Bath: …1775; Lansdown Crescent, built by John Palmer, 1796–97; and the 1795 pavilion in Sydney Gardens, Bathwick, which now houses the art collection of the Holburne Museum. In 1942 the Assembly Rooms of 1771 were destroyed in an air raid from which the whole city suffered severely, but extensive reconstruction, as…

Dick Turpin was an English robber who became celebrated in legend and fiction. Son of an alehouse keeper, Turpin was apprenticed to a butcher, but, having been detected at cattle stealing, he joined a notorious gang of deer stealers and smugglers in Essex. When the gang was broken up, Turpin in

John G. Carlisle: …the free-silver movement, to support John M. Palmer, candidate of the National Democratic Party (Gold Democrats). As a result of this switch of allegiance, Carlisle lost popular support in his native Kentucky; from 1897 he practiced law in New York City.

The Counterfeit Traitor: …fellow spy Marianne Möllendorf (Lilli Palmer), with whom he develops an intense romantic relationship. After the Gestapo uncovers the truth about Möllendorf, the couple is arrested. Erickson witnesses her execution but is able to convince his captors of his innocence. His reprieve is brief, however, as a member of…

Nathaniel Palmer was an American sea captain and explorer after whom Palmer Land, a stretch of western Antarctic coast and islands, is named. Palmer went to sea at the age of 14. He served first as a sailor on a blockade runner in the War of 1812. He later became a sealer, and his South Sea

Nathaniel Palmer was an American sea captain and explorer after whom Palmer Land, a stretch of western Antarctic coast and islands, is named. Palmer went to sea at the age of 14. He served first as a sailor on a blockade runner in the War of 1812. He later became a sealer, and his South Sea

Project Ozma: …observatory by Benjamin Zuckerman and Patrick Palmer, who intermittently monitored more than 650 nearby stars for about four years (1973–76).

sabermetrics: Bill James and the advent of sabermetrics: …by John Thorn and sabermetrician Pete Palmer, was published. In addition to summarizing a number of the key sabermetric principles known at the time, it also popularized “linear weights,” which essentially hearkened back to Lane’s work of many decades earlier. Palmer took the concept to a different level, with his…

Phoebe Worrall Palmer was an American evangelist and religious writer, an influential and active figure in the 19th-century Holiness movement in Christian fundamentalism. Phoebe Worrall was reared in a strict Methodist home. In 1827 she married Walter C. Palmer, a homeopathic physician and also a

Potter Palmer was an American merchant and real-estate promoter who was responsible for the development of much of the downtown district and the Lake Shore Drive area of Chicago after the city’s great fire of 1871. Palmer started as a clerk in a general store in Durham, New York. In two years he

glam rock: …glam rockers were, as critic Robert Palmer put it, “rebelling against the rebellion.” At glam’s core musically was a heavy guitar sound shaped by hard-rock and pop styles, though the movement also had heavy metal, art rock, and punk incarnations.

Roundell Palmer, 1st earl of Selborne was a British lord high chancellor (1872–74, 1880–85) who almost singlehandedly drafted a comprehensive judicial-reform measure, the Supreme Court of Judicature Act of 1873. Under this statute, the complex duality of English court systems—common law and

Samuel Palmer was an English painter and etcher of visionary landscapes who was a disciple of William Blake. Palmer’s father, a bookseller, encouraged him to become a painter. By 1819 he had already exhibited small landscape studies at the Royal Academy. The works that survive from 1819 to 1821 are

golf: The Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA): Carol Mann, Sandra Haynie, and Sandra Palmer helped maintain a reasonable level of popularity for the LPGA throughout the 1960s. Star players who emerged during the following decade include Jan Stephenson, Jo-Anne Carner, Amy Alcott, and Judy Rankin. The most notable player to emerge during the ’70s was Nancy Lopez,

Geoffrey Palmer is a New Zealand lawyer, educator, and politician who served as New Zealand Labour Party leader and prime minister of New Zealand in 1989–90. Palmer was educated at Victoria University of Wellington (B.A., LL.B.) and in the U.S., at the University of Chicago. He worked as a

Timothy Palmer was a U.S. pioneer builder of covered timber truss bridges. A millwright, he was also a self-taught carpenter and architect, and in 1792 he built the Essex-Merrimack Bridge over the Merrimack River near Newburyport. Composed of two trussed arches meeting at an island in the river,

Vance Palmer was an Australian author of novels, short stories, and plays whose work is noted for disciplined diction and frequent understatement. He is considered one of the founders of Australian drama. Palmer was born and educated in Queensland. He published his first work in English magazines

Robert Heller was a British-born magician who popularized conjuring in the United States. Trained as a musician, Heller turned to magic after he saw a performance by the French magician Robert-Houdin in 1848. Heller settled in the United States, where he found success as a magician in the 1860s. At

William Waldegrave Palmer, 2nd earl of Selborne was the first lord of the Admiralty (1900–05) in Great Britain and high commissioner for South Africa (1905–10). He helped initiate the rebuilding of the fleet into a force strong enough to oppose a greatly expanded German navy in World War I and

Darwin, capital and chief port of Northern Territory, Australia. It is situated on a low peninsula northeast of the entrance to its harbour, Port Darwin, a deep inlet of Beagle Gulf of the Timor Sea. The harbour was found in 1839 by John Stokes, surveyor aboard the ship HMS Beagle and was named for

Palmerston Atoll, atoll of the southern Cook Islands, a self-governing state in free association with New Zealand in the South Pacific Ocean. A coral formation made up of six small islets, it has a 7-mile- (11-km-) wide lagoon that lacks clear passage to the open sea. Covered with coconut and

Palmerston North, city, southern North Island, New Zealand, overlooking the Manawatu River. The settlement, named for Lord Palmerston, prime minister of England, was founded in 1866 and declared successively a town (1868), a borough (1877), and a city (1930). It lies at the junction of road and

Lord Palmerston was an English Whig-Liberal statesman whose long career, including many years as British foreign secretary (1830–34, 1835–41, and 1846–51) and prime minister (1855–58 and 1859–65), made him a symbol of British nationalism. The christening of Henry John Temple in the “House of

folk art: Religious art: …German sculptural type is the Palmesel, a half-size figure of Christ on the donkey, which is drawn through the streets on its wheeled base on Palm Sunday.

palmetto, Tree (Sabal palmetto) of the palm family, occurring in the southeastern U.S. and the West Indies. Commonly grown for shade and as ornamentals along avenues, palmettos grow to about 80 ft (24 m) tall and have fan-shaped leaves. The water-resistant trunk is used as wharf piling. Mats and

South Carolina, constituent state of the United States of America, one of the 13 original colonies. It lies on the southern Eastern Seaboard of the United States. Shaped like an inverted triangle with an east-west base of 285 miles (459 km) and a north-south extent of about 225 miles (360 km), the

Selim Palmgren was a Finnish pianist and composer who helped establish the nationalist movement in Finnish music. Palmgren studied at the Helsinki Conservatory in 1895 and with Ferrucio Busoni in Germany (1899–1901). In 1909 he became conductor at Turku, Fin., where he produced his opera Daniel

Eddie Palmieri is an American pianist, composer, arranger, and bandleader who blended jazz piano with various Latin American popular music styles and was a pioneer in the development of salsa music. Palmieri grew up in New York City in a Puerto Rican—or “Nuyorican”—household and was involved in

Eddie Palmieri is an American pianist, composer, arranger, and bandleader who blended jazz piano with various Latin American popular music styles and was a pioneer in the development of salsa music. Palmieri grew up in New York City in a Puerto Rican—or “Nuyorican”—household and was involved in

seismograph: Development of the first seismographs: In 1855 Italian scientist Luigi Palmieri designed a seismograph that consisted of several U-shaped tubes filled with mercury and oriented toward the different points of the compass. When the ground shook, the motion of the mercury made an electrical contact that stopped a clock and simultaneously started a recording…

humanism: Active virtue: Matteo Palmieri wrote that

Palmira, city, Valle del Cauca departamento (department), southwestern Colombia. It lies in the rich Cauca River valley. Founded in 1688, the city has long been an important agricultural and livestock-raising centre. Now the second largest city in its department, Palmira is referred to as the

palmistry, reading of character and divination of the future by interpretation of lines and undulations on the palm of the hand. The origins of palmistry are uncertain. It may have begun in ancient India and spread from there. It was probably from their original Indian home that the traditional

carboxylic acid: Saturated aliphatic acids: to C18 (lauric, myristic, palmitic, and stearic), are present in the fats and oils of many animals and plants, with palmitic and stearic acids being the most prevalent. Lauric acid (C12) is the main acid in coconut oil (45–50 percent) and palm kernel oil (45–55 percent). Nutmeg butter is…

metabolism: Fatty acids: …molecule with 16 carbon atoms, palmityl-S-ACP, is formed. In most organisms a deacylase catalyzes the release of free palmitic acid; in a few, synthesis continues, and an acid with 18 carbon atoms is formed. The fatty acids can then react with coenzyme A (compare reaction [21]) to form fatty acyl…

Colgate-Palmolive Company: …the firm was bought by Palmolive-Peet Company, whose founder, B.J. Johnson, had developed the formula for Palmolive soap in 1898. At the turn of the 20th century, Palmolive—which contained both palm and olive oils—was the world’s best-selling soap.

palm: Evolution: …Sabal magothiensis and stems of Palmoxylon cliffwoodensis from the Late Cretaceous, about 80 million years ago. By the middle of the Maastrichtian, some 69 million years ago, pollen supposedly representative of Nypa fruticans and Acrocomia is present. These records place palms among the earliest recognizable modern families of flowering plants.…

Baptist General Conference: …developed from the work of Gustaf Palmquist, a Swedish immigrant schoolteacher and lay preacher who became a Baptist in 1852. He established the first Swedish Baptist Church in Rock Island, Ill., that same year. Palmquist and other Swedish Baptists worked in several Midwestern states among Swedish immigrants. The movement received…

Christian Morgenstern: …include Galgenlieder (1905; “Gallows Songs”); Palmström (1910), named for an absurd character; and three volumes published posthumously: Palma Kunkel (1916), Der Gingganz (1919), and Die Schallmühle (1928; “The Noise Mill”), all collected in Alle Galgenlieder (1932).

PDA, an electronic handheld organizer used in the 1990s and 2000s to store contact information, manage calendars, communicate by e-mail, and handle documents and spreadsheets, usually in communication with the user’s personal computer (PC). The first PDAs were developed in the early 1990s as

measurement system: Greeks and Romans: 97 inch); and the palm (palmus), or 14 Roman foot, was 74 mm (2.91 inches).

Palmyra, town (township), Wayne county, western New York, U.S., on the New York State Canal System, 20 miles (32 km) east-southeast of Rochester. Founded in 1789 as a frontier town and named for the ancient Syrian city of Palmyra, the locale is associated with Joseph Smith, whose claims of visions

Palmyra, ancient city in south-central Syria, 130 miles (210 km) northeast of Damascus. The name Palmyra, meaning “city of palm trees,” was conferred upon the city by its Roman rulers in the 1st century ce; Tadmur, Tadmor, or Tudmur, the pre-Semitic name of the site, is also still in use. The city

Palmyra Atoll, coral atoll, unincorporated territory of the United States, in the Northern Line Islands in the west-central Pacific Ocean, about 1,000 miles (1,600 km) southwest of Honolulu. It comprises some 50 islets with a combined area of 4 square miles (10 square km) and an average elevation

brush: …from a Brazilian palm and palmyra bassine derived from the palmyra palm of Africa and Sri Lanka. Such plant fibres are converted into brush material by soaking, beating, and drying. Cotton fibres also can be used for brush bristles. They are treated with acetic acid followed by diffusion of the…

palm: Economic importance: …pinnata), the palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer), the wild date (Phoenix sylvestris), the toddy palm (Caryota urens), the nipa palm, and the gebang and talipot palms (Corypha elata and C. umbraculifera). Wine is made from species of the raffia palm in Africa and from the gru gru palm (

Aramaic language: …spoken in parts of Arabia), Palmyrene (spoken in Palmyra, which was northeast of Damascus), Palestinian-Christian, and Judeo-Aramaic. West Aramaic is still spoken in a small number of villages in Syria.

Aramaic language: …spoken in parts of Arabia), Palmyrene (spoken in Palmyra, which was northeast of Damascus), Palestinian-Christian, and Judeo-Aramaic. West Aramaic is still spoken in a small number of villages in Syria.

Palmyrenian alphabet, Semitic script used in Palmyra, a city on the trade routes between Syria and Mesopotamia, from the 3rd to the 2nd century bc until shortly after the conquest of the city by the Romans in ad 272. Developed from the Aramaic alphabet, Palmyric had 22 letters and was written from

Palmyrenian alphabet, Semitic script used in Palmyra, a city on the trade routes between Syria and Mesopotamia, from the 3rd to the 2nd century bc until shortly after the conquest of the city by the Romans in ad 272. Developed from the Aramaic alphabet, Palmyric had 22 letters and was written from

Palni Hills, range of hills, an eastward extension of the Western Ghats, in southwestern Tamil Nadu state, southern India. The range is a continuation of the Anaimalai Hills in Kerala state. The Palnis are about 45 miles (70 km) wide and 15 miles (23 km) long. In the south the hills terminate

Palo Alto, city, Santa Clara county, northern California, U.S. Located 35 miles (55 km) south of San Francisco and 14 miles (23 km) north of San Jose, it lies on the western shore of San Francisco Bay. Gaspar de Portolá’s 1769 expedition is said to have camped near El Palo Alto (referring to “the

PARC, research company established in 1970 as a division of Xerox Corporation in Palo Alto, California, U.S., to explore new information technologies that were not necessarily related to the company’s core photocopier business. Many innovations in computer design were developed by PARC researchers,

Battle of Palo Alto, (May 8, 1846), first clash in the Mexican-American War, fought in the disputed territory between the Nueces and the Rio Grande rivers. The site of the battle is in present-day southeastern Texas, U.S., about 9 miles (14.5 km) northeast of Matamoros, Mexico. Gen. Mariano Arista

Ironwood Forest National Monument: …preserves a significant stand of desert ironwood trees (Olneya tesota), a species endemic to the Sonoran Desert. The ironwood was named for the extreme density of its wood; it can reach 45 feet (14 metres) in height and live for more than 800 years. It serves as a “nurse plant,”…

palo verde, (genus Parkinsonia), (Spanish: “green stick”), any of about 12 species of green trees and shrubs in the pea family (Fabaceae). Palo verde species are scattered throughout the arid regions of the southwestern United States, Mexico, Central America, and Venezuela. The plants are commonly

Nógrád: …Nógrád is descended from the Palóc, a group of people from northeastern Hungary. Some towns (including Nógrád, Bánk, Felsopetény, and Alsópetény, among others) are inhabited by notable ethnic Slovak populations, while others (principally Szendehely and Berkenye) are home to significant ethnic German populations.

annelid: Annotated classification: …3 m; examples of genera: Palola (palolo), Eunice, Stauronereis, Lumbineris, Onuphis. Order Orbiniida Sedentary; head pointed or rounded without appendages; proboscis eversible and unarmed; body divided into distinct

palolo worm: viridis or Eunice viridis]) inhabits crevices and cavities in coral reefs. As the breeding season approaches, the tail end of the body undergoes a radical change. The muscles and most of the organs degenerate, and the reproductive organs rapidly increase in size. The limbs on the posterior…

palolo worm: viridis or Eunice viridis]) inhabits crevices and cavities in coral reefs. As the breeding season approaches, the tail end of the body undergoes a radical change. The muscles and most of the organs degenerate, and the reproductive organs rapidly increase in size. The limbs on the posterior…

palolo worm, any of various segmented marine worms of the families Eunicidae and Nereidae (class Polychaeta, phylum Annelida). The palolo worm exhibits unique breeding behaviour: during the breeding season, always at the same time of year and at a particular phase of the Moon, the worms break in

Palomar Observatory, astronomical observatory located on Mount Palomar, about 40 miles (65 km) north-northeast of San Diego, Calif. The observatory is the site of the famous Hale Telescope, a reflector with a 200-inch (508-cm) aperture that has proved instrumental in cosmological research. The

Mount Palomar, peak (6,126 feet [1,867 metres]) in Cleveland National Forest, southern California, U.S. It lies about 40 miles (65 km) north-northeast of San Diego. The nearly 2,000-acre (800-hectare) Palomar Mountain State Park extends up the mountain slope, and the Palomar Observatory (operated

Palomino, colour type of horse distinguished by its cream, yellow, or gold coat and white or silver mane and tail. The colour does not breed true. Horses of proper colour, of proper saddle-horse type, and from at least one registered parent of several light breeds can be registered as Palominos.

Elizabeth Jolley: …began writing her first novel, Palomino, in the late 1950s, but because publishers were wary of the story, which concerns a lesbian relationship between a 60-year-old doctor and a much younger woman pregnant with her own brother’s child, it was not printed until 1980. The Newspaper of Claremont Street (1981)…

Palomino De Castro Y Velasco was a Spanish painter, scholar, and author, the last court painter to King Charles II of Spain. After study at the University of Córdoba, Palomino was a student of the painter Valdes Leal and later Alfaro. In 1688 Palomino was appointed court painter and continued to

comic strip: Comics in Latin America: After Pinochet’s accession to power, José Palomo, one of the principal artists involved in La Firme, went into exile in Mexico. There he became known for a strip titled El Cuarto Reich (begun 1977; “The Fourth Reich”) in the newspaper Uno Más Uno. It featured a tiny Wizard-of-Id-like dictator backed…

Frances McDormand: …minor films Beyond Rangoon and Palookaville (both 1995). McDormand’s portrayal of the methodical, folksy, and very pregnant police chief Marge Gunderson in the Coen brothers’ celebrated Fargo (1996) earned her an Academy Award for best actress. She later appeared in Wonder Boys (2000) and was nominated for the Oscar for…

San Francisco: Exploration and early settlement: …Joaquin Moraga and the Reverend Francisco Palóu, established themselves at the tip of the San Francisco peninsula the following year. The military post, which remained in service as the Presidio of San Francisco until 1994, was founded in September 1776, and the Mission San Francisco de Asis, popularly called the…

bivalve: Food and feeding: …is carried out by the palp proboscides, which collect surface detritus.

bivalve: Food and feeding: …is carried out by the palp proboscides, which collect surface detritus.

gastropod: The head: …the mouth form lobes called labial palps, which help to locate prey. The mouth itself frequently is prolonged into a proboscis that extends well in front of the tentacles. Carnivorous species often have a proboscis capable of great extension, either invaginable or contractile.

palpation, medical diagnostic examination with the hands to discover internal abnormalities. By palpation the physician may detect enlargement of an organ, excess fluid in the tissues, a tumour mass, a bone fracture, or, by revealing tenderness, the presence of inflammation (as in appendicitis).

human eye: The eyelids: …between the lids, called the palpebral aperture; and (4) the innermost layer of the lid, a portion of the conjunctiva. The conjunctiva is a mucous membrane that serves to attach the eyeball to the orbit and lids but permits a considerable degree of rotation of the eyeball in the orbit.

human eye: The conjunctiva: …the lids is called the palpebral portion of the conjunctiva; the portion covering the white of the eyeball is called the bulbar conjunctiva. Between the bulbar and the palpebral conjunctiva there are two loose, redundant portions forming recesses that project back toward the equator of the globe. These recesses are…

arachnid: Annotated classification: Order Palpigradi (micro whip scorpions) 70 mainly tropical species. Size 0.8–2.6 mm; carapace subdivided into 3 parts; eyes absent; 3-jointed leglike pedipalps; long, thin, and multisegmented “tail” (telson); no book lungs or tracheae. Order Ricinulei (ricinuleids) 30 primarily tropical species. Size 8–10

arachnid: Annotated classification: Order Palpigradi (micro whip scorpions) 70 mainly tropical species. Size 0.8–2.6 mm; carapace subdivided into 3 parts; eyes absent; 3-jointed leglike pedipalps; long, thin, and multisegmented “tail” (telson); no book lungs or tracheae. Order Ricinulei (ricinuleids) 30 primarily tropical species. Size 8–10

permafrost: Pingos: …southern border of permafrost occur palsas, low hills and knobs of perennially frozen peat about 1.5 to 6 metres (roughly 5 to 20 feet) high, evidently forming with accumulation of peat and segregation of ice.

Benjamin Nathan Cardozo: His decision in Palsgraf v. Long Island Railroad Co. (1928) helped to redefine the concept of negligence in American tort law.

Admiral’s Men, a theatrical company in Elizabethan and Jacobean England. About 1576–79 they were known as Lord Howard’s Men, so called after their patron Charles Howard, 1st earl of Nottingham, 2nd Baron Howard of Effingham. In 1585, when Lord Howard became England’s lord high admiral, the company

Icelandic literature: Poetry: …include Þorsteinn frá Hamri and Sigurður Pálsson. The poems in Hamri’s Veðrahjálmur (1972; “Sun Rings”) grapple with questions about lasting values, particularly with the possibility of realizing human fellowship in the modern world. Pálsson’s Ljóð vega salt (1975; “Poems on the See-Saw”) combines autobiographical elements with philosophical questioning about the…

hand tool: European usage: This was the palstave. To minimize splitting of the shaft, a stop was later cast at the bottom of the slot. Subsequently, one or two eyes, or loops, were furnished in the casting to allow firmer lashing.

paralysis, loss or impairment of voluntary muscular movement caused by structural abnormalities of nervous or muscular tissue or by metabolic disturbances in neuromuscular function. Paralysis can affect the legs and lower part of the body (paraplegia) or both arms and both legs (quadriplegia).

Palta, Ecuadorian Indian ethnolinguistic group that lived in the Andean highlands at the time of the Spanish conquest (16th century). Although the Ecuadorian highlands are still inhabited by persons of Indian descent, the languages, cultures, and tribal affiliations existing at the time of the

lying: Defining lying: …of communication—sometimes described as “paltering”—ought to be considered lying, even though it does not conform to the paradigmatic definition of the latter.

Gwyneth Paltrow is an American actress and lifestyle innovator who was best known for her film portrayals of intelligent and complex characters. In 2008 she created goop, a lifestyle brand. Paltrow was the daughter of television producer Bruce Paltrow and Tony Award-winning actress Blythe Danner.

Gwyneth Paltrow is an American actress and lifestyle innovator who was best known for her film portrayals of intelligent and complex characters. In 2008 she created goop, a lifestyle brand. Paltrow was the daughter of television producer Bruce Paltrow and Tony Award-winning actress Blythe Danner.

Palu, city, capital of Central Sulawesi (Sulawesi Tengah) propinsi (or provinsi; province), west-central Celebes, Indonesia. It is located at the mouth of a small estuary on the Makassar Strait and is surrounded by hills. Palu is connected by road with Toboli and Tomini on the eastern coast of the

Karol Irzykowski: …remembered as the author of Pałuba (“The Hag”), a long novel begun in 1891 and published in 1903. The book combines a penetrating psychological analysis of its characters with a series of digressions on novel writing. Derided upon its publication, Pałuba was reprinted in 1948, following attempts by several critics…

Jacob Paludan was a Danish novelist and conservative critic whose work expressed a mistrust—based on the fear of Americanization of European culture—of Danish society and of the generation that followed World War I. Paludan traveled to Ecuador and the United States after World War I. He was the

Jacob Paludan was a Danish novelist and conservative critic whose work expressed a mistrust—based on the fear of Americanization of European culture—of Danish society and of the generation that followed World War I. Paludan traveled to Ecuador and the United States after World War I. He was the

Frederik Paludan-Müller was a Danish poet who achieved early acclaim in the Danish late-Romantic movement (the so-called romantisme, which was marked by skepticism about Romanticism’s idealistic philosophy) for his Byronic epic Danserinden (1833; “The Danseuse”). The son of a bishop, Paludan-Müller

André Gide: Symbolist period: He satirized his surroundings in Marshlands (1894), a brilliant parable of animals who, living always in dark caves, lose their sight because they never use it.

Lake of Fusaro, coastal lagoon in Napoli provincia, Campania regione, southern Italy, west of Naples. The lagoon is separated from the sea on the west by sand dunes. As the ancient Palus Acherusia (“Acherusian Swamp”), it may have been the harbour of nearby Cumae in antiquity. In the first century

isoprenoid: Isoprenoids of plants and animals: …belonging to three types: abietic, palustric, and elliotinoic. The latices of a few species of plants contain the polyterpene hydrocarbons rubber or gutta-percha. Certain other species, including related species, of plants may be characterized by the presence of menthol, citral, camphor, limonene, or α-

Pripet Marshes, vast waterlogged region of eastern Europe, among the largest wetlands of the European continent. The Pripet Marshes occupy southern Belarus and northern Ukraine. They lie in the thickly forested basin of the Pripet River (a major tributary of the Dnieper) and are bounded on the

palygorskite, a fibrous magnesium aluminum silicate. The structure of palygorskite contains extended silicon-oxygen sheets, justifying the retention of the mineral in the layer silicate family, but the tetrahedral SiO4 groups forming these sheets are oriented in such a manner as to develop extended

palynology, scientific discipline concerned with the study of plant pollen, spores, and certain microscopic planktonic organisms, in both living and fossil form. The field is associated with the plant sciences as well as with the geologic sciences, notably those aspects dealing with stratigraphy,

palynology: …study of organic microfossils (palynomorphs) extracted from ancient coals.

machine tool: Plasma arc machining (PAM): PAM is a method of cutting metal with a plasma-arc, or tungsten inert-gas-arc, torch. The torch produces a high-velocity jet of high-temperature ionized gas (plasma) that cuts by melting and displacing material from the workpiece. Temperatures obtainable in the plasma zone range…