Padraig Harrington: …following year he won the Portugal Masters, his first win on the European Tour since 2008. Harrington competed at the 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, where golf made its return after having been absent from the Games for more than a century, but he failed to win a medal.

vertically divided green-red national flag with a coat of arms centred on the line between the two colours. The width-to-length ratio of the flag is 2 to 3.According to legend, in 1139 Count Afonso Henriques won a decisive victory against Moorish forces at Ourique. The five shields he supposedly

Portugal: History of Portugal: The earliest human remains found in Portugal are Neanderthal-type bones from Furninhas. A distinct culture first emerged in the Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) middens of the lower Tagus valley, dated about 5500 bce. Neolithic (New Stone…

Portugalete, town, Vizcaya provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of the Basque Country, northern Spain. The town, a northwestern suburb of Bilbao, lies at the mouth of the Nervión River, on the western side of Bilbao Bay. It was founded in 1322 by María Díaz de

Portuguese language, Romance language that is spoken in Portugal, Brazil, and other Portuguese colonial and formerly colonial territories. Galician, spoken in northwestern Spain, is closely related to Portuguese. Portuguese owes its importance—as the second Romance language (after Spanish) in terms

Portuguesa, estado (state), northwestern Venezuela. It is bordered by the states of Lara (north), Cojedes (east), Barinas (south), and Trujillo (west). The northwestern portion of the territory is in the Cordillera de Mérida, the rest being in the Llanos (plains). The main economic activity in

Mozambique: Transportation and telecommunications: …but after World War II Portugal’s national airline opened a route between Beira and Maputo. Eventually colonial Mozambique developed its own airline. It was replaced in 1980 by Mozambique Airlines (Linhas Aéreas de Moçambique; LAM), the national carrier, which also provides international service. Mozambique has a number of domestic airports…

bullfighting: Development in the modern era: The opposite development occurred in Portugal. While mounted bullfighting waned in Spain and was transformed by the masses into the foot-based corrida common today, equestrian bullfighting was finely honed into an art and a national specialty in Portugal. The main performers in a Portuguese bullfight are the rejoneadores (lancers mounted…

Cortes, a representative assembly, or parliament, of the medieval Iberian kingdoms and, in modern times, the national legislature of Spain and of Portugal. The Cortes developed in the Middle Ages when elected representatives of the free municipalities acquired the right to take part in the

Mozambique, a scenic country in southeastern Africa. Mozambique is rich in natural resources, is biologically and culturally diverse, and has a tropical climate. Its extensive coastline, fronting the Mozambique Channel, which separates mainland Africa from the island of Madagascar, offers some of

Guinea-Bissau, country of western Africa. Situated on the Atlantic coast, the predominantly low-lying country is slightly hilly farther inland. The name Guinea remains a source of debate; it is perhaps a corruption of an Amazigh (Berber) word meaning “land of the blacks.” The country also uses the

Portuguese India, name once used for those parts of India which were under Portuguese rule from 1505 to December 1961. Portuguese India consisted of several isolated tracts: (1) the territory of Goa with the capital, a considerable area in the middle of the west coast of India; (2) Damão, or Daman,

Portuguese language, Romance language that is spoken in Portugal, Brazil, and other Portuguese colonial and formerly colonial territories. Galician, spoken in northwestern Spain, is closely related to Portuguese. Portuguese owes its importance—as the second Romance language (after Spanish) in terms

Portuguese literature, the body of writing in the Portuguese language produced by the peoples of Portugal, which includes the Madeira Islands and the Azores. The literature of Portugal is distinguished by a wealth and variety of lyric poetry, which has characterized it from the beginning of its

Portuguese man-of-war, (Physalia physalis), species of jellylike marine animals of the order Siphonophora (class Hydrozoa, phylum Cnidaria) noted for its colonial body, floating habits, and powerful stings. It is often mistaken for a jellyfish. The Portuguese man-of-war’s prominent physical feature

oak: Major species and uses: trojana), and Portuguese oak (Q. lusitanica). Popular Asian ornamentals include the blue Japanese oak (Q. glauca), daimyo oak (Q. dentata), Japanese evergreen oak (Q. acuta), and sawtooth oak (Q. acutissima). The English oak (Q. robur), a timber tree

Portugal, country lying along the Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe. Once continental Europe’s greatest power, Portugal shares commonalities—geographic and cultural—with the countries of both northern Europe and the Mediterranean. Its cold, rocky northern coast and

Mário Soares: …which later transformed into the Portuguese Socialist Party (Partido Socialista Portuguesa). By the time the army-imposed right-wing dictatorship fell in 1974, Soares had been jailed 12 times and had twice experienced exile, in São Tomé (1968) and Paris (1970–74).

Mário Soares: …which later transformed into the Portuguese Socialist Party (Partido Socialista Portuguesa). By the time the army-imposed right-wing dictatorship fell in 1974, Soares had been jailed 12 times and had twice experienced exile, in São Tomé (1968) and Paris (1970–74).

carnivorous plant: Major families: Once classified within Droseraceae, the Portuguese sundew (Drosophyllum lusitanicum) is now placed within its own family, Drosophyllaceae (order Caryophyllales), of which it is the only species.

Angola, country located in southwestern Africa. A large country, Angola takes in a broad variety of landscapes, including the semidesert Atlantic littoral bordering Namibia’s “Skeleton Coast,” the sparsely populated rainforest interior, the rugged highlands of the south, the Cabinda exclave in the

Georges Braque: Cubism: …1911, he stenciled letters into The Portuguese.

purslane, any of certain small, fleshy annual plants of the genus Portulaca (40–100 species), of the family Portulacaceae. The plants have prostrate, often reddish stems, with spoon-shaped leaves and flowers that open in the sunlight. The common purslane (P. oleracea), or pusley, is a widespread

purslane: Rose moss (P. grandiflora), a trailing fleshy species, is cultivated as a garden ornamental for its brightly coloured, sometimes doubled flowers. All plants of the genus are known for their persistence; they grow well even in dry waste soil and can retain enough moisture to…

purslane: The common purslane (P. oleracea), or pusley, is a widespread weed, recognizable by its small yellow flowers. P. oleracea sativa, known as kitchen garden pusley, is grown to some extent as a potherb, mostly in Europe. Rose moss (P. grandiflora), a trailing fleshy species, is cultivated…

purslane: oleracea sativa, known as kitchen garden pusley, is grown to some extent as a potherb, mostly in Europe. Rose moss (P. grandiflora), a trailing fleshy species, is cultivated as a garden ornamental for its brightly coloured, sometimes doubled flowers. All plants of the genus are known for their persistence;…

Portulacaceae, the purslane family of flowering plants, in the order Caryophyllales, with about 15 genera and 500 species of herbs or small shrubs, native primarily to the Pacific coast of North America and southern South America. Members of the family have leaves that often are fleshy and

purslane: The purslane tree (Portulacaria afra), native to South Africa, is a fleshy-leaved, soft-wooded tree up to 4 metres (13 feet) high. It is grown in California as a specimen plant for its succulent habit and its tiny pink flowers that grow in clusters; it is also…

swimming crab, any member of the family Portunidae (order Decapoda of the class Crustacea, phylum Arthropoda). In these animals, the fifth (hindmost) pair of legs are flattened into paddles for swimming. The family includes the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus), an edible crab of the Atlantic coast

Uruguay: Ethnic groups and languages: …often in a slang called portuñol, from the words português and español.

Cuba: Music and dance: …Ibrahim Ferrer, Rubén González, and Omara Portuondo. Classical music is of relatively minor importance in Cuba, but there is a National Symphony Orchestra that also has a chamber orchestra and instrumental ensembles.

Portus, harbour town of imperial Rome. The artificial harbour at Portus, constructed by the emperor Claudius I (ad 41–54) to replace Ostia (q.v.), was connected to Rome by canal and the Tiber River. After about 200 ships were lost in the harbour during a storm in ad 62, Trajan added a second

history of the Low Countries: Economy: Smaller trade settlements (portus, or vicus) emerged at Tournai, Ghent, Brugge, Antwerp, Dinant, Namur, Huy, Liège, and Maastricht—a clear indication of the commercial importance of the Schelde and the Meuse.

Algeciras: …the site of the Roman Portus Albus; its Arabic name, Al-Jazīrah al-Khaḍrāʾ, means Green Island, in reference to the offshore Isla Verde. The port was taken by Alfonso XI of Castile in 1344 and then was recaptured and destroyed in 1368 by the Moors. It was refounded in 1704 by…

Porto, city and port, northern Portugal. The city lies along the Douro River, 2 miles (3 km) from the river’s mouth on the Atlantic Ocean and 175 miles (280 km) north of Lisbon. World-famous for its port wine, Porto is Portugal’s second largest city and is the commercial and industrial centre for

Puerto Real, town, Cádiz provincia (province), in the Andalusia comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), southern Spain. It is on the north shore of the inner arm of the Bay of Cádiz and lies 5 miles (8 km) east of Cádiz. Known to the Romans, it was probably the most ancient trading station on

Arzew: …near the ruined Roman settlement, Portus Magnus. Petrochemical products, esparto grass, salt (from Salines d’Arzew, 9 miles [11 km] south), wine, cereals, and cattle are exported, and there is some commercial fishing. Arzew is connected by pipelines with the Hassi RʾMel natural gas fields and the Hassi Messaoud oil fields.…

Almería, port city and capital of Almería provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Andalusia, southern Spain, on the Mediterranean Gulf of Almería. Known to the Romans as Portus Magnus and to the Moors as Al-Marīyah (“Mirror of the Sea”), it was captured by the

Maó, capital of Minorca Island, Balearic Islands provincia (province) and comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), Spain. It originated as the Mediterranean Portus Magonis, bearing the name of the Carthaginian general Mago. Under the Romans it was a municipium (privileged town). The Arab pirate

El Puerto de Santa María, port city, Cádiz provincia (province), in the Andalusia comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), southern Spain, at the mouth of Guadalete River on the Bay of Cádiz, southwest of Jerez de la Frontera. The Roman Portus Menesthei, it was once the site of naval arsenals and

Pordenone, city, Friuli–Venezia Giulia regione, northeastern Italy. It lies along a small tributary of the Meduna River, southwest of Udine. Originating as the Roman and medieval river port of Portus Naonis, it was a bulwark of the Trevisani in their war against Aquileia until it was destroyed by

Santander: …of the Roman colony of Portus Victoriae. The centre of the lower town was rebuilt after it was destroyed by fire spread by a windstorm in 1941. Notable surviving buildings include the Magdalena Palace, presented by the town to King Alfonso XIII; a Gothic cathedral; the library of the contemporary…

Christian de Portzamparc is a French architect and urban planner whose distinctly modern and elegant designs reflected his sensitivity to and understanding of the greater urban environment. He was the first French architect to win the Pritzker Prize (1994). Portzamparc’s interest in architecture

Porus was an Indian king who ruled the region between the Hydaspes (Jhelum) and Acesines (Chenab) rivers at the time of Alexander the Great’s invasion (327–326 bce) of the Punjab. Unlike his neighbour, Ambhi, the king of Taxila (Takshashila), Porus resisted Alexander. But with his elephants and

human eye: The orbit: The optic foramen, the opening through which the optic nerve runs back into the brain and the large ophthalmic artery enters the orbit, is at the nasal side of the apex; the superior orbital fissure is a larger hole through which pass large veins and nerves.…

Porvenir Massacre, incident on January 28, 1918, in which Texas Rangers, white ranchers, and U.S. Cavalry soldiers executed 15 boys and men of Mexican descent living in Porvenir, Texas. It was one of many deadly confrontations along the Mexican-U.S. border in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Porvoo, city, southern Finland, at the mouth of the Porvoo River on the Gulf of Finland, northeast of Helsinki. About one-third of the population is Swedish speaking. One of Finland’s oldest communities, it has been a trade centre since the early 14th century and received town rights in 1346. It

Finland: The era of bureaucracy: …was laid down by the Porvoo (Borgå) Diet in 1809. Finland was still formally a part of Sweden until the peace treaty of Hamina (Fredrikshamn) later that year, but most of the Finnish leaders had already grown tired of Swedish control and wanted to acquire as much self-government as possible…

crake: The most widespread genus is Porzana (13 species), typified by the spotted crake (P. porzana) found in Europe and eastward to Mongolia; in winter it reaches southern Asia and northern Africa. It is a brown bird 25 cm (10 inches) long with a light-spotted breast and buffy undertail. Its New…

crake: …New World counterpart is the sora, or Carolina rail (P. carolina). The sora is about 23 cm (9 inches) long and grayish brown with black on the face and throat, with a short yellow bill. Other Porzana species are Baillon’s crake (P. pusilla), occurring in parts of Europe, Asia, Africa,…

crake: …to the Philippines; and the little crake (P. parva), a relatively common Eurasian form.

crake: … (13 species), typified by the spotted crake (P. porzana) found in Europe and eastward to Mongolia; in winter it reaches southern Asia and northern Africa. It is a brown bird 25 cm (10 inches) long with a light-spotted breast and buffy undertail. Its New World counterpart is the sora, or…

pottery: Pottery factories: …Nymphenburg, at Munich, now the Porzellan Manufaktur Nymphenburg. At the beginning of the 20th century, it began to use a wider range of underglaze colours with the aid of colour chemists from Sèvres and, about the same time, reissued some of the old figures and services of Bustelli and Auliczek…

José Guadalupe Posada was a printmaker whose works, often expressionistic in content and style, were influential in the development of 20th-century graphic art. As a child, Posada worked as a farm labourer and in a pottery factory. He taught school for a short time and then began to draw, inspired

Native American dance: Mexico and Mesoamerica: Posadas and pastorelas are danced episodes of the Christmastime coloquio de los pastores (“shepherds’ play”). Most popular in southern and central Mexico and the U.S. states of New Mexico and Texas, the posadas are generally processions by city boys and girls who go from house…

Posadas, city, capital of Misiones provincia (province), northeastern Argentina. Situated in the western corner of the province, it is bordered (north and east) by the Paraná River, which separates it from Encarnación, Paraguay. The settlement originated as a Paraguayan trading post and river port,

uposatha, fortnightly meetings of the Buddhist monastic assembly, at the times of the full moon and the new moon, to reaffirm the rules of discipline. The uposatha observance, now confined almost entirely to the Theravāda (“Way of the Elders”) tradition of Southeast Asia, can be traced back to

Paryuṣaṇa: …of monks, an observance called poṣadha. The fourth day of Paryuṣaṇa coincides with the birth anniversary of Mahāvīra.

trombone, brass wind musical instrument sounded by lip vibration against a cup mouthpiece. It has an extendable slide that can increase the length of the instrument’s tubing. The slide thus performs the function of the valves on other brass instruments. From the 19th century, some trombones have

Poseidon, in ancient Greek religion, god of the sea (and of water generally), earthquakes, and horses. He is distinguished from Pontus, the personification of the sea and the oldest Greek divinity of the waters. The name Poseidon means either “husband of the earth” or “lord of the earth.”

Jack Albertson: …in the popular disaster movie The Poseidon Adventure (1972). He also had guest roles in dozens of TV series and variety shows as well as several made-for-television movies. He showed his versatility as an actor by garnering awards in three media; he won a Tony Award in 1965 for his…

Poseidon missile, U.S. submarine-launched ballistic missile introduced in 1971 to replace the Polaris missile. The two-stage Poseidon had about the same range as its predecessor (2,800 miles [4,500 km]), but it could carry up to 14 independently targetable nuclear warheads and deliver them with

Paestum, ancient city in southern Italy near the west coast, 22 miles (35 km) southeast of modern Salerno and 5 miles (8 km) south of the Sele (ancient Silarus) River. Paestum is noted for its splendidly preserved Greek temples. Poseidonia was probably founded about 600 bce by Greek colonists from

Poseidonius was a Greek philosopher, considered the most-learned man of his time and, possibly, of the entire Stoic school. Poseidonius, nicknamed “the Athlete,” was a native of Apamea in Syria and a pupil of the Greek Stoic philosopher Panaetius. He spent many years in travel and scientific

Poznań, city, capital of Wielkopolskie województwo (province), west-central Poland, located on the Warta River near its confluence with the Cybina. Beginning as a small stronghold in the 9th century, Poznań became the capital of Poland (with Gniezno) and the residence of Poland’s first two

Zac Posen is an American fashion designer best known for his glamorous evening gowns and cocktail dresses. Posen was raised in the SoHo neighbourhood of Lower Manhattan. His father, Stephen Posen, was a painter, and his mother, Susan, was a corporate attorney. He showed an interest in fashion at an

Zac Posen is an American fashion designer best known for his glamorous evening gowns and cocktail dresses. Posen was raised in the SoHo neighbourhood of Lower Manhattan. His father, Stephen Posen, was a painter, and his mother, Susan, was a corporate attorney. He showed an interest in fashion at an

Edith Head was an American motion-picture costume designer. Head was the daughter of a mining engineer, and she grew up in various towns and camps in Arizona, Nevada, and Mexico. She attended the University of California (B.A.) and Stanford University (M.A.). After a time as a schoolteacher and

nosegay, small, hand-held bouquet popular in mid- 19th-century Victorian England as an accessory carried by fashionable ladies. Composed of mixed flowers and herbs and edged with a paper frill or greens, the arrangement was sometimes inserted into a silver filigree holder. When supplied by an

Victoria Beckham is an English singer and designer who gained stardom in the mid-1990s as a member of the pop band Spice Girls and later launched a successful line of clothing and accessories. At age 20, Adams was one of the five young women selected to create the music group Spice Girls. The media

David Davidovich Burlyuk: …Futurism, Poshchochina obshchestvennomu vkusu (A Slap in the Face of Public Taste). In 1913–14 he took part in a “Futurist tour” of lectures and poetry readings throughout Russia with the poets Mayakovsky and Vasily Kamensky. It was because of his activity in all these fields that he was soon…

Songkran, splashy and water-filled New Year festival in Thailand, and, by other names, in Cambodia, Myanmar (Burma), and Laos as well as in parts of India and China. Songkran is celebrated approximately April 13–15 and marks the entrance of the sun into the astrological sign of Mesha (“ram,” or

Poseidonius was a Greek philosopher, considered the most-learned man of his time and, possibly, of the entire Stoic school. Poseidonius, nicknamed “the Athlete,” was a native of Apamea in Syria and a pupil of the Greek Stoic philosopher Panaetius. He spent many years in travel and scientific

George Gascoigne: In The Posies of George Gascoigne (1575), an authorized revision of the earlier work, which had been published anonymously, he included also “Certayne notes of Instruction,” the first treatise on prosody in English. In The Steele Glas (1576), one of the earliest formal satires in English,…

position, in Greek or Latin prosody, the condition of having a short vowel followed by two consonants or a double consonant (such as -pp- in the Greek word hippos), which makes its syllable long. Such a syllable is said to be long by position, in contrast to a syllable having a long vowel or a

automation: Numerical control: A position feedback control system is used in most NC machines to verify that the coded instructions have been correctly performed.

surveying: Hydrography: Modern position-fixing techniques using radar have made the whole process much simpler, for the ship’s location is now known continuously with reference to fixed stations on shore or to satellite tracks. Another modern technique is the use of pictures taken from aircraft or satellites to indicate…

formation flying: This is called “position keeping.” Any change in relative position between aircraft is considered movement by the wingmen.

position vector, straight line having one end fixed to a body and the other end attached to a moving point and used to describe the position of the point relative to the body. As the point moves, the position vector will change in length or in direction or in both length and direction. If drawn to

star: Stellar positions: Accurate observations of stellar positions are essential to many problems of astronomy. Positions of the brighter stars can be measured very accurately in the equatorial system (the coordinates of which are called right ascension [α, or RA] and

Archimedes: His works: …effect, is to create a place-value system of notation, with a base of 100,000,000. (That was apparently a completely original idea, since he had no knowledge of the contemporary Babylonian place-value system with base 60.) The work is also of interest because it gives the most detailed surviving description of…

marketing: Positioning: A key step in marketing strategy, known as positioning, involves creating and communicating a message that clearly establishes the company or brand in relation to competitors. Thus, Volvo Aktiebolaget (Sweden) positioned its automobile as the “safest,” and Daimler AG (Germany), manufacturer of Mercedes-Benz vehicles,…

Ariana Grande: Her sixth studio album, Positions, appeared in 2020. During this time, Grande also sang on other artists’ tracks, and her collaboration with Lady Gaga on “Rain on Me” (2020) resulted in her second Grammy Award, for best pop duo/group performance. In 2021 Grande became a coach on the televised…

acceleration stress: Positive acceleration stress: Positive acceleration stress occurs when the direction of acceleration is along the long axis of the body from head to foot. As acceleration increases the force exerted on the pilot from 1 g to 2 g, there is an awareness of increased…

assortative mating: Positive assortative mating, or homogamy, exists when people choose to mate with persons similar to themselves (e.g., when a tall person mates with a tall person); this type of selection is very common. Negative assortative mating is the opposite case, when people avoid mating with…

beta decay: In positron emission, also called positive beta decay (β+-decay), a proton in the parent nucleus decays into a neutron that remains in the daughter nucleus, and the nucleus emits a neutrino and a positron, which is a positive particle like an ordinary electron in mass but…

beta decay: In positron emission, also called positive beta decay (β+-decay), a proton in the parent nucleus decays into a neutron that remains in the daughter nucleus, and the nucleus emits a neutrino and a positron, which is a positive particle like an ordinary electron in mass but…

hole, in condensed-matter physics, the name given to a missing electron in certain solids, especially semiconductors. Holes affect the electrical, optical, and thermal properties of the solid. Along with electrons, they play a critical role in modern digital technology when they are introduced into

clutch: Positive clutches are collars with jaws that interlock, one member being rigidly attached to its shaft while the other slides on its shaft.

pump: Positive displacement pumps.: Positive displacement pumps, which lift a given volume for each cycle of operation, can be divided into two main classes, reciprocating and rotary. Reciprocating pumps include piston, plunger, and diaphragm types; rotary pumps include gear, lobe, screw, vane, and cam pumps.

Trolley problem: …an approximate definition of a positive duty as a moral obligation to aid or benefit others in a given way in situations where they are in need of help. (Foot purposefully employed the notion of positive duty in a broad sense to encompass acts of charity that would ordinarily be…

economics: Methodological considerations in contemporary economics: …wont to distinguish between “positive economics” and “normative economics.” Positive economics seeks to establish facts: If butter producers are paid a subsidy, will the price of butter be lowered? Will a rise in wages in the automotive industry reduce the employment of automobile workers? Will the devaluation of currency…

positron, positively charged subatomic particle having the same mass and magnitude of charge as the electron and constituting the antiparticle of a negative electron. The first of the antiparticles to be detected, positrons were discovered by Carl David Anderson in cloud-chamber studies of the

eugenics: Early history: …leading to terms such as positive eugenics, defined as promoting the proliferation of “good stock,” and negative eugenics, defined as prohibiting marriage and breeding between “defective stock.” For eugenicists, nature was far more contributory than nurture in shaping humanity.

positive externality, in economics, a benefit received or transferred to a party as an indirect effect of the transactions of another party. Positive externalities arise when one party, such as a business, makes another party better off but does not receive any compensation for doing so. Although

electronics: Oscillation: If feedback is positive, the feedback signal reinforces the original one, and an amplifier can be made to oscillate, or generate an AC signal. Such signals are needed for many purposes and are created in numerous kinds of oscillator circuits. In a tunable oscillator, such as that required…

history of photography: Colour photography: With this reversal (slide) film, colour transparencies could be obtained that were suitable both for projection and for reproduction. A year later the Agfa Company of Germany developed the Agfacolor negative-positive process, but owing to World War II the film did not become available until 1949. Meanwhile,…

philosophical anthropology: The idealism of Kant and Hegel: …the English-speaking world against the “positive” freedom that supposedly accrues to individual human beings through their identification with institutions and traditions of thought and practice. This kind of freedom is unfavourably contrasted with the “negative” freedom that is, in essence, the ability and the right to say “no,” and to…

hole, in condensed-matter physics, the name given to a missing electron in certain solids, especially semiconductors. Holes affect the electrical, optical, and thermal properties of the solid. Along with electrons, they play a critical role in modern digital technology when they are introduced into

cation, atom or group of atoms that bears a positive electric charge. See