Aron Nimzowitsch: …theories of play, including the Nimzowitsch-Indian defense.

Anaïs Nin was a French-born author of novels and short stories whose literary reputation rests on the eight published volumes of her personal diaries. Her writing shows the influence of the Surrealist movement and her study of psychoanalysis under Otto Rank. Brought to New York City by her mother

caravel: …in 1492 were caravels, the Niña and the Pinta.

Zoe Saldana: … in the badly received biopic Nina (2016). Her later credits included the thrillers Live by Night (2016) and I Kill Giants (2017) and the horror comedy Vampires vs. the Bronx (2020).

Nanshe: …religion, Sumerian city goddess of Nina (modern Surghul, Iraq) in the southeastern part of the Lagash region of Mesopotamia. According to tradition, Nanshe’s father Enki (Akkadian: Ea) organized the universe and placed her in charge of fish and fishing. Nanshe was also described as a divine soothsayer and dream interpreter.…

Robert Ricci: …of the renowned Parisian couturier Nina Ricci, which was equally acclaimed for its elegant haute couture and for its perfumes.

pre-Columbian civilizations: Civil war on the eve of the Spanish conquest: …several candidates for the throne: Ninan Cuyuchi who was in Tumipampas with his father; Atahuallpa (’Ataw Wallpa), who was also in the north; Huascar (Washkar), who was apparently in Cuzco; Manco Inca (Manqo ’Inka), whose mother belonged to ’Iñaqa (the royal corporation of Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui); Topa Huallpa (Thupa Wallpa);…

Ninazu, in Mesopotamian religion, Sumerian deity, the city god of Enegir, which was located on the Euphrates River between Larsa and Ur in the southern orchard region. Ninazu was also the city god of Eshnunna (modern Tall al-Asmar in eastern Iraq). Ninazu, whose name means “Water Knower,” was

Marion Cotillard: …2009 Cotillard also appeared in Nine. The musical featured an all-star cast that included Daniel Day-Lewis, Penélope Cruz, Nicole Kidman, and Kate Hudson.

number symbolism: 9: In contrast to 8, the number 9 often represents pain or sadness. The 16th-century Catholic theologian Peter Bungus pointed out that the Ninth Psalm predicts the coming of the Antichrist. In Islamic cosmology the universe is made from nine spheres—the traditional eight of Ptolemy,…

billiards: Pocket billiards, or pool: Nine ball is often played in professional pool tournaments. In this game the object is to pocket the 9 ball after the cue ball first makes contact with the lowest-numbered ball on the table. As long as a shot first contacts the lowest ball, any…

R. Buckminster Fuller: Legacy: Fuller’s book Nine Chains to the Moon (1938) is an outline of his general technological strategy for maximizing the social applications of energy resources. He further developed this and other themes in such works as No More Secondhand God (1962), Utopia or Oblivion (1969), Operating Manual for…

East Asian mathematics: The textual sources: …Chinese is Jiuzhang suanshu (The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art), which contains arithmetic, algebraic, and geometric algorithms, presented in relation to problems, some of which evoke the duties of the civil administration: surveying fields (areas), levying taxes according to various types of grains (ratios), determining wages for civil…

East Asian mathematics: The textual sources: …Chinese is Jiuzhang suanshu (The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art), which contains arithmetic, algebraic, and geometric algorithms, presented in relation to problems, some of which evoke the duties of the civil administration: surveying fields (areas), levying taxes according to various types of grains (ratios), determining wages for civil…

East Asian mathematics: The textual sources: …Chinese is Jiuzhang suanshu (The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art), which contains arithmetic, algebraic, and geometric algorithms, presented in relation to problems, some of which evoke the duties of the civil administration: surveying fields (areas), levying taxes according to various types of grains (ratios), determining wages for civil…

history of Central Asia: The Uyghur empire: This new empire comprised many tribes and seems to have been headed by a smaller tribal confederation standing under Uyghur leadership. This federation is referred to in Chinese sources as the Nine Clans (Jiuxing), whereas Islamic sources and the Orhon inscriptions call it…

tapestry: 14th century: …same Parisian workshop is the Nine Heroes. This set is not a religious narrative but illustrates the chivalric text Histoire des neuf preux (“Story of the Nine Heroes”) by the early 14th-century wandering minstrel, or jongleur, Jacques de Longuyon.

Mark Robson: Later films: Next was Nine Hours to Rama (1963), an ambitious drama about the events leading up to Gandhi’s assassination. Robson reteamed with Newman on The Prize (1963), a political thriller adapted from Irving Wallace’s sensationalist best seller. Von Ryan’s Express (1965) was one of Frank Sinatra’s better films,…

Nine Inch Nails, American alternative rock act known for dark and tortured industrial rock songs. Nine Inch Nails was essentially a stage name for singer and multi-instrumentalist Trent Reznor (b. Michael Trent Reznor, May 17, 1965, Mercer, Pennsylvania, U.S.). Nine Inch Nails began in Cleveland in

Aerosmith: The band’s next release, Nine Lives (1997), reached the top of the Billboard album chart, and the single “Pink” garnered a Grammy.

Nine Men’s Morris, board game of great antiquity, most popular in Europe during the 14th century and played throughout the world in various forms. The board is made up of three concentric squares and several transversals, making 24 points of intersection. In modern play the diagonal lines of the

Turkey: Political repressions: …an alleged plot (the so-called Nine Officers’ Plot) was unearthed; some of the accused were so clearly innocent that punishment ultimately fell upon the accuser, but it appears that there indeed had been a conspiracy of some sort.

history of Central Asia: The Uyghur empire: This new empire comprised many tribes and seems to have been headed by a smaller tribal confederation standing under Uyghur leadership. This federation is referred to in Chinese sources as the Nine Clans (Jiuxing), whereas Islamic sources and the Orhon inscriptions call it…

David E. Kelley: He reteamed with Kidman on Nine Perfect Strangers (2021), a miniseries that was also adapted from a Moriarty novel; it centres on a group of people who seek help from a mysterious guru at a wellness retreat. In 2022 Kelley created and cowrote Anatomy of a Scandal, a miniseries that…

Lily Tomlin: Tomlin rebounded with Nine to Five (1980), a hugely popular comedy about coworkers (Tomlin, Jane Fonda, and Dolly Parton) who decide to kill their sexist boss (Dabney Coleman). A series of comedies followed, though they were less successful. During that time Tomlin also starred in the one-woman Broadway…

TV on the Radio: …returned to the studio for Nine Types of Light (2011), an ambitious departure that traded the driving bass of Dear Science for torch-song lyrics and rock-ballad instrumentation. The band addressed loss on the cathartic Seeds (2014).

ancient Greek civilization: Athens’s moves northward: …colonizing expedition sent to the Nine Ways, the site of the later Amphipolis, was less successful. If silver was one coveted commodity, ship-building timber was another, and the desire for the latter was a large part of Athens’s motive for getting a foothold in the Amphipolis region. The Nine Ways…

Shirley Ann Grau: …The Wind Shifting West (1973), Nine Women (1985), and Selected Stories (2003).

Richard Johnson: …Johnson’s life, though in his Nine Worthies of London (1592) he referred to himself as an apprentice. He may have been employed in the household of Queen Anne, wife of King James I. Among his many other works is a book of ballads, The Crowne Garland of Golden Roses (1612).

Osman Lins: …works that secured his reputation: Nove, Novena (1966; Nine, Novena), consisting of nine narratives; Avalovara (1973; Eng. trans. Avalovara), a novel; and A rainha dos cárceres da Grécia (1976; The Queen of the Prisons of Greece). These works subject fictional narrative to an order determined by external elements of “literary…

armadillo: The three-, six-, and nine-banded armadillos are named for the number of movable bands in their armour. Only one species, the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus), is found in the United States. Its range has expanded into several southern states since it was first observed in Texas during the 1800s.…

20th-century international relations: The organization of power in the Pacific: A Nine-Power Pact obliged all parties to respect “the sovereignty, the independence, and the territorial and administrative integrity of the state of China” and the commercial Open Door. A separate Sino-Japanese agreement provided for Japanese evacuation of Shantung. In a Five-Power Treaty on naval armaments, Britain,…

20th-century international relations: The organization of power in the Pacific: A Nine-Power Pact obliged all parties to respect “the sovereignty, the independence, and the territorial and administrative integrity of the state of China” and the commercial Open Door. A separate Sino-Japanese agreement provided for Japanese evacuation of Shantung. In a Five-Power Treaty on naval armaments, Britain,…

stickleback: The nine-spined stickleback (Pungitius pungitius), a species that is similar in size to G. aculeatus but has more dorsal spines, is another widely distributed form found in the Northern Hemisphere. Other stickleback species include the brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans), an inhabitant of North American fresh waters;…

ladybug: The pattern of the nine-spotted ladybird beetle (Coccinella novemnotata), which has four black spots on each reddish orange wing cover (elytron) and one shared spot, is an example of the typical colour pattern of ladybird beetles.

marble: In bridgeboard, or nineholes, a board with several numbered arches is set up, and players try to shoot their marbles through the arches. A Chinese marble game consists of kicking a marble against an opponent’s to make the latter rebound in a specified direction. Local, regional,…

Japan: The growth of the northern problem: …was also known as the ninen nashi or “no second thought” law. It was never fully carried out because of opposition by a number of officials, including Matsudaira Sadanobu. In 1842, upon hearing the news of China’s defeat in the Opium War, the bakufu responded to foreign demands for the…

ninepins, bowling game that probably originated in continental Europe during the Middle Ages. Many regional variations of the game developed. Early German ninepins lanes were made of clay or cinders; later a single long plank about one foot wide was added, on which the ball was rolled. The pins

Ryan Reynolds: Hollywood career: The dramas The Nines (2007), Fireflies in the Garden (2008), and Chaos Theory (2008) were all poorly received both critically and commercially, and Atom Egoyan’s thriller The Captive (2014), in which Reynolds stars as the father of a kidnapped girl, was booed by audiences and panned by…

number symbolism: 19: Eclipses of the Sun tend to recur in periods of 19 years. The Babylonians considered the 19th day of the month to be unlucky because it was 49 days from the beginning of the previous month (add 30), and, since 49 = 7 ×…

Australia: An authoritarian society: …area was designated as the Nineteen Counties in 1829, and settlement beyond that limit was discouraged.

Bahāʾī Faith: Practices: …marriage; and to attend the Nineteen Day Feast on the first day of each month of the Bahāʾī calendar. If capable, those between the ages of 15 and 70 are required to fast 19 days a year, going without food or drink from sunrise to sunset. The Nineteen Day Feast,…

Richard Burton: …The Wild Geese (1978), and 1984 (1984), the latter of which was his final feature film. Burton also occasionally appeared on television, notably playing Winston Churchill in the TV movie The Gathering Storm (1974) and Richard Wagner in the miniseries Wagner, which first aired in the early 1980s and later…

Nineteen Eighty-four, novel by English author George Orwell published in 1949 as a warning against totalitarianism. The novel’s chilling dystopia made a deep impression on readers, and Orwell’s ideas entered mainstream culture in a way achieved by very few books. The book’s title and many of its

Samson Raphael Hirsch: …Neunzehn Briefe über Judenthum (1836; Nineteen Letters of Ben Uziel), in which he expounded Neo-Orthodoxy. This system required two chief courses of action: (1) an educational program that combined strict training in the Torah (Jewish Law) with a modern secular education—so that Orthodoxy could withstand the challenge of Reform Judaism,…

Charles I: Conflict with Parliament: …London sent the king the Nineteen Propositions, which included demands that no ministers should be appointed without parliamentary approval, that the army should be put under parliamentary control, and that Parliament should decide about the future of the church. Charles realized that these proposals were an ultimatum; yet he returned…

Roaring Twenties, colloquial term for the 1920s, especially within the United States and other Western countries where the decade was characterized by economic prosperity, rapid social and cultural change, and a mood of exuberant optimism. The liveliness of the period stands in marked contrast to

Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Fadeyev: …first important novel, Razgrom (1927; The Nineteen), which deals with a ragged band of 19 Red guerrilla fighters trapped between the Whites and the Japanese. Each of the 19 characters is treated in the round. Especially notable is the portrait of their leader, the positive hero Levinson, a disciplined communist…

Nineteenth Amendment, amendment (1920) to the Constitution of the United States that officially extended the right to vote to women. Opposition to woman suffrage in the United States predated the Constitutional Convention (1787), which drafted and adopted the Constitution. The prevailing view

Ninety Mile Beach, western coast of Aupori Peninsula, the northernmost extension of North Auckland Peninsula, North Island, New Zealand. It stretches for 55 miles (88 km) from Scott Point (northwest) to Ahipara Bay (southwest) and is bordered by scrubland and sand dunes. In 1643 the Dutch navigator

Ninety-five Theses, propositions for debate concerned with the question of indulgences, written (in Latin) and possibly posted by Martin Luther on the door of the Schlosskirche (Castle Church), Wittenberg, on October 31, 1517. This event came to be considered the beginning of the Protestant

Louise McPhetridge Thaden: …officially incorporated in 1931 as The Ninety-Nines, after the number of charter members. Thaden served as the organization’s first secretary and Earhart as its first president; The Ninety-Nines exists to this day. On Sept. 4, 1936, Thaden and fellow aviator Blanche Noyes, flying a Beechcraft Staggerwing, a large and powerful…

Victor Hugo: Exile (1851–70) of Victor Hugo: Hugo’s last novel, Quatre-vingt-treize (1874; Ninety-three), centred on the tumultuous year 1793 in France and portrayed human justice and charity against the background of the French Revolution.

Thomas McGuane: …The Bushwhacked Piano (1971), and Ninety-two in the Shade (1973)—present the central plot and theme of his early fiction: a man, usually from a secure family, exiles himself from American society (which he despises for its materialism and triviality), removes himself to an isolated locale, and then finds a reason—alienation,…

aseismic ridge: The Ninetyeast Ridge is thought to have originated from hot spot volcanic activity now located at the Kerguelen Islands near Antarctica. These islands lie atop the Kerguelen Plateau, which also originated from volcanism at this hot spot. The Ninetyeast Ridge stretches parallel to 90° E longitude…

Nineveh, the oldest and most-populous city of the ancient Assyrian empire, situated on the east bank of the Tigris River and encircled by the modern city of Mosul, Iraq. Nineveh was located at the intersection of important north-south and east-west trade routes, and its proximity to a tributary of

archaeology: The Mediterranean and the Middle East: …popular account of his excavations, Nineveh and Its Remains (1849), became the earliest and one of the most successful archaeological best-sellers. In 1846 Henry Creswicke Rawlinson became the first man to decipher the Mesopotamian cuneiform writing. Toward the end of the 19th century, systematic excavation revealed a previously unknown people,…

Generations of bitter warfare characterize the history of the ancient Near East, and especially that of ancient Mesopotamia. In a concerted campaign to end Assyrian dominance Babylonia led an alliance in an attack in 612 bce against the Assyrian capital, Nineveh, the ruins of which are now

Giovanni Boccaccio: Early works: …to 1345 he worked on Il ninfale d’Ameto (“Ameto’s Story of the Nymphs”), in prose and terza rima; L’amorosa visione (“The Amorous Vision”; 1342–43), a mediocre allegorical poem of 50 short cantos in terza rima; the prose Elegia di Madonna Fiammetta (1343–44); and the poem Il ninfale fiesolano (perhaps 1344–45;…

Giovanni Boccaccio: Early works: …Fiammetta (1343–44); and the poem Il ninfale fiesolano (perhaps 1344–45; “Tale of the Fiesole Nymph”), in ottava rima, on the love of the shepherd Africo for the nymph Mensola.

Marc Andreessen: …along with Gina Bianchini, created Ning, which means “peace” in Chinese. Andreessen served as chairman of the company, which allows users to create social networks to fit their interests.

Ningxia, autonomous region located in north-central China. It is bounded to the east in part by Shaanxi province; to the east, south, and west by Gansu province; and to the north by the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Most of the region is desert, but the vast plain of the Huang He (Yellow River)

Ningbo, city, northeastern Zhejiang sheng (province), China. Ningbo (“Calm Waves”) is situated in the low-lying coastal plain on the Yong River, some 16 miles (25 km) upstream from its mouth in Hangzhou Bay, at the confluence where two tributaries, the Yuyao and Fenghua rivers, join the main

Ningzong was the 13th emperor of the Song dynasty (960–1279), whose reign (1195–1224) is noted as a period of intellectual and cultural achievement; Zhu Xi, the great Neo-Confucian philosopher, wrote some of his most famous works during this time. The government, however, was plagued by rising

Sin: His consort, Ningal, was a reed goddess. Each spring, Nanna’s worshipers reenacted his mythological visit to his father, Enlil, at Nippur with a ritual journey, carrying with them the first dairy products of the year. Gradually Nanna became more human: from being depicted as a bull or…

Ningbo, city, northeastern Zhejiang sheng (province), China. Ningbo (“Calm Waves”) is situated in the low-lying coastal plain on the Yong River, some 16 miles (25 km) upstream from its mouth in Hangzhou Bay, at the confluence where two tributaries, the Yuyao and Fenghua rivers, join the main

Wang Shu: …his signature work is the Ningbo History Museum (completed 2008), which epitomizes his architectural philosophy. Like his other work, it incorporates local recycled materials—tiles, bricks, and stones—and combines modern technologies with traditional crafts and attention to the building’s site. It provided a striking contrast to the ultramodern structures of urban…

Kobayashi Masaki: …trilogy, Ningen no joken (The Human Condition: No Greater Love, 1959; Road to Eternity, 1959; A Soldier’s Prayer, 1961), a monumental criticism of war, constitutes the best example of his films of social concern.

Ninurta, in Mesopotamian religion, city god of Girsu (Ṭalʿah, or Telloh) in the Lagash region. Ninurta was originally the Sumerian god of springtime thunder and rainstorms and of the plow and plowing and was later a deity of war. His earliest name was Imdugud, which means “rain cloud,” and his

Ningishzida, in Mesopotamian religion, Sumerian deity, city god of Gishbanda, near Ur in the southern orchard region. Although Ningishzida was a power of the netherworld, where he held the office of throne bearer, he seems to have originally been a tree god, for his name apparently means “Lord

Sranan, creole language spoken in Suriname (formerly Dutch Guiana) in northeastern South America. Sranan is spoken by almost the entire population of Suriname as either a first or a second language, as well as by a large emigrant population in the Netherlands. It functions as a lingua franca and as

Ningxia, autonomous region located in north-central China. It is bounded to the east in part by Shaanxi province; to the east, south, and west by Gansu province; and to the north by the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Most of the region is desert, but the vast plain of the Huang He (Yellow River)

Ningxia: Land: …the most part of the Ningxia plain of the Huang He. The river enters Ningxia from the Qinghai plateau in Gansu and flows east and then north into Inner Mongolia. West of the plain are the Helan Mountains. These mountains serve as a shelter against the sandstorms from the Tengger…

Chindwin River, main tributary of the Irrawaddy River, northern Myanmar (Burma). The Chindwin is formed in the Pātkai and Kumon ranges of the Indo-Myanmar border by a network of headstreams including the Tanai, Tawan, and Taron. Called Ningthi by the Manipuris of India, it drains northwest through

Ninhar, in Mesopotamian religion, Sumerian deity, city god of Kiabrig, near Ur in the southern herding region. Ninhar was god of the thunder and rainstorms that made the desert green with pasturage in the spring; as such he was represented in the form of a roaring bull. He was the son of Nanna

Ningxia, autonomous region located in north-central China. It is bounded to the east in part by Shaanxi province; to the east, south, and west by Gansu province; and to the north by the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Most of the region is desert, but the vast plain of the Huang He (Yellow River)

Ningxia carpet, floor covering woven in Hui Autonomous Region of Ningxia, China, characterized by stylized floral designs and subtle use of blue, red, and beige. Geometric patterns are sometimes used. The heavy wool pile of the Ningxia is cut so that the design is in relief. The foundation weave is

Ningxia, autonomous region located in north-central China. It is bounded to the east in part by Shaanxi province; to the east, south, and west by Gansu province; and to the north by the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Most of the region is desert, but the vast plain of the Huang He (Yellow River)

Uno Chiyo: … theatre and in 1942 published Ningyōshi Tenguya Hisakichi (“The Doll-Maker Tenguya Hisakichi”). She wrote the narrative in the voice of Tenguya Hisakichi, a carver of Bunraku puppets, as though she were telling his own story, a device she would later use in perhaps her finest work, the novella Ohan (1957;…

Ningzong was the 13th emperor of the Song dynasty (960–1279), whose reign (1195–1224) is noted as a period of intellectual and cultural achievement; Zhu Xi, the great Neo-Confucian philosopher, wrote some of his most famous works during this time. The government, however, was plagued by rising

Ninhar, in Mesopotamian religion, Sumerian deity, city god of Kiabrig, near Ur in the southern herding region. Ninhar was god of the thunder and rainstorms that made the desert green with pasturage in the spring; as such he was represented in the form of a roaring bull. He was the son of Nanna

Ninhursag, in Mesopotamian religion, city goddess of Adab and of Kish in the northern herding regions; she was the goddess of the stony, rocky ground, the hursag. In particular, she had the power in the foothills and desert to produce wildlife. Especially prominent among her offspring were the

Ninhursag, in Mesopotamian religion, city goddess of Adab and of Kish in the northern herding regions; she was the goddess of the stony, rocky ground, the hursag. In particular, she had the power in the foothills and desert to produce wildlife. Especially prominent among her offspring were the

St. Ninian ; feast day September 16) was a bishop generally credited as the first Christian missionary to Scotland, responsible for widespread conversions among the Celts and possibly the Southern Picts. The two primary historical sources about Ninian’s life and work are of dubious reliability.

St. Ninian ; feast day September 16) was a bishop generally credited as the first Christian missionary to Scotland, responsible for widespread conversions among the Celts and possibly the Southern Picts. The two primary historical sources about Ninian’s life and work are of dubious reliability.

Ninigi, Japanese deity, grandson of the sun goddess Amaterasu. Ninigi’s supposed descent to earth established the divine origin of the Yamato clan, the Imperial house of Japan. He is said to have been the great-grandfather of the first emperor, Jimmu. Amaterasu delegated Ninigi to assume ownership

Ignatius Donnelly: …Nininger, he founded the boomtown Nininger City, intended as a cultural as well as an industrial centre. There he edited the erudite Emigrant Aid Journal, published in both English and German, to attract settlers. The scheme was successful at first, but a financial panic in 1857 caused abandonment of the…

Bau, in Mesopotamian religion, city goddess of Urukug in the Lagash region of Sumer and, under the name Nininsina, the Queen of Isin, city goddess of Isin, south of Nippur. In Nippur she was called Ninnibru, Queen of Nippur. Bau seems originally to have been goddess of the dog; as Nininsina she was

Japan: Commerce, cities, and culture: … is constantly in conflict with ninjō (“human feelings,” especially love), and this tension provides the drama in many of his works. Beginning with his Shinjū ten no Amijima (1720; The Love Suicide of Amijima), the leading male and female characters in his sewamono dramas are unable to resolve the contradictions…

martial art: …the most versatile practice was ninjutsu, which was developed for military spies in feudal Japan and also included training in disguise, escape, concealment, geography, meteorology, medicine, and explosives. In modern times, derivatives of some of the armed martial arts, such as kendō (fencing) and kyūdō (archery), are practiced as sports.…

Bau, in Mesopotamian religion, city goddess of Urukug in the Lagash region of Sumer and, under the name Nininsina, the Queen of Isin, city goddess of Isin, south of Nippur. In Nippur she was called Ninnibru, Queen of Nippur. Bau seems originally to have been goddess of the dog; as Nininsina she was

Ninlil, Mesopotamian goddess, the consort of the god Enlil and a deity of destiny. She was worshiped especially at Nippur and Shuruppak and was the mother of the moon god, Sin (Sumerian: Nanna). In Assyrian documents Belit is sometimes identified with Ishtar (Sumerian: Inanna) of Nineveh and

Ninhursag, in Mesopotamian religion, city goddess of Adab and of Kish in the northern herding regions; she was the goddess of the stony, rocky ground, the hursag. In particular, she had the power in the foothills and desert to produce wildlife. Especially prominent among her offspring were the

lacquerwork: Japan: …for Buddhist scriptures in the Ninna-ji at Kyōto, made at the beginning of the 10th century, which bears an inscription dated 919. The case is in black lacquer, sprinkled with gold dust and with a pattern of flowers, clouds, birds, and Buddhist winged genii in gold and silver togidashi.

St. Ninian ; feast day September 16) was a bishop generally credited as the first Christian missionary to Scotland, responsible for widespread conversions among the Celts and possibly the Southern Picts. The two primary historical sources about Ninian’s life and work are of dubious reliability.

El Niño, in oceanography and climatology, the anomalous appearance, every few years, of unusually warm ocean conditions along the tropical west coast of South America. This event is associated with adverse effects on fishing, agriculture, and local weather from Ecuador to Chile and with far-field

Georgian Orthodox church: Nino, early in the 4th century. Thereafter, Georgia remained in the ecclesiastical sphere of Antioch and also under the influence of neighbouring Armenia. Its autocephaly was probably granted by the Eastern Roman emperor Zeno (474–491) with the consent of the patriarch of Antioch, Peter the…

Ninomiya Sontoku was a Japanese agrarian reformer who helped improve agricultural techniques and whose writings exalting rural life earned him the affectionate title of the “Peasant Sage of Japan.” Born into a poor family, Ninomiya was completely self-educated. Through diligence and careful

Ninomiya Sontoku was a Japanese agrarian reformer who helped improve agricultural techniques and whose writings exalting rural life earned him the affectionate title of the “Peasant Sage of Japan.” Born into a poor family, Ninomiya was completely self-educated. Through diligence and careful

Ninotchka, American romantic comedy film, released in 1939, that featured Greta Garbo in a rare nondramatic role and was marketed with the tagline “Garbo Laughs!” The comedy stars Garbo as Ninotchka, a stern, committed communist functionary sent to Paris to rein in diplomats sent there to sell