thresher: Pitts of Winthrop, Maine, U.S., was operated by horsepower. Large stationary threshers powered by steam engines or tractors, common in the early part of the 20th century, were part of harvesting systems in which the grain was cut either by binders or by headers. In…

connectionism: …of Illinois and the mathematician Walter Pitts of the University of Chicago published an influential treatise on neural networks and automatons, according to which each neuron in the brain is a simple digital processor and the brain as a whole is a form of computing machine. As McCulloch put it…

Greed: Trina (played by Zasu Pitts) is a simple woman who wins a $5,000 lottery and then finds herself caught in a love triangle characterized by greed and jealousy with her husband, McTeague (Gibson Gowland), and her former lover, Marcus (Jean Hersholt). The plot is an old standard: money…

Pittsburg, city, Crawford county, southeastern Kansas, U.S., near the Missouri border. Laid out in 1876, it developed as a zinc- and coal-mining town and railroad centre and was named after Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Besides strip coal-mining operations, it has large plants that produce

Battle of Shiloh, (April 6–7, 1862), second great engagement of the American Civil War, fought in southwestern Tennessee, resulting in a victory for the North and in large casualties for both sides. In February, Union General Ulysses S. Grant had taken Fort Henry on the Tennessee River and Fort

Pittsburg State University, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Pittsburg, Kan., U.S. It comprises the College of Arts and Sciences, Gladys A. Kelce School of Business, the School of Education, and the School of Technology and Applied Science. In addition to undergraduate

Pittsburgh, city, seat (1788) of Allegheny county, southwestern Pennsylvania, U.S. The city is located at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, which unite at the point of the “Golden Triangle” (the business district) to form the Ohio River. A city of hills, parks, and valleys, it

University of Pittsburgh, coeducational state system of higher learning in Pennsylvania, U.S., comprising a main campus in Pittsburgh and branches in Bradford, Greensburg, Johnstown, and Titusville. The Pittsburgh campus is a comprehensive research institution of higher learning and includes 16

Duquesne University, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S. Duquesne is affiliated with the Roman Catholic church. The university consists of the College of Liberal Arts and the schools of Business Administration, Natural and Environmental Sciences,

Czechoslovak history: Struggle for independence: …administrative language, was issued at Pittsburgh, Pa., on May 31, 1918.

New Pittsburgh Courier, newspaper based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, that is known for promoting economic and political power for African Americans. For many years it published both local and national print editions, which allowed its editors and writers to bring attention to events and influence

Cool Papa Bell: …Negro league teams, including the Pittsburgh Crawfords (1933–37), the Chicago American Giants (1942–43), and the Homestead Grays (1943–45). He was also player-manager of the Kansas City Monarchs (1948–50). In addition, Bell competed in the Mexican and California winter leagues and in Cuba and the Dominican Republic.

Hugh Henry Brackenridge: …1781, where he helped start The Pittsburgh Gazette, the first newspaper in what was then the Far West. After he was elected to the Pennsylvania Assembly in 1786, he obtained funds to found the academy that became the University of Pittsburgh. As mediator in 1794 during the Whiskey Rebellion, he…

Pittsburgh glass, American glassware produced from the end of the 18th century at numerous factories in that Pennsylvania city. Pittsburgh had the twin advantages of proximity to a source of cheap fuel (coal) and access to a good waterways system, which afforded an inexpensive means of

Pittsburgh Pirates, American professional baseball team based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Sometimes referred to as the “Bucs,” the Pirates are among the oldest teams in baseball and have won the World Series five times (1909, 1925, 1960, 1971, and 1979). The team that would become the Pirates was

Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra (PSO ), American symphony orchestra based in Pittsburgh. It was founded as the Pittsburgh Orchestra in 1896; its first conductor was Frederick Archer (1896–98). Music director Victor Herbert (1898–1904) was followed by permanent conductor Emil Paur (1904–10), after

Pittsburgh Penguins, American professional ice hockey team based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Penguins have won the Stanley Cup five times (1991, 1992, 2009, 2016, and 2017). Founded during the 1967 National Hockey League (NHL) expansion, the Penguins took their name from the igloolike

Connie Hawkins: …1967 Hawkins joined the Pittsburgh (later Minnesota) Pipers, a team in the fledgling American Basketball Association—the league that would go on to provide a viable alternative to the NBA. It was known for its dynamic, creative style, and Hawkins was its first star.

Pittsburgh Steelers, American professional gridiron football team based in Pittsburgh that plays in the National Football League (NFL). The Steelers have won six Super Bowl titles and eight American Football Conference (AFC) championships. One of the NFL’s most successful and storied franchises,

Pittsburgh Pirates, American professional baseball team based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Sometimes referred to as the “Bucs,” the Pirates are among the oldest teams in baseball and have won the World Series five times (1909, 1925, 1960, 1971, and 1979). The team that would become the Pirates was

PPG Industries, Inc., a leading American and international producer of coatings, flat glass, chemicals, and chemical products. Its headquarters are in Pittsburgh, Pa. The company was incorporated in 1883 as the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company at a time when European producers had a virtual monopoly

Diaspora: …in 1937 officially abrogated the Pittsburgh Platform of 1885, which declared that Jews should no longer look forward to a return to Israel. This new policy actively encouraged Jews to support the establishment of a Jewish homeland. On the other hand, the American Council for Judaism, founded in 1943 but…

Charles Martin Hall: …the Mellon family, and the Pittsburgh Reduction Company (later the Aluminum Company of America) was formed. In 1890 he became its vice president. By 1914 his process had brought the cost of aluminum down to 18 cents a pound. Hall was a generous benefactor of his college, bequeathing Oberlin more…

Jane Grey Swisshelm: Her own abolitionist weekly, the Pittsburgh Saturday Visiter, first appeared in 1848. It soon advocated women’s rights as well, but in a much less aggressive manner than most reformers of the time; Swisshelm urged women not to make unreasonable demands lest their entire movement be rejected. She further distinguished herself…

Pittsburgh Steelers, American professional gridiron football team based in Pittsburgh that plays in the National Football League (NFL). The Steelers have won six Super Bowl titles and eight American Football Conference (AFC) championships. One of the NFL’s most successful and storied franchises,

Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra (PSO ), American symphony orchestra based in Pittsburgh. It was founded as the Pittsburgh Orchestra in 1896; its first conductor was Frederick Archer (1896–98). Music director Victor Herbert (1898–1904) was followed by permanent conductor Emil Paur (1904–10), after

United States: Central American migrant caravans, the pipe-bomb mailings, and the Pittsburgh synagogue shooting: …anti-Semitic statements on social media stormed a synagogue in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on October 27, killing 11 people who were attending services there. Earlier in the week, still another individual had shot and killed two seemingly random African American victims in a grocery store in a suburb of Louisville, Kentucky, after…

Pittsburgh: The contemporary city: The city’s zoo, in the northeastern Highland Park neighbourhood, includes an aquarium. Two new sports venues opened in 2001 on the north bank of the Allegheny opposite the Golden Triangle: PNC Park is home of the Pirates, the city’s professional baseball team, and Acrisure Stadium houses…

University of Pittsburgh, coeducational state system of higher learning in Pennsylvania, U.S., comprising a main campus in Pittsburgh and branches in Bradford, Greensburg, Johnstown, and Titusville. The Pittsburgh campus is a comprehensive research institution of higher learning and includes 16

Pittsfield, city, Berkshire county, western Massachusetts, U.S. It lies on the headstreams of the Housatonic River, in the Berkshire Hills, 55 miles (88 km) northwest of Springfield. Settled in 1752 as the Pontoosuc Plantation, it was incorporated as a town (and made the county seat) in 1761 and

Metaphysical painting, style of painting that flourished mainly between 1911 and 1920 in the works of the Italian artists Giorgio de Chirico and Carlo Carrà. These painters used representational but incongruous imagery to produce disquieting effects on the viewer. Their work strongly influenced the

Thule Air Base, U.S. air base and communications centre, northwestern Greenland. It lies on Cape Atholl and the southern shore of Wolstenholme Fjord, an inlet of Baffin Bay. Near the base is the former Greenlandic (Eskimo) settlement of Umanak (Danish: Dundas). The region was explored (1912–33) by

nervous system disease: Benign tumours: Pituitary adenomas arise within the pituitary fossa. By compressing the underside of the optic chiasm, these tumours cause visual deficits, and they raise the intracranial pressure through compression of the hypothalamus and third ventricle. In addition, many pituitary adenomas secrete hormones, which may stimulate such…

adrenal gland: Diseases of the adrenal glands: …the pituitary gland (known as Cushing disease), production of corticotropin by a nonendocrine tumour, or a benign or malignant adrenal tumour. All these disorders are treated most effectively by surgical removal of the tumour. Androgen excess in women is characterized by excessive hair growth on the face and other regions…

dwarfism: Pituitary dwarfism, caused by a deficiency of pituitary growth hormone, is the chief endocrine form of dwarfism and may be hereditary; tumours, infections, or infarction (tissue death) of the pituitary can also induce dwarfism. In many cases, other endocrine and sexual functions remain normal. However,…

gigantism: …associated with endocrine disorder is pituitary gigantism, caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone (somatotropin), during childhood or adolescence, prior to epiphyseal closure. Pituitary gigantism is usually associated with a tumour of the pituitary gland. Acromegaly (q.v.), a condition marked by progressive enlargement of skeletal extremities, occurs if growth hormone continues…

pituitary gland, ductless gland of the endocrine system that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream. The term hypophysis (from the Greek for “lying under”)—another name for the pituitary—refers to the gland’s position on the underside of the brain. The pituitary gland is called the “master

hormone: Hormones of the pituitary gland: The pituitary gland, or hypophysis, which dominates the vertebrate endocrine system, is formed of two distinct components. One is the neurohypophysis, which forms as a downgrowth of the floor of the brain and gives rise to the median eminence and the neural lobe;…

pituitary tumour, most common cause of enlargement of the sella turcica, the bone cavity in the head in which the pituitary gland is located. There are two general types of pituitary tumours—hormone secreting and nonsecreting. There are five types of hormone-secreting pituitary tumours, named

bull snake, (Pituophis catenifer), North American constrictor snake of the family Colubridae known for its heavy-bodied form, small head, and enlarged nose shield for digging. Bull snakes are nonvenomous and can be found in sandy open country and in pine barrens of western North America, from

emotion: The variety and complexity of emotions: Such are anger, pity, fear and the like, with their opposites.” Emotion is indeed a heterogeneous category that encompasses a wide variety of important psychological phenomena. Some emotions are very specific, insofar as they concern a particular person, object, or situation. Others, such as distress, joy, or depression,…

Dana Gioia: …American Book Award in 2002; Pity the Beautiful (2012); and 99 Poems (2016). He became a professor of poetry and public culture at the University of Southern California in 2011, and in 2015 he was named state poet laureate of California, a post he held until 2018.

Robert Fisk: …Price of Neutrality, 1939–1945 (1983), Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War (2001), The Great War for Civilisation—the Conquest of the Middle East (2005), and The Age of the Warrior: Selected Essays (2008). Fisk’s work was profiled in the documentary This Is Not a Movie (2019).

Cordaitales: Three families are included—Pityaceae, Poroxylaceae, and Cordaitaceae—of which the Cordaitaceae is the best known. Its genera Cordaites and Cordaianthus are represented by fossil leaves, branches, and loosely formed cones, investigations of which have led to the formulation of the cordaite-conifer evolutionary sequence through the primitive conifer family Lebachiaceae…

Kızıl Adalar: …on the four larger islands, Büyükada (Prinkipo, ancient Pityoussa), Heybeli Ada (Halki, ancient Chalcitis), Burgaz Adası (Antigoni, ancient Panormos), and Kınalı Ada (Proti). Büyükada was Leon Trotsky’s home for a time after his exile from the Soviet Union in 1929. Heybeli Ada has a branch of the Turkish naval academy.

Pteridaceae: Pteridoid clade: Pityrogramma, or the gold- and silver-backed ferns, consists of about 16 tropical species, which are occasionally cultivated in greenhouses for the colourful yellow or white farina found on the lower leaf surfaces of most species. The species of the former genus Eriosorus are now placed…

Balearic Islands: …group is known as the Pitiusas and includes the islands of Ibiza (Eivissa) and Formentera. The archipelago is an extension of the sub-Baetic cordillera of peninsular Spain, and the two are linked by a sill near Cape Nao in the province of Alicante. The Balearic Islands autonomous community was established…

Claremont Colleges: …College, Harvey Mudd College, and Pitzer College) and two graduate schools (Claremont Graduate University and the Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences). The campuses are adjacent to one another, and many facilities are shared, including the consortium’s main library, the Honnold/Mudd Library, which houses nearly two million volumes. The…

Amazon River: Animal life: …small black flies known as piums in Brazil. Fireflies, stinging bees, hornets, wasps, beetles, cockroaches, cicadas, centipedes, scorpions, ticks, red bugs, and giant spiders are abundant. Most

Piura, city, northwestern Peru, on the Piura River in the warm coastal desert. San Miguel de Piura was the first city founded (1532) in Peru by the conquistador Francisco Pizarro. The original site proved unhealthful, and several other locations were occupied before the present site was settled in

St. Pius I ; feast day July 11) was the Latin pope from approximately 142 to about 155. Pius was formerly enslaved, according to his supposed brother, the Apostolic Father Hermas. As successor to St. Hyginus, Pius continued the burgeoning fight against gnosticism—a religious movement teaching that

Pius II was an outstanding Italian humanist and astute politician who as pope (reigned 1458–64) tried to unite Europe in a crusade against the Turks at a time when they threatened to overrun all of Europe. He wrote voluminously about the events of his day. Enea Silvio Piccolomini was born in the

Pius III was an Italian pope during 1503. He was made archbishop of Siena and cardinal deacon in 1460 by his uncle, Pope Pius II (formerly Cardinal Aneas Silvius Piccolomini), who permitted him to assume the name and arms of the Piccolomini. He was employed by subsequent popes in several important

Pius IV was an Italian pope (1559–65) who reconvened and concluded the Council of Trent. A canon lawyer, in 1545 he was ordained and consecrated archbishop of Ragusa and in 1547 was appointed papal vice legate for Bologna. He was made cardinal priest in 1549. After a long conclave Giovanni was

Pius IX ; beatified September 3, 2000feast day February 7) was the Italian head of the Roman Catholic church whose pontificate (1846–78) was the longest in history and was marked by a transition from moderate political liberalism to conservatism. Notable events of his reign included the declaration

Saint Pius V ; canonized May 22, 1712; feast day April 30) was an Italian ascetic, reformer, and relentless persecutor of heretics, whose papacy (1566–72) marked one of the most austere periods in Roman Catholic church history. During his reign, the Inquisition was successful in eliminating

Pius VI was an Italian pope (1775–99) whose tragic pontificate was the longest of the 18th century. Braschi held various papal administrative positions before being ordained a priest in 1758. Progressing rapidly, he became treasurer of the apostolic chamber in 1766, under Pope Clement XIII, and in

Pius VII was an Italian pope from 1800 to 1823, whose dramatic conflicts with Napoleon led to a restoration of the church after the armies of the French Revolution had devastated the papacy under Pius VI. He became a Benedictine at Cesena in 1758 and was made cardinal and bishop of Imola, Papal

Pius VIII was an Italian pope from March 1829 to November 1830. Versed in canon law, he became vicar general at Anagni, and later at Fano, until 1800, when he was made bishop of Montalto by Pope Pius VII. He was imprisoned in 1808 during the French domination of Italy for refusing to take the oath

St. Pius X ; canonized May 29, 1954; feast day August 21) was an Italian pope from 1903 to 1914, whose staunch political and religious conservatism dominated the early 20th-century Roman Catholic Church. Ordained in 1858, he became a parish priest in the Italian region of Venetia. Pope Leo XIII

Pius XI was an Italian pope from 1922 to 1939, one of the most important modern pontiffs. His papal motto, “Pax Christi in regno Christi” (“The peace of Christ in the kingdom of Christ”), illustrated his work to construct a new Christendom based on world peace. Ordained in 1879, he became a

Pius XII was the pope, bishop of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic Church, who had a long, tumultuous, and controversial pontificate (1939–58). During his reign as pope, the papacy confronted the ravages of World War II (1939–45), the abuses of the Nazi, fascist, and Soviet regimes, the horror of

Paiute, either of two distinct North American Indian groups that speak languages of the Numic group of the Uto-Aztecan family. The Southern Paiute, who speak Ute, at one time occupied what are now southern Utah, northwestern Arizona, southern Nevada, and southeastern California, the latter group

Southern Buh, river, southwestern and south-central Ukraine. The Southern Buh is 492 miles (792 km) long and drains a basin of 24,610 square miles (63,740 square km). It rises in the Volyn-Podilsk Upland and flows east and southeast, first through a narrow valley with rapids and then across rolling

basketball: Pivot: A movement in which a player with the ball steps once or more in any direction with the same foot while the other foot (pivot foot) is kept at its point of contact with the floor.

basketball: Pivot: …while the other foot (pivot foot) is kept at its point of contact with the floor.

heartland: …of History” (1904)—as the “pivot area,” which would guarantee self-sufficiency in food for the country dominating the region. Moreover, the pivot area’s inaccessibility by sea would provide a formidable defensive barrier. The pivot area was vulnerable to land attack only by way of the plains of eastern Europe. Thus,…

Newcastle upon Tyne: The electrically operated Swing Bridge (1865–76), one of the greatest engineering achievements of its time, is on the site of Roman and medieval bridges. The Cathedral Church of St. Nicholas dates from the 14th century; another church occupied the site in 1123. The Guildhall (rebuilt 1655–58) stands on…

pivot joint, in vertebrate anatomy, a freely moveable joint (diarthrosis) that allows only rotary movement around a single axis. The moving bone rotates within a ring that is formed from a second bone and adjoining ligament. The pivot joint is exemplified by the joint between the atlas and the axis

American Birth Control League: …an appendix to her book The Pivot of Civilization (1922). There she asserted that a woman’s right to control her body is central to her human rights, that every woman should have the right to choose when or whether to have children, that every child should be wanted and loved,…

urban culture: Definitions of the city and urban cultures: …their societies, Paul Wheatley in The Pivot of the Four Quarters (1971) has taken the earliest form of urban culture to be a ceremonial or cult centre that organized and dominated a surrounding rural region through its sacred practices and authority. According to Wheatley, only later did economic prominence and…

Gauss elimination, in linear and multilinear algebra, a process for finding the solutions of a system of simultaneous linear equations by first solving one of the equations for one variable (in terms of all the others) and then substituting this expression into the remaining equations. The result

RNA: Types and functions of RNA: …of functional significance are the piRNAs, which are about 26 to 31 nucleotides long and exist in most animals. They regulate the expression of transposons (jumping genes) by keeping the genes from being transcribed in the germ cells (sperm and eggs). Most piRNA are complementary to different transposons and can…

Pixar, motion-picture studio, from 2006 a wholly owned subsidiary of the Disney Company, that was instrumental in the development and production of computer-animated films in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Pixar’s feature-length releases, which consistently achieved worldwide commercial

chemical analysis: X-ray emission: Particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) is the method in which a small area on the surface of a sample is bombarded with accelerated particles and the resulting fluoresced X rays are monitored. If the bombarding particles are protons and the analytical technique is used to obtain…

pixel, Smallest resolved unit of a video image that has specific luminescence and colour. Its proportions are determined by the number of lines making up the scanning raster (the pattern of dots that form the image) and the resolution along each line. In the most common form of computer graphics,

animation: Animation in Europe: …a technique he called “pixellation.”

Peter Dinklage: …in the Adam Sandler vehicle Pixels (2015). He then gave voice to the Mighty Eagle in the animated Angry Birds (2016) and its sequel (2019). Dinklage also appeared as Renault in a star-studded cast featuring Melissa McCarthy in The Boss (2016). In the sci-fi mystery Rememory (2017), Dinklage’s character searches…

Guilbert de Pixérécourt was an astonishingly prolific dramatist who delighted popular audiences in Paris with a succession of more than a hundred plays during the first third of the 19th century. These were performed in the théâtres des boulevards, which were patronized by a far less exclusive

Guilbert de Pixérécourt was an astonishingly prolific dramatist who delighted popular audiences in Paris with a succession of more than a hundred plays during the first third of the 19th century. These were performed in the théâtres des boulevards, which were patronized by a far less exclusive

pixie, in the folklore of southwestern England, tiny elflike spirit or mischievous fairy dressed in green who dances in the moonlight to the music of frogs and crickets. Its favourite pastimes are leading travelers astray and frightening young maidens. Pixies also delight in rapping on walls,

cup lichen: The pixie cup lichen (Cladonia pyxidata) has small funnel-shaped cups and grows about 2.5 cm (1 inch) high. Mealy pixie cup lichen (C. chlorophaea) has small green goblet-shaped cups, often covered with dustlike propagules. Boreal cup lichen (C. borealis) has red cups on a pale green…

Pixies, American band whose unique blend of punk rock’s aggression and pop music’s infectious melodies helped establish the sound that would define alternative rock in the 1990s. The original members were Charles Michael Kitteridge Thompson IV (also know as Black Francis and Frank Black; b. April

motion-picture technology: Noncellular animation: …frame, as in the so-called pixilation process used by the Canadian filmmaker Norman McLaren in his short film Neighbors (1952), which makes human beings look like automatons.

Anatolia: Caria, Lycia, and Cilicia in the Achaemenian period: …and successor, Ada (344–341), and Pixodarus, the youngest son (341–334).

Hector Babenco: Babenco gained international acclaim with Pixote (1981), a film reminiscent of the work of Luis Buñuel. It chronicles the harrowing, desperate lives of homeless Brazilian children.

pixie, in the folklore of southwestern England, tiny elflike spirit or mischievous fairy dressed in green who dances in the moonlight to the music of frogs and crickets. Its favourite pastimes are leading travelers astray and frightening young maidens. Pixies also delight in rapping on walls,

Anatolia: The Hittite empire to c. 1180 bce: …activities there of a certain Piyamaradus. Piyamaradus used Millawanda (possibly Miletus) as his base; that city was a dependency of Ahhiyawa, a large and formidable country, the identity and geographic location of which have been the subject of prolonged controversy. Some scholars identify the Ahhiyawans with the Achaeans of Homer,…

Mursilis II: …Carchemish (controlled by his brother Shar-Kushukh) and the kingdom of Amurru; he also conducted a successful campaign against the western kingdom of Arzawa, one of the main threats to the Hittite realm. Chronic trouble with the Kaska in the north necessitated almost annual pacification operations (10 in all), and the…

Mursilis II: …Carchemish (controlled by his brother Shar-Kushukh) and the kingdom of Amurru; he also conducted a successful campaign against the western kingdom of Arzawa, one of the main threats to the Hittite realm. Chronic trouble with the Kaska in the north necessitated almost annual pacification operations (10 in all), and the…

Mursilis II: …Carchemish (controlled by his brother Shar-Kushukh) and the kingdom of Amurru; he also conducted a successful campaign against the western kingdom of Arzawa, one of the main threats to the Hittite realm. Chronic trouble with the Kaska in the north necessitated almost annual pacification operations (10 in all), and the…

Piye was a king of Cush (or Kush, in the Sudan) from about 753 to about 723 bce. He invaded Egypt from the south and ended the petty kingdoms of the 23rd dynasty (c. 845–c. 730 bce) in Lower Egypt. According to Egyptian tradition, his brother Shabaka founded the 25th dynasty, but Piye laid the

piyyut, (“liturgical poem”), one of several types of liturgical compositions or religious poems, some of which have been incorporated into Jewish liturgy and have become virtually indistinguishable from the mandatory service, especially on the Sabbath and on Jewish religious festivals. Piyyutim

piyyut, (“liturgical poem”), one of several types of liturgical compositions or religious poems, some of which have been incorporated into Jewish liturgy and have become virtually indistinguishable from the mandatory service, especially on the Sabbath and on Jewish religious festivals. Piyyutim

piyyut, (“liturgical poem”), one of several types of liturgical compositions or religious poems, some of which have been incorporated into Jewish liturgy and have become virtually indistinguishable from the mandatory service, especially on the Sabbath and on Jewish religious festivals. Piyyutim

piyyut, (“liturgical poem”), one of several types of liturgical compositions or religious poems, some of which have been incorporated into Jewish liturgy and have become virtually indistinguishable from the mandatory service, especially on the Sabbath and on Jewish religious festivals. Piyyutim

piyyut, (“liturgical poem”), one of several types of liturgical compositions or religious poems, some of which have been incorporated into Jewish liturgy and have become virtually indistinguishable from the mandatory service, especially on the Sabbath and on Jewish religious festivals. Piyyutim

Alejandra Pizarnik was an Argentine poet whose poems are known for their stifling sense of exile and rootlessness. Pizarnik was born into a family of Jewish immigrants from eastern Europe. She attended the University of Buenos Aires, where she studied philosophy and literature. Later she ventured

Alejandra Pizarnik was an Argentine poet whose poems are known for their stifling sense of exile and rootlessness. Pizarnik was born into a family of Jewish immigrants from eastern Europe. She attended the University of Buenos Aires, where she studied philosophy and literature. Later she ventured

August von Kotzebue: …playwright Richard Brinsley Sheridan as Pizarro (1799) and also proved a great success. Kotzebue traveled abroad and spent some time writing for the municipal theatre of Vienna. Upon his return to Russia he was arrested, inexplicably, and exiled to Siberia. The emperor Paul I, just as capriciously as he had…