hog house, building for housing swine, particularly one with facilities for housing a number of hogs under one roof. Typical housing protects against extremes of heat and cold and provides draft-free ventilation, sanitary bedding, and feeding. Simple hog houses are sometimes called sties. Movable

Italy: Scandal and the struggling economy: …escalated for the so-called “PIGS” (Portugal, Ireland, Greece, and Spain) countries, as the EU and International Monetary Fund (IMF) called for the enactment of austerity measures in those countries and provided financial bailouts for Greece and Ireland, primarily to preserve the stability of the euro. Italy’s outstanding public debt,…

Barbara Kingsolver: Pigs in Heaven (1993), a sequel to her first novel, deals with the protagonist’s attempts to defend her adoption of her Native American daughter. Kingsolver’s short-story collection, Homeland and Other Stories, was released in 1989. Another America (Otra America) (1991), a poetry collection in English,…

David Butler: …movies for Twentieth Century-Fox included Pigskin Parade (1936); Ali Baba Goes to Town (1937), a clever musical featuring Eddie Cantor; Kentucky (1938), starring Loretta Young, Richard Greene, and Walter Brennan; and Kentucky Moonshine (1938; also called Three Men and a Girl), an uninspired outing with the Ritz Brothers.

hog house, building for housing swine, particularly one with facilities for housing a number of hogs under one roof. Typical housing protects against extremes of heat and cold and provides draft-free ventilation, sanitary bedding, and feeding. Simple hog houses are sometimes called sties. Movable

macaque: Species: …related to liontails are the pigtail macaques (M. nemestrina), which carry their short tails curved over their backs. Inhabiting rainforests of Southeast Asia, they are sometimes trained to pick ripe coconuts. Another close relative is the bokkoi (M. pagensis), found only on the Mentawai Islands of Indonesia.

anthurium: Major species: Flamingo flower, or pigtail plant (A. scherzeranum), is a shorter plant with a scarlet spathe and a loosely coiled orange-red spadix.

pigweed, any of several weedy annual plants of the amaranth family (Amaranthaceae). Several pigweed species belong to the genus Amaranthus and are distributed nearly worldwide. Prostrate pigweed, or mat amaranth (A. graecizans), grows along the ground surface with stems rising at the tips; spiny

lamb’s quarters, (Chenopodium album), annual weedy plant of the amaranth family (Amaranthaceae), of wide distribution in Asia, Europe, and North America. It can grow up to 3 metres (about 10 feet) but is usually a smaller plant. The blue-green leaves are variable in size and shape but are often

Paul Farmer: …administrator who, as cofounder of Partners in Health (PIH), was known for his efforts to provide medical care in impoverished countries.

Italy: Scandal and the struggling economy: …escalated for the so-called “PIGS” (Portugal, Ireland, Greece, and Spain) countries, as the EU and International Monetary Fund (IMF) called for the enactment of austerity measures in those countries and provided financial bailouts for Greece and Ireland, primarily to preserve the stability of the euro. Italy’s outstanding public debt,…

Maui: A 14th-century Hawaiian chief, Piilani, built the island’s largest stone temple, Piilanihale Heiau (still extant), and an extensive road system. In 1795 the island fell to Kamehameha I. In the early 1820s both whalers and missionaries began to arrive. Whaling began to decline in the 1860s as the sugar…

Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), militant group founded with the goal of liberating historical Palestine through armed struggle and by appealing to the region’s Islamic heritage. It was first formed in the Gaza Strip but also operates in the West Bank. The Palestinian Islamic Jihad, founded in

Pijao, Indian people of the southern highlands of Colombia. By the mid-20th century the Pijao were thought to be extinct; however, in the 1990s, having made a successful argument for “cultural reignition,” they were officially recognized by the Colombian government as an indigenous people.

Bilge was the khagan, or great khan, of Mongolia from 716 until his death. His name literally translates as “Wise Emperor.” Bilge assumed leadership of the T’u-chüeh, a tribe of Turks in control of southern Central Asia, when his brother instigated a palace coup against the old ruler. When the

pottery: The Netherlands: …kind is often attributed to Adriaen Pijnacker.

Imeni Ismail Samani Peak, peak, western Pamirs, northeastern Tajikistan. Located in the Akademii Nauk Range, it rises to 24,590 feet (7,495 metres) and is the highest point in Tajikistan and in the range. It was first climbed by a Russian team in

Victory Peak, mountain in the eastern Kakshaal (Kokshaal-Tau) Range of the Tien Shan, on the frontier of Kyrgyzstan and China. It was first identified in 1943 as the tallest peak (24,406 feet [7,439 metres]) in the Tien Shan range and the second highest peak in what was then the Soviet Union; it is

Revolution Peak, mountain in the northwestern Pamirs range in Gorno-Badakhshan autonomous oblast (province), Tajikistan. At 22,880 feet (6,974 m), it is the highest point in the eastern part of the Yazgulem Range. The mountain consists of an enormous mass with three summits covered with snow and

pika, (genus Ochotona), small short-legged and virtually tailless egg-shaped mammal found in the mountains of western North America and much of Asia. Despite their small size, body shape, and round ears, pikas are not rodents but the smallest representatives of the lagomorphs, a group otherwise

cephalochordate: Evolution and paleontology: A good possibility is Pikaia, a fossil discovered in the Burgess Shale (Middle Cambrian, about 530 million years old). Pikaia has myotomes and what looks like a notochord, indicating that it is a chordate, but only its shape suggests that it is a lancelet rather than a fish.

chordate: Evolution and paleontology: …oldest known fossil chordate is Pikaia gracilens, a primitive cephalochordate dated to approximately 505 million years ago. There is disagreement over whether older animals—such as Yunnanozoon lividum and Haikouella (both of which date to 530 million years ago and possess several chordate features)—should be considered chordates. An extensive vertebrate fossil…

Pike, county, northeastern Pennsylvania, U.S., bordered by New York state and New Jersey to the northeast and southeast, respectively (the Delaware River constituting the boundary), and Wallenpaupack Creek and Lake Wallenpaupack to the west. It consists of a hilly region on the eastern side of the

pike, medieval infantry weapon, a long spear with a heavy wooden shaft 10 to 20 feet (3 to 6 metres) long, tipped by a small leaf-shaped steel point. The ancient Macedonian sarissa was similar. The use of the pike among the Swiss foot soldiers in the 14th century contributed to the decline of the

pike, any of several voracious freshwater fishes, family Esocidae, caught both commercially and for sport. They are recognized by the elongate body, small scales, long head, shovellike snout, and large mouth armed with strong teeth. The dorsal and anal fins are far back on the tail. The northern

perciform: Annotated classification: Family Chaenopsidae (pike blennies) Pliocene to present. Body very elongated; jaws long; long gill area; dorsal and anal fins long, confluent with caudal fin; no scales or lateral line; about 86 species in tropical and subtropical marine shore areas of Central America and Caribbean; small fishes living…

eel: Annotated classification: Family Muraenesocidae (pike congers) Large teeth, voracious. 4 genera with about 8 species. Pantropical. Family Nettastomatidae (witch eels) No pectoral fins. 6 genera with about 40 species. Deepwater. Family Derichthyidae (longneck eels)

Kenosha, city, seat (1850) of Kenosha county, southeastern Wisconsin, U.S. It lies along Lake Michigan at the mouth of the Pike River, just north of the Illinois state line. Founded in 1835 by settlers from New York, it was first called Pike Creek, then was called Southport for its importance as a

pike perch, any of several freshwater food and game fishes of the family Percidae (order Perciformes), found in Europe and North America. Although more elongated and slender than perches, pike perches have the two dorsal fins characteristic of the family. They are, like perches, carnivorous, and as

Seattle: City layout: …interest to visitors is the Pike Place Market, a sheltered area of fresh fish and produce shops, other retail stores, and restaurants. To the east and northeast of the downtown district stand First Hill and Capitol Hill, low bluffs covered by office buildings and commercial properties. Capitol Hill has many…

diving: In the pike position, there is a bend at the hips but no knee flexion. In the tuck position, both hips and knees are flexed and the body resembles a ball. The most complicated dives may be done in free (any) position, a loose but graceful combination…

Remembering the American Civil War: Daniel Decatur Emmett and Albert Pike: Dixie: Daniel Decatur Emmett wrote “Dixie” for Bryant’s Minstrels, who first performed it in New York, probably in the late fall of 1859. The song soon reverberated through the land: people clapped their hands to it; soldiers in both the North and the…

Kenneth L. Pike was an American linguist and anthropologist known for his studies of the aboriginal languages of Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, New Guinea, Java, Ghana, Nigeria, Australia, Nepal, and the Philippines. He was also the originator of tagmemics. Pike studied theology at Gordon College

Kenneth L. Pike was an American linguist and anthropologist known for his studies of the aboriginal languages of Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, New Guinea, Java, Ghana, Nigeria, Australia, Nepal, and the Philippines. He was also the originator of tagmemics. Pike studied theology at Gordon College

Mary Hayden Green Pike was an American novelist, best remembered for her popular books of the Civil War era on racial and slavery themes. Pike studied at the Female Seminary in Charlestown, Massachusetts (1840–43). Her first novel, Ida May (1854), was published under the pseudonym Mary Langdon. A

Zebulon Pike was a U.S. army officer and explorer for whom Pikes Peak in Colorado was named. In 1805 Pike, then an army lieutenant, led a 20-man exploring party to the headwaters of the Mississippi River with instructions to discover the river’s source, negotiate peace treaties with Indian tribes,

Zebulon Pike was a U.S. army officer and explorer for whom Pikes Peak in Colorado was named. In 1805 Pike, then an army lieutenant, led a 20-man exploring party to the headwaters of the Mississippi River with instructions to discover the river’s source, negotiate peace treaties with Indian tribes,

ostariophysan: Annotated classification: Family Ctenoluciidae (pike-characids) Elongate, pikelike body. Large mouth, canine teeth, scales ciliated, carnivorous, food fishes. Panama and South America. To 67.5 cm (27 inches) or more. 2 genera, 7 species. Family Cynodontidae (cynodontids) Large mouth, large canine teeth, long anal fin. Carnivorous, food fishes that inhabit South

dogfish: The spiny dogfishes of the family Squalidae possess a sharp spine in front of each of their two dorsal fins. The most widely known species is Squalus acanthias, called the spiny dogfish, spurdog, or skittle dog. It is abundant along northern Atlantic and Pacific coasts; a…

squawfish, any of several edible fishes of the genus Ptychocheilus found in the rivers of western North America. They are the largest members of the carp family (Cyprinidae) in North America. Because of the offensive connotation attributed to the word “squaw,” these animals are also referred to as

pike perch, any of several freshwater food and game fishes of the family Percidae (order Perciformes), found in Europe and North America. Although more elongated and slender than perches, pike perches have the two dorsal fins characteristic of the family. They are, like perches, carnivorous, and as

Pikes Peak, peak in the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains in El Paso county, Colorado, U.S., 10 miles (16 km) west of Colorado Springs. It ranks 32nd in elevation (14,115 feet [4,302 metres]) among Colorado peaks and is widely known because of its commanding location and easy accessibility.

hill climb: event is the Pikes Peak race, held annually since 1916. All types of motorcars—sports cars, antiques, classics, stock cars—participate under strict safety rules and regulations. This type of competition is especially rough on the low gears of the car’s transmission and on the tires. Hill climbs for motorcycles…

Thomas Piketty is a French economist who was best known for Le Capital au XXIe siècle (2013; Capital in the Twenty-first Century). Piketty was born to militant Trotskyite parents and was later politically affiliated with the French Socialist Party. After he took the baccalauréat examination, he

The Queen of Spades, classic short story by Aleksandr Pushkin, published in 1834 as “Pikovaya dama.” In the story a Russian officer of German ancestry named Hermann learns that a fellow officer’s grandmother, an old countess, possesses the secret of winning at faro, a high-stakes card game. Hermann

Amitabh Bachchan: …notable films included the comedy Piku (2015), for which he won his fourth National Film Award, and Pink (2016), a crime drama in which he was cast as a lawyer. In 102 Not Out (2018), he played a man trying to break the record for the oldest man alive. The…

punk: Postpunk groups such as Public Image Ltd and Joy Division replaced punk’s worldliness with inner concerns, matching rock with the technological rhythms of disco. Nevertheless, punk’s influence could be seen throughout British society, notably in mass media shock tactics, the confrontational strategies of environmentalists, and the proliferation of independent…

chess: The pragmatists: …was a depreciation of the bishop: The Hypermoderns had attacked Tarrasch’s high opinion of an unobstructed bishop and said a bishop could profitably be traded for a knight. The post-Soviet players often traded bishop for knight for minimal compensation. They also often exchanged their good bishop, the one less encumbered…

Piła, city, Wielkopolskie województwo (province), west-central Poland, on the Gwda River. Its economic growth has been steady since World War II. Industries include lumber mills, railroad workshops, potato-processing facilities, and an electric-bulb factory. The city is a railway junction on the

Philae, island in the Nile River between the old Aswan Dam and the Aswan High Dam, in Aswān muḥāfaẓah (governorate), southern Egypt. Its ancient Egyptian name was P-aaleq; the Coptic-derived name Pilak (“End,” or “Remote Place”) probably refers to its marking the boundary with Nubia. The

Pilar, town, southwestern Paraguay. It lies on the eastern bank of the Paraguay River, across from the mouth of the Arroyo Bermejo. Founded in 1779 and originally known as Ñeembucú, the town is a river port handling the agricultural products of the fertile area between the Paraguay and Paraná

San Vicente: Notable landmarks include El Pilar colonial church and nearby Amapulapa Park, a national recreation area. Pop. (2005 est.) urban area, 34,600.

Propaganda Movement: López Jaena, Rizal, and journalist Marcelo del Pilar emerged as the three leading figures of the Propaganda Movement, and magazines, poetry, and pamphleteering flourished.

pilaster, in Greco-Roman Classical architecture, shallow rectangular column that projects slightly beyond the wall into which it is built and conforms precisely to the order or style of the adjacent columns. The anta of ancient Greece was the direct ancestor of the Roman pilaster. The anta,

Pontius Pilate was a Roman prefect (governor) of Judaea (26–36 ce) under the emperor Tiberius who presided at the final trial of Jesus and gave the order for his crucifixion. According to the traditional account of his life, Pilate was a Roman equestrian (knight) of the Samnite clan of the Pontii

Pilates, exercise discipline created by German American gymnast, bodybuilder, and entrepreneur Joseph H. Pilates in the mid-20th century and refined by his students and disciples. The Pilates regimen was practiced largely in a prone, supine, or seated position on a mat and emphasized the

Pilates: …American gymnast, bodybuilder, and entrepreneur Joseph H. Pilates in the mid-20th century and refined by his students and disciples. The Pilates regimen was practiced largely in a prone, supine, or seated position on a mat and emphasized the development of stability and flexibility by strengthening the musculature, particularly the core…

Stefano Pilati is an Italian fashion designer who was the creative director (2004–12) at the storied house of fashion, Yves Saint Laurent (YSL), and head of design (2013–16) at Ermenegildo Zegna. As an unhappy youth pursuing a career as a land surveyor, Pilati found fulfillment in sketching

Giovanni Boccaccio: Petrarch and Boccaccio’s mature years: Leonzio Pilato, whom Boccaccio housed from 1360 to 1362 and whose nomination as reader in Greek at the Studio (the old University of Florence) he procured, made the rough Latin translation through which Petrarch and Boccaccio became acquainted with Homer’s poems—the starting point of Greek…

Joseph-Michel and Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier: …in a Montgolfier balloon with Pilatre de Rozier and François Laurent, marquis d’Arlandes, as passengers. The balloon sailed over Paris for 5.5 miles (9 kilometres) in about 25 minutes.

Pontius Pilate was a Roman prefect (governor) of Judaea (26–36 ce) under the emperor Tiberius who presided at the final trial of Jesus and gave the order for his crucifixion. According to the traditional account of his life, Pilate was a Roman equestrian (knight) of the Samnite clan of the Pontii

Pilbara, region of northwestern Western Australia, extending south from the De Grey River to the Ashburton River and as far as 450 miles (720 km) inland. It occupies an area of about 197,000 square miles (510,000 square km) and averages 1,000 feet (300 metres) in elevation. The Pilbara includes one

Australia: Tectonic framework: …such as the Yilgarn and Pilbara blocks of the Western Shield, enclosed by later orogenic (mountain) belts. The second is as the basement to a younger cover of Phanerozoic sediment (deposited during the past 541 million years); for example, all the sedimentary basins west of the Tasman Line are underlain…

Pilbara, region of northwestern Western Australia, extending south from the De Grey River to the Ashburton River and as far as 450 miles (720 km) inland. It occupies an area of about 197,000 square miles (510,000 square km) and averages 1,000 feet (300 metres) in elevation. The Pilbara includes one

Ramapithecus: …his student English-born American anthropologist David Pilbeam and soon gained wide acceptance among anthropologists. The age of the fossils (about 14 million years) fit well with the then-prevailing notion that the ape-human split had occurred at least 15 million years ago. The first challenge to the theory came in the…

pilchard, a species of sardine (q.v.) found in Europe. It is the local name in Great Britain and

Pilcher Hawk, monoplane glider designed, built, and first flown by the English aviator Percy Sinclair Pilcher in 1896. (Read Orville Wright’s 1929 biography of his brother, Wilbur.) Pilcher completed work on four gliders between 1895 and 1899: Bat (1895), Beetle (1895), Gull (1896), and Hawk

Percy Sinclair Pilcher was a British aviation pioneer and glider experimenter. Trained as a naval cadet, Pilcher served for six years as a midshipman before beginning an apprenticeship with a Glasgow shipbuilding firm. In 1893 he found employment as an assistant lecturer to a professor of marine

Pilcomayo River, chief western tributary of the Paraguay River, south-central South America. It rises in the eastern Andes Mountains in Bolivia and flows in a southeasterly direction through the Gran Chaco plains of Paraguay to join the Paraguay River opposite Asunción, after a course of 1,550

hemorrhoid, mass formed by distension of the network of veins under the mucous membrane that lines the anal channel or under the skin lining the external portion of the anus. A form of varicose vein, a hemorrhoid may develop from anal infection or from increase in intra-abdominal pressure, such as

pile, in building construction, a postlike foundation member used from prehistoric times. In modern civil engineering, piles of timber, steel, or concrete are driven into the ground to support a structure; bridge piers may be supported on groups of large-diameter piles. On unstable soils, piles are

pile, in textiles, the surface of a cloth composed of an infinite number of loops of warp threads, or else of an infinite number of free ends of either warp or of weft, or filling, threads that stand erect from the foundation or ground structure of the cloth. In looped pile the loops are uncut; in

pile: …driven into the ground by pile drivers, machines consisting usually of a high frame with appliances for raising and dropping a pile hammer or for supporting and guiding a stream or air hammer.

Pilea, genus of 600–715 species of herbaceous creeping plants in the nettle family (Urticaceae) but lacking the stinging hairs typical of that family. The plants are widespread in temperate and tropical regions worldwide. A few are useful as border-edging plants in warm areas, and many varieties

Pilea: …expel their pollen when mature; aluminum plant, or watermelon pilea (P. cadierei), with silvery markings on glossy dark green leaves; Chinese money plant (P. peperomioides), with long petioles (leaf stalks) attached to the centre of the undersides of the round leaves; and friendship plant, or panamiga (P. involucrata), with quilted…

Pilea: Giant baby tears, or depressed clearweed (P. depressa), of similar habit, has small, smooth green leaves.

Pilea: …of the round leaves; and friendship plant, or panamiga (P. involucrata), with quilted bronzy leaves.

Pilea: Especially popular are the artillery plant, or rockweed (Pilea microphylla), with fine fernlike foliage and anthers that forcefully expel their pollen when mature; aluminum plant, or watermelon pilea (P. cadierei), with silvery markings on glossy dark green leaves; Chinese money plant (P. peperomioides), with long petioles (leaf stalks) attached…

Pilea: …of several basket plants called creeping charlie, or Swedish ivy, is P. nummulariifolia, with small, round, quilted leaves and a vigorous trailing habit. Giant baby tears, or depressed clearweed (P. depressa), of similar habit, has small, smooth green leaves.

Pilea: …on glossy dark green leaves; Chinese money plant (P. peperomioides), with long petioles (leaf stalks) attached to the centre of the undersides of the round leaves; and friendship plant, or panamiga (P. involucrata), with quilted bronzy leaves.

gibbon: The pileated gibbon (H. pileatus), of southeastern Thailand and western Cambodia, has white hands and feet; the male is black and the female buff with a black cap and chest patch. The difference in colour comes about with age; the juveniles are buff and both sexes…

woodpecker: …of temperate Eurasia, and the pileated woodpecker (D. pileatus), which is some 40–47 cm (15.5–18.25 inches) in size and inhabits mature forests of much of temperate North America.

harbours and sea works: The piled jetty: …and most obvious is the piled jetty—its piles can be driven from floating craft and the deck and superstructure added thereto, working wholly above water. In regions in which there is a large tidal range, it may sometimes be both advantageous and necessary to take the opportunity provided by extremely…

Martin Scorsese: Films of the 1990s: GoodFellas, Cape Fear, and Casino: Adapted from Nicholas Pileggi’s nonfiction Wiseguy, this knowing portrait of small-time Brooklyn mobster Henry Hill’s life and crimes (scripted by Pileggi and Scorsese) was as authentic as any Scorsese film since Raging Bull. Ray Liotta played Hill, and Paul Sorvino, Joe Pesci, Lorraine Bracco, and De Niro…

kilim, pileless floor covering handwoven in most places where pile rugs are made. The term is applied both generally and specifically, with the former use referring to virtually any ruglike fabric that does not have pile. When used specifically the term refers to a more limited number of

hemorrhoid, mass formed by distension of the network of veins under the mucous membrane that lines the anal channel or under the skin lining the external portion of the anus. A form of varicose vein, a hemorrhoid may develop from anal infection or from increase in intra-abdominal pressure, such as

Nicolas Poussin: Legacy: …into a theoretical dispute with Roger de Piles; their respective sides were known as Poussinists and Rubenists, the former upholding the importance of line over colour and the latter the reverse. The Rubenists eventually triumphed, and the result was the art of Antoine Watteau and the Rococo.

mushroom: Form and major groups: …consists of a cap (pileus) and a stalk (stipe). The sporophore emerges from an extensive underground network of threadlike strands (mycelium). An example of an agaric is the honey mushroom (Armillaria mellea). Mushroom mycelia may live hundreds of years or die in a few months, depending on the available…

pileus, close-fitting, brimless hat worn by the ancient Romans and copied from the Greek sailor’s hat called the pilos. In Roman times the head was generally left uncovered, but commoners and freed slaves sometimes wore the felt pileus. The hat was again popular during the Renaissance, especially

rag worm, any of a group of mostly marine or shore worms of the class Polychaeta (phylum Annelida). A few species live in fresh water. Other common names include mussel worm, pileworm, and sandworm. Rag worms vary in length from 2.5 to 90 cm (1 inch to 3 feet); they are commonly brown, bright red,

shipworm, any of the approximately 65 species of marine bivalve mollusks of the family Teredidae (Teredinidae). Shipworms are common in most oceans and seas and are important because of the destruction they cause in wooden ship hulls, wharves, and other submerged wooden structures. Only a small

celandine: The lesser celandine, or pilewort (Ranunculus ficaria), is a member of the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae). It has heart-shaped leaves and typical buttercup flowers. Native to Europe, it has become naturalized in North America.

Eric Gill: …for machine use and renamed Pilgrim in 1953.

Annie Dillard: In her Pulitzer Prize-winning collection Pilgrim at Tinker Creek (1974), she distilled from keen observations of her own habitat the essential enigmas of religious mysticism. Critics hailed the work as an American original in the spirit of Henry David Thoreau’s Walden. Holy the Firm (1977) and Teaching a Stone to…

pilgrim bottle, vessel with a body varying from an almost full circle, flattened, to a pear shape with a shortish neck, a spreading foot, and, generally, two loops on the shoulders. Through the loops either a chain or a cord was passed for carrying the bottle or for maintaining the stopper in

Pilgrim Fathers, in American colonial history, settlers of Plymouth, Massachusetts, the first permanent colony in New England (1620). Of the 102 colonists, 35 were members of the English Separatist Church (a radical faction of Puritanism) who had earlier fled to Leiden, the Netherlands, to escape

Pilgrim Festivals, in Judaism, the three festivals on which male Israelites were required to go to Jerusalem to offer sacrifice at the Temple and bring offerings of the produce from their fields. In the synagogue liturgy, special Psalms (called collectively Hallel) are read and prayers are recited

Wesleyan Church, U.S. Protestant church, organized in 1968 by the merger of the Wesleyan Methodist Church of America and the Pilgrim Holiness Church. The Wesleyan Methodist Church originated in 1843 after members of the Methodist Episcopal Church withdrew from that church to organize a

ballad: Medieval romance: …and Solomon, the Spanish “Pilgrim to Compostela” and the French and Catalonian ballads on the penance of Mary Magdalene reshape canonical stories radically.

Anthony Of Novgorod: …importance derives mainly from his Pilgrim’s Book, written during a visit to Constantinople about 1200. The book is unique for information on late 12th-century Constantinople and as the most comprehensive source on its archaeology and religious culture before the French and Venetian pillage (1204) during the Fourth Crusade.