor: The Principles of Scientific Management was published commercially in 1911.

Edward A. Ross: His Principles of Sociology (1920) was for years a standard introductory textbook.

Herbert Spencer: Life and works: …when the third volume of The Principles of Sociology appeared, the task was completed. In order to prepare the ground for The Principles of Sociology, Spencer started in 1873 a series of works called Descriptive Sociology, in which information was provided about the social institutions of various societies, both “primitive”…

Edward L. Thorndike: …part of his career were The Principles of Teaching Based on Psychology (1906), Education: A First Book (1912), and Educational Psychology, 3 vol. (1913–14; 2nd ed., 1921). These books were responsible for many of the earliest applications of psychology to classroom instruction in arithmetic, algebra, reading, writing, and language and…

The Miracle Worker: Cast:

singer-songwriters: …singer-songwriters of artistic note included John Prine, a homespun comic fabulist and storyteller from Illinois; Tom Waits, a Californian who acted the role of raspy-voiced hipster and latter-day beatnik saint; and Waits’s female counterpart, Rickie Lee Jones, whose pop-jazz suites echoed Nyro’s effusions. In England, Richard Thompson wrote scathingly despairing

Floridor was a French leading actor who headed the important troupe of the Théâtre de l’Hôtel de Bourgogne, in Paris, where he created many roles in plays by the French masters Pierre Corneille and Jean Racine. The son of a German father, he entered the French army and was promoted to ensign but

Prineville, city, seat (1882) of Crook county, central Oregon, U.S., on the Crooked River near Ochoco Creek. Settled in 1868 and named for Barney Prine, the first settler, it was laid out in 1870. One of the few municipally owned railroads in the United States, the City of Prineville Railway, has