Tevfik Fikret was a poet who is considered the founder of the modern school of Turkish poetry. The son of an Ottoman government official, Tevfik Fikret was educated at Galatasaray Lycée, where he later became principal. As a young writer he became editor of the avant-garde periodical Servet-i Fünun

Croatian literature: …time include Vladimir Vidrić and Vladimir Nazor. The leading figure of the early Modernist phase until World War I was Antun Gustav Matoš. He edited the anthology Mlada hrvatska lirika (1914; “The Young Croatian Lyric”), which marked the zenith of such verse. Between the wars, avant-garde poetry continued to be…

Nazarene, in the New Testament, a title applied to Jesus and, later, to those who followed his teachings (Acts 24:5). In the Greek text there appear two forms of the word: the simple form, Nazarēnos, meaning “of Nazareth,” and the peculiar form, Nazōraios. Before its association with the locality,

Nazret, town, central Ethiopia, 62 miles (100 km) southeast of Addis Ababa. It is a road junction and rail station on the main route between Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa. Beginning in the 1950s, economic development brought rapid population growth to Nazret. A giant sugar plantation and factory near

Ob River: Physiography: …the Great Salym (left), the Nazym (right), and finally, at Khanty-Mansiysk, the Irtysh (left). In its course through the taiga, the middle Ob has a minimal gradient, a valley broadening to 18 to 30 miles (29 to 48 km) wide, and a correspondingly broadening floodplain—12 to 18 miles (19 to…

Ibrāhīm al-Naẓẓām was a brilliant Muslim theologian, a man of letters, and a poet, historian, and jurist. Naẓẓām spent his youth in Basra, moving to Baghdad as a young man. There he studied speculative theology (kalām) under the great Muʿtazilite theologian Abū al-Hudhayl al-ʿAllāf but soon broke

Mikhāʾīl Naʿīmah was a Lebanese literary critic, playwright, essayist, and short-story writer who helped introduce modern realism into Arabic prose fiction. Naʿīmah was educated at schools in Lebanon, Palestine, Russia, and the United States. After graduating in law from Washington State University

niobium (Nb), chemical element, refractory metal of Group 5 (Vb) of the periodic table, used in alloys, tools and dies, and superconductive magnets. Niobium is closely associated with tantalum in ores and in properties. Due to the great chemical similarity of niobium and tantalum, the establishment

Medha Patkar: …which in 1989 became the Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA; Save the Narmada). The NBA’s major aim was to provide project information and legal representation to the concerned residents of the Narmada valley.

National Basketball Association (NBA), professional basketball league formed in the United States in 1949 by the merger of two rival organizations, the National Basketball League (founded 1937) and the Basketball Association of America (founded 1946). In 1976 the NBA absorbed four teams from the

T. Berry Brazelton: …and his colleagues developed the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS), an assessment tool for newborn behaviour. The NBAS can serve as an early indicator of developmental abnormalities, and it has also been used to measure the impacts on infants’ neurological functioning of numerous variables during pregnancy and birth.

basketball: The early years: This group was renamed the National Basketball Committee (NBC) of the United States and Canada in 1936 and until 1979 served as the game’s sole amateur rule-making body. In that year, however, the colleges broke away to form their own rules committee, and during the same year the National Federation…

National Broadcasting Co., Inc. (NBC), major American commercial broadcasting company, since 2004 the television component of NBCUniversal, which is owned by the Comcast Corporation. The oldest broadcasting network in the United States, the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) came into being on

Tom Brokaw: …selected Brokaw to coanchor the Nightly News with Roger Mudd. After a year, network executives made Brokaw the sole anchor of the show. He was in competition with news anchors Dan Rather at CBS and Peter Jennings at ABC, and for the next two decades the three anchors represented the…

NBC Symphony, American orchestra created in 1937 by the National Broadcasting Company expressly for the internationally renowned conductor Arturo Toscanini. Based in New York City, the orchestra gave weekly concerts that were broadcast worldwide over NBC radio. Often billed as the Toscanini

weapon of mass destruction (WMD), weapon with the capacity to inflict death and destruction on such a massive scale and so indiscriminately that its very presence in the hands of a hostile power can be considered a grievous threat. Modern weapons of mass destruction are either nuclear, biological,

Saturday Night Live (SNL), American sketch comedy and variety television series that has aired on Saturday nights on the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) network since 1975, becoming one of the longest-running programs in television. The series is a fixture of NBC programming and a landmark in

NBCUniversal, global media and entertainment company that develops, produces, and markets news and entertainment through its various subsidiaries. Its headquarters are in New York City. NBCUniversal was formed in 2004 via the merger of the American television network National Broadcasting Co., Inc.

NBCUniversal, global media and entertainment company that develops, produces, and markets news and entertainment through its various subsidiaries. Its headquarters are in New York City. NBCUniversal was formed in 2004 via the merger of the American television network National Broadcasting Co., Inc.

basketball: U.S. professional basketball: …2001 the NBA launched the National Basketball Development League (NBDL). The league served as a kind of “farm system” for the NBA. Through its first 50 years the NBA did not have an official system of player development or a true minor league system for bringing up young and inexperienced…

Combahee River Collective: Founding: …a breakaway group from the National Black Feminist Organization. After some disagreements with that organization’s failure to address class struggles faced by Black women, the group quickly became a coalition in its own right in 1974. According to Smith, the Combahee River Collective formed out of a desire to synthesize…

Johann Sebastian Bach: Revival of music: …BG was succeeded by the Neue Bach-Gesellschaft (NBG), which exists still, organizing festivals and publishing popular editions. Its chief publication is its research journal, the Bach-Jahrbuch (from 1904). By 1950 the deficiencies of the BG edition had become painfully obvious, and the Bach-Institut was founded, with headquarters at Göttingen and…

set theory: The Neumann-Bernays-Gödel axioms: The second axiomatization of set theory (see the Neumann-Bernays-Gödel axiomsNeumann-Bernays-Gödel axioms.

Ayn Rand: The Collective and the Nathaniel Branden Institute: In 1950 Rand agreed to meet a young admirer, Nathan Blumenthal, on the basis of his several articulate fan letters. The two established an immediate rapport, and Blumenthal and his girlfriend, Barbara Weidman, became Rand’s friends as well as her intellectual followers.…

singularity: …accepts the inevitability of so-called NBIC convergence, that is, the near-future synthesis of nanotech, biotech, infotech, and cognitive science. Because this volume was sponsored by the U.S. National Science Foundation and edited by two of its officers, Mihail Roco and Bainbridge, some saw it as a semiofficial government endorsement of…

basketball: U.S. professional basketball: …first professional league was the National Basketball League (NBL), formed in 1898. Its game differed from the college game in that a chicken-wire cage typically surrounded the court, separating players from often hostile fans. (Basketball players were long referred to as cagers.) The chicken wire was soon replaced with a…

nitrile rubber (NBR), an oil-resistant synthetic rubber produced from a copolymer of acrylonitrile and butadiene. Its main applications are in fuel hoses, gaskets, rollers, and other products in which oil resistance is required. In the production of NBR, acrylonitrile (CH2=CHCN) and butadiene

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce responsible for the standardization of weights and measures, timekeeping, and navigation. Established by an act of Congress in 1901, the agency works closely with the U.S. Naval Observatory and the

pro-choice movement: …Project in 1983 (renamed the Black Women’s Health Imperative in 2002) and eventually to a broader move away from the personal-liberty approach.

Oracle Corporation: …and vocal support for the Network Computer (NC). The NC was not as fully equipped as a standard personal computer and relied on computer servers for its data and software. Ellison, now Oracle’s chief executive officer (CEO), and partners such as Sun Microsystems’ Scott McNealy bet that business users of…

computer numerical control (CNC), in manufacturing, the control of a device, particularly machine tools, by direct input of data from a computer program. It is a principal element of computer-integrated manufacturing. CNC is also essential to the operation of industrial robots. CNC systems often

distress signal: …SOS, the international code signal NC, or the spoken word “Mayday” (pronounced like the French m’aider, “help me”), by radiotelephone. Distressed vessels may also actuate alarms of other vessels by a radio signal consisting of a series of 12 four-second dashes or by a radiotelephone signal consisting of two tones…

noise pollution: Noise regulation and mitigation: These have developed into the noise criteria (NC) and preferred noise criteria (PNC) curves, which provide limits on the level of noise introduced into the environment. The NC curves, developed in 1957, aim to provide a comfortable working or living environment by specifying the maximum allowable level of noise in…

David Watson Taylor: Navy, including the NC-4, first plane to fly the Atlantic (1919). He made many other contributions to aeronautics in 15 years of service on the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics.

cricket: The Cricket Council and the ECB: …County Cricket Board (TCCB), the National Cricket Association (NCA), and the MCC, was the result of these efforts. The TCCB, which amalgamated the Advisory County Cricket Committee and the Board of Control of Test Matches at Home, had responsibility for all first-class and minor-counties cricket in England and for overseas…

National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), organization in the United States that administers intercollegiate athletics. It was formed in 1906 as the Intercollegiate Athletic Association to draw up competition and eligibility rules for football and other intercollegiate sports. The NCAA

NCAA Division I men’s college basketball champions, winners of the annual National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I men’s college basketball tournament (commonly referred to as March Madness). The tournament’s field consists of 68 teams that either automatically qualify by winning

Judy Blume: …a board member with the National Coalition Against Censorship (NCAC). For Places I Never Meant to Be (2001), Blume invited other young adult writers whose work had been censored or challenged to contribute original stories to benefit the NCAC.

I.M. Pei: …the Mesa Laboratory of the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, which, located near mountains, mimics the broken silhouettes of the surrounding peaks; and the Everson Museum of Art, Syracuse, New York, actually four buildings joined by bridges. For the Federal Aviation Agency, Pei designed a type of pentagonal…

Interpol: Organization and functions: …has a domestic clearinghouse—called the National Central Bureau, or NCB—through which its individual police forces may communicate with the General Secretariat or with the police forces of other member countries. Interpol relies on an extensive telecommunications system and a unique database of international police intelligence. Each year, Interpol’s telecommunications staff…

National Coal Board (NCB), former British public corporation, created on January 1, 1947, which operated previously private coal mines, manufactured coke and smokeless fuels, and distributed coal, heating instruments, and other supplies. It was renamed the British Coal Corporation in 1987. The

boxing: Intercollegiate boxing: …in national tournaments of the National Collegiate Boxing Association (NCBA). Seeking to teach fundamentals to novices in a safety-oriented and structured environment of balanced competition, the NCBA bars persons who have participated in noncollegiate bouts after age 16. Almost since its inception and the first tournament in 1976, NCBA boxing…

National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A. (NCC), an agency of Protestant, Anglican, and Eastern Orthodox denominations that was formed in 1950 in the United States by the merger of 12 national interdenominational agencies. The National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A.

AmeriCorps: …public-health and job-training programs, (2) AmeriCorps NCCC (National Civilian Community Corps, modeled on the Great Depression-era Civilian Conservation Corps), a full-time residential program in which volunteers living on several regional campuses work with various organizations and agencies on team-based service projects in their region, and (3) AmeriCorps State and National,…

Silvio Berlusconi: Prosecutions, political ban, and continued influence of Silvio Berlusconi: …Angelino Alfano to become the New Centre Right (Nuovo Centrodestra; NCD) party.

Navy SEAL: History: …World War II, particularly to naval combat demolition units (NCDUs) and underwater demolition teams (UDTs) whose “frogmen” were trained to destroy obstacles on enemy-held beaches prior to amphibious landings in Europe and the Pacific. Other special units of that war were scouts and raiders, who were assigned to reconnoitre coastal…

weather bureau: …United States, for example, the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), near Washington, D.C., are the keystone of the National Weather Service, preparing most of the guidance material and long-range forecasts used at synoptic scales—that is, at scales between 1,000 and 2,500 km (about 620 and 1,550 miles)—by local and…

camping: History: …in the United States (National Campers and Hikers Association and North American Family Campers Association) and one in Canada (Canadian Federation of Camping and Caravanning).

Bamum: The first mfon, Nchare, and his followers are believed to have come from the territory of the neighbouring Tikar people early in the 18th century. Settling among the Bamileke people and among other Tikar, Nchare proclaimed himself king and established his palace at Foumban. The 11th mfon, Mbuembue,…

National Council of Hispanic Women (NCHW), organization of both individuals and organizations, such as universities and corporations, founded in 1985 with the mission of empowering Hispanic women and giving them a greater role in American society. The main goal of the organization is to have a more

pharmaceutical industry: Taxol and the Pacific yew: …of Agriculture (USDA) and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) of the United States. Extracts from the Pacific yew were tested against two cancer cell lines in 1964 and found to have promising effects. After a sufficient quantity of the extract was prepared, the active compound, taxol, was isolated in 1969.…

Linda Hunt: …Hetty Lange on the series NCIS: Los Angeles (2009– ).

National Council of Jewish Women (NCJW), oldest volunteer Jewish women’s organization in the United States, founded in 1893. Prompted by Jewish values, the organization works with both the Jewish community and the general public to safeguard rights and freedoms for people worldwide. This objective

National Consumers League (NCL), American organization founded in 1899 to fight for the welfare of consumers and workers who had little voice or power in the marketplace and workplace. Many of the NCL’s goals, such as the establishment of a minimum wage and the limitation of working hours, directly

No Child Left Behind (NCLB), U.S. federal law aimed at improving public primary and secondary schools, and thus student performance, via increased accountability for schools, school districts, and states. The act was passed by Congress with bipartisan support in December 2001 and signed into law by

western Africa: The formation of African independence movements: …of the west, and the National Convention of Nigerian Citizens (NCNC), whose prime support came from the Igbo of the east. These parties expected the whole country quickly to follow the Ghanaian pattern of constitutional change. But any elective central assembly was bound to be dominated by the north, which…

Nnamdi Azikiwe: …as a founder of the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC), which became increasingly identified with the Igbo people of southern Nigeria after 1951. In 1948, with the backing of the NCNC, Azikiwe was elected to the Nigerian Legislative Council, and he later served as premier of the…

National Council of Negro Women (NCNW), American umbrella organization, founded by Mary McLeod Bethune in New York City on December 5, 1935, whose mission is “to advance opportunities and the quality of life for African American women, their families and communities.” Disappointed with the lack of

noncommissioned officer (NCO), military officer appointed by a commissioned officer, generally to supervise enlisted soldiers and aid the commissioned officer corps. The noncommissioned officer corps is the administrative apparatus of the U.S. military, and NCOs are vital to the routine management

Blood River, short stream in KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa, a tributary of the Buffalo (Mzinyathi) River. The river was the scene of a battle between the Zulu and the Voortrekker Boers on Dec. 16, 1838. The Zulu, under Dingane, were defeated by a Voortrekker commando force led by Andries

Battle of Blood River, (December 16, 1838), battle between the Zulu and the Voortrekker Boers in South Africa. Its proximate cause was a clash over land rights in Natal and the massacre of Voortrekkers by the Zulu king Dingane. In the early 1800s the British colonized the Cape, sending Boer farmers

Nepal: External relations, 1750–1950: …revolutionary forces, led by the Nepali Congress (NC) party, gained an ascendant position in the administration.

Claro Mayo Recto: …Nacionalistas and joined the new Nationalist Citizens’ Party, advocating neutrality in foreign relations and economic independence from U.S. interests. He ran unsuccessfully as its candidate for president in 1957.

Finland: Domestic affairs: Its former coalition partner, the National Coalition Party (NCP), won the election by capturing 44 seats (a drop of six seats from the 2007 election) but faced the prospect of coalition rule with one of the main opposition parties—either the Social Democrats, who finished second with 42 seats, or the…

Nationalist Congress Party (NCP), national political party in India. The NCP has described itself as a “millennial party with a modern and progressive orientation” with an ideology of “holistic democracy,” “Gandhian secularism,” and “federalism based national unity.” It has called for a “democratic

Jordan: Continued reform and austerity: …political alliance known as the National Coalition for Reform (NCR) that included Christians and non-Islamist Muslims and that avoided campaigning under Islamist slogans. The NCR won only 15 of the 130 parliamentary seats but was the largest organized political group in parliament. The vast majority of seats were won by…

NCR Corporation, American manufacturer of cash registers and information-processing systems. Its headquarters are in Atlanta, Georgia. Although James Ritty invented the cash register in 1879, it was John H. Patterson (1844–1922) who, through aggressive marketing and innovative production and sales

nervous system disease: Electromyography: …fibres can be measured with nerve conduction studies (NCS). The muscle is stimulated with a small electrical charge, which generates an impulse. The impulse moves along the nerve fibre and eventually reaches a muscle, which contracts. NCS can localize the site or sites of peripheral nerve disease and may even…

NASCAR: …in 1947 he created the National Championship Stock Car Circuit (NCSCC), a yearlong series of 40 races held across the southeastern United States. France was responsible for establishing and enforcing the technical regulations that governed the cars; creating a scoring system that would award drivers points used to determine a…

John Brennan: …the organization that became the National Counterterrorism Center, which he led as interim director before retiring from the CIA in 2005.

South Korea: The Yushin order (Fourth Republic): The National Conference for Unification (NCU) was created “to pursue peaceful unification of the fatherland.” The conference was to be a body of between 2,000 and 5,000 members who were directly elected by the voters for a six-year term. The president was the chairman of the…

Kate Sheppard: …1896 Sheppard helped establish the National Council of Women (NCW) and became its first president. Among the issues she supported were greater equality in marriage and the right of women to run for Parliament. Although poor health forced her to step down as president of the NCW in 1903, she…

Poland: Accommodation with the ruling governments: …Democratic movement originated with a Polish League organized in Switzerland; by 1893 the organization had transformed into the clandestine National League, based in Warsaw. It stressed its all-Polish character, rejected loyalism, and promoted national resistance, even uprisings, when opportune. Its nationalist ideology tinged with populism gradually evolved into “integral” nationalism,…

neodymium (Nd), chemical element, a rare-earth metal of the lanthanide series of the periodic table. Neodymium is a ductile and malleable silvery white metal. It oxidizes readily in air to form an oxide, Nd2O3, which easily spalls, exposing the metal to further oxidation. The metal must be stored

New Democracy (ND), conservative political party in Greece. New Democracy was founded in 1974 by Konstantinos Karamanlis, who oversaw the country’s transition from military dictatorship to democracy. It generally supports greater economic liberalization, including privatization and lower taxes, and

National Democratic Alliance (NDA), alliance of right-leaning political parties in India, led by the pro-Hindu Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). The National Democratic Alliance (NDA) held power first from 1999 until 2004 under the leadership of Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee and again from 2014

pharmaceutical industry: The New Drug Application: The second important regulatory document required by the FDA is the New Drug Application (NDA). The NDA contains all of the information and data that the FDA requires for market approval of a drug. Depending on the intended use of the drug…

Ituri Forest: The village-living agriculturalists: …including the Bila, Budu, and Ndaka, speak one of the numerous Bantu languages spoken in sub-Saharan Africa, but others, such as the Mamvu and Lese, speak tonal Central Sudanic dialects. In general, the agriculturalists live in small villages with 10 to 150 residents, all members of the same patriclan. Houses…

African art: Nupe: The ndako gboya appears to be indigenous; a spirit that affords protection from witches, it is controlled by a small secret society that cleanses communities by invitation. The mask consists of a tall tube of white cotton supported inside on a bamboo pole about 12 feet…

Saint-Louis, island city and seaport near the mouth of the Sénégal River, and rail terminus north-northeast of Dakar, Senegal. The island and city are connected to the mainland by a land bridge. Saint-Louis, founded in 1659, is the oldest colonial city on the western African coast and was the

Mali: 2020 and 2021 coups and transitional administration: Bah N’Daw, a retired colonel and former defense minister, was named interim president, and Col. Assimi Goïta, the chairman of the CNSP, was named interim vice president. Because of his role in the coup, and because of the call for a civilian-led transitional administration, Goïta’s…

Burundi: The 2020 elections: …early 2020 the CNDD-FDD named Evariste Ndayishimiye as their presidential candidate for the upcoming election scheduled for May. This appeared to lay to rest lingering fears that Nkurunziza intended to stand for another term as president.

Burundi: The path toward peace: …and a Hutu president (Domitien Ndayizeye) for the next 18 months. Sporadic fighting continued between Hutu rebel groups and the government, however.

Grenada: Independence of Grenada: …in March 1990, Braithwaite, whose National Democratic Congress (NDC) fell one seat shy of a parliamentary majority, was appointed prime minister by Scoon.

John Mahama: …under the banner of the National Democratic Congress (NDC); he was reelected in 2000 and 2004. While in Parliament he held several posts, including Minister of Communications (1998–2001), before being chosen as the vice presidential candidate on the NDC ticket in 2008 with John Evans Atta Mills. Mills won the…

Kim Jong-Un: Childhood and rise to power: …a post on the powerful National Defense Commission (NDC); the chairmanship of the NDC, defined in the constitution as the country’s highest office, was held by Kim Jong Il. By mid-2009 Kim Jong-Un was being referred to within the country by the title “Brilliant Comrade,” and in June it was…

drug use: National controls: …also responsible for producing the National Drug Control Strategy (NDCS). The NDCS is designed to facilitate effective drug-control measures at local levels by providing information on drugs and drug abuse for community members and by making various resources for drug control available to local officials.

materials testing: Nondestructive testing: The tensile-strength test is inherently destructive; in the process of gathering data, the sample is destroyed. Though this is acceptable when a plentiful supply of the material exists, nondestructive tests are desirable for materials that are costly or difficult to fabricate or that…

National Defense Education Act (NDEA), U.S. federal legislation passed by Congress and signed into law by Pres. Dwight D. Eisenhower on September 2, 1958, that provided funding to improve American schools and to promote postsecondary education. The goal of the legislation was to enable the

Ndebele, any of several Bantu-speaking African peoples who live primarily in the Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces in South Africa. The Ndebele are ancient offshoots of the main Nguni-speaking peoples and began migrations to the Transvaal region in the 17th century. The main group of Transvaal

Ndebele, Bantu-speaking people of southwestern Zimbabwe who now live primarily around the city of Bulawayo. They originated early in the 19th century as an offshoot of the Nguni of Natal. Mzilikazi, an Nguni military commander under Shaka, king of the Zulu, came into conflict with Shaka and in 1823

Ndebele, Bantu-speaking people of southwestern Zimbabwe who now live primarily around the city of Bulawayo. They originated early in the 19th century as an offshoot of the Nguni of Natal. Mzilikazi, an Nguni military commander under Shaka, king of the Zulu, came into conflict with Shaka and in 1823

Ndebele, Bantu-speaking people of southwestern Zimbabwe who now live primarily around the city of Bulawayo. They originated early in the 19th century as an offshoot of the Nguni of Natal. Mzilikazi, an Nguni military commander under Shaka, king of the Zulu, came into conflict with Shaka and in 1823

African religions: Mythology: For the Ndembu of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, by contrast, twins represent an excess of fertility more characteristic of the animal world than the human, and rituals are undertaken to protect the community from this anomalous condition.

Santa Cruz Islands: The main islands are Nendö (also called Ndeni Island or Santa Cruz Island), Utupua, Vanikolo, and Tinakula. Nendö is 25 miles (40 km) long and 14 miles (22 km) wide, with heavily wooded slopes rising to 1,800 feet (550 metres). The Spanish navigator Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira tried…

Kenya: Sports and recreation: Catherine Ndereba, for example, repeatedly won marathons in Boston and Chicago.

fascism: Acceptance of racism: …a German puppet state, the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), and established a one-party regime. The NDH moved against the more than one million Orthodox Serbs in Croatia, forcing some to convert and expelling or killing others in campaigns of genocide. About 250,000 Serbs in Croatia were eventually liquidated, many…

diabetes insipidus: Types and causes: …of the disease is called nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, which results when the supplies of vasopressin are adequate but the kidney tubules are unresponsive—either genetically or because of an acquired condition. The most severe form of this disorder is congenital hereditary nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. This condition is caused by mutations in…

Jacques d’Amboise: …became director of the nonprofit National Dance Institute (NDI), which he founded (1976) in order to take the teaching of dance into an ever-widening circle of public schools. The NDI, which was based in New York City, later became involved with a number of associate organizations across the country. D’Amboise’s…

Xhosa: Rharhabe, Ngqika, Ndlambe, and the Gqunkhwebe (the latter being partly of Khoekhoe origin).