Leptospermum: The shrubby New Zealand tea tree, or manuka (L. scoparium), has several cultivated varieties with white to rose-red flowers and gray-green to brownish leaves.

Manukau, ward of Auckland, northern North Island, New Zealand. It lies on an isthmus separating Tamaki Strait (east) from Manukau Harbour (west). The latter is a shallow 150-square-mile (390-square-km) inlet of the Tasman Sea. Manukau’s population includes a notable concentration of Maori and other

Pallas’s cat, (Felis manul), small, long-haired cat (family Felidae) native to deserts and rocky, mountainous regions from Tibet to Siberia. It was named for the naturalist Peter Simon Pallas. The Pallas’s cat is a soft-furred animal about the size of a house cat and is pale silvery gray or light

slavery: Laws of manumission: Laws of manumission varied widely from society to society and within societies across time. They are often viewed as the litmus test of a particular society’s views of the slave, that is, of the capacities the slave was likely to exhibit as a free…

Neanderthal: Neanderthal culture: …tools decorated with designs, and manuports (natural, unmodified objects that have been moved by people), including fossils and geological curiosities, which were carried away from their original context and sometimes altered by using stone tools. Also noted is the use of feathers, claws, and shells, which were purposefully modified and…

manure, organic material that is used to fertilize land, usually consisting of the feces and urine of domestic livestock, with or without accompanying litter such as straw, hay, or bedding. Farm animals void most of the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium that is present in the food they eat, and

manure: …is usually applied with a manure spreader, a four-wheeled self-propelled or two-wheeled tractor-drawn wagon. As the spreader moves, a drag-chain conveyor located at the bottom of the box sweeps the manure to the rear, where it is successively shredded by a pair of beaters before being spread by rotating spiral…

manus, in Roman law, autocratic power of the husband over the wife, corresponding to patria potestas of the father over his children. A daughter ceased to be under her father’s potestas if she came under the manus of her husband. Marriage without manus, however, was by far the more common in all

Manus Island, largest of the Admiralty Islands, Papua New Guinea, southwestern Pacific Ocean. It lies about 200 miles (320 km) north of the island of New Guinea. The volcanic island has an area of 633 square miles (1,639 square km) and is an extension of the Bismarck Archipelago. From a coast that

textual criticism: Books transmitted in manuscript: Nearly all classical and patristic texts, and a great many medieval texts, fall into this category. Every handwritten copy of a book is textually unique, and to that extent represents a separate edition of the text. Whereas the characteristic grouping of printed texts is…

Ute Lemper: …Manuscrito encontrado em Accra (2012; Manuscript Found in Accra), which she recorded, with Coelho’s collaboration, on The Nine Secrets: Words by Paolo Coelho (2016). In 2018 she created a show in homage to Dietrich and began touring with it. The album Rendezvous with Marlene (the same title as the show)…

illuminated manuscript, handwritten book that has been decorated with gold or silver, brilliant colours, or elaborate designs or miniature pictures. Though various Islamic societies also practiced this art, Europe had one of the longest and most cultivated traditions of illuminating manuscripts. A

handwriting: Later, other educators, experimenting with manuscript writing and printed script, maintained that the latter type of handwriting is learned and executed more speedily because it resembles printed type more.

Ute Lemper: …Manuscrito encontrado em Accra (2012; Manuscript Found in Accra), which she recorded, with Coelho’s collaboration, on The Nine Secrets: Words by Paolo Coelho (2016). In 2018 she created a show in homage to Dietrich and began touring with it. The album Rendezvous with Marlene (the same title as the show)…

Roma: …of entertainment), and (3) the Manush (French Manouches, also known as Sinti, mostly in Alsace and other regions of France and Germany, often traveling showmen and circus people). Each of these main divisions was further divided into two or more subgroups distinguished by occupational specialization or territorial origin or both.

Aldus Manutius was the leading figure of his time in printing, publishing, and typography, founder of a veritable dynasty of great printer-publishers, and organizer of the famous Aldine Press. Manutius produced the first printed editions of many of the Greek and Latin classics and is particularly

Aldus Manutius was the leading figure of his time in printing, publishing, and typography, founder of a veritable dynasty of great printer-publishers, and organizer of the famous Aldine Press. Manutius produced the first printed editions of many of the Greek and Latin classics and is particularly

Aldus Manutius the Younger was the last member of the Italian family of Manuzio to be active in the famous Aldine Press established by his grandfather Aldus Manutius the Elder. When only 14 years old, Aldus the Younger wrote a work on Latin spelling, “Orthographiae ratio.” While in Venice

Paulus Manutius was a Renaissance printer, the third son of the founder of the Aldine Press, Aldus Manutius the Elder. In 1533 Paulus assumed control of the Aldine Press from his uncles, the Asolani, who had managed the press after the death of Aldus in 1515. During their tenure, the Asolani had

Mavura was an African emperor who was installed as the ruler of the great Mwene Matapa empire by the Portuguese. His conversion to Christianity enabled the Portuguese to extend their commercial influence into the African interior from their trading base in Mozambique on the East African coast.

Aldus Manutius was the leading figure of his time in printing, publishing, and typography, founder of a veritable dynasty of great printer-publishers, and organizer of the famous Aldine Press. Manutius produced the first printed editions of many of the Greek and Latin classics and is particularly

Manx, breed of tailless domestic cat of unknown origin but presumed by tradition to have come from the Isle of Man. Noted for being affectionate, loyal, and courageous, the Manx is distinguished both by its taillessness and by its characteristic hopping gait. It is compactly built, with a rounded

Manx language, member of the Goidelic group of Celtic languages, formerly spoken on the Isle of Man. Like Scottish Gaelic, Manx was an offshoot of Irish, and it is closely related to the easternmost dialects of Irish and to Scottish. The earliest record of the Manx language is a version of the

Celtic literature: Manx: Although they succeeded in establishing their language on the Isle of Man, the Gaels lost their hegemony over the island to the Norse in the 9th century and recovered it only from 1266 to 1333, when they lost it again to the English. They…

homing: A Manx shearwater (Puffinus puffinus), transported in a closed container to a point about 5,500 km (3,400 miles) from its nest, returned to the nest in 12 12 days.

Albert Goldbarth: …of the World (1996) and Many Circles (2001), and the novel Pieces of Payne (2003).

Norman Z. McLeod: Marx Brothers and W.C. Fields: Many Happy Returns (1934) was a weak George Burns–Gracie Allen vehicle, in which Allen starred as a scatterbrained heiress whose father tries to bribe a man (Burns) to marry her. McLeod rebounded with It’s a Gift (1934), which is considered one of Fields’s masterpieces. The…

Rudyard Kipling: Legacy of Rudyard Kipling: …the collections Life’s Handicap (1891), Many Inventions (1893), The Day’s Work (1898), Traffics and Discoveries (1904), Actions and Reactions (1909), Debits and Credits (1926), and Limits and Renewals (1932). While his later stories cannot exactly be called better than the earlier ones, they are as good—and they

Max Shulman: …Gillis (1951), which inspired a television series of the same name (1959–63) for which Shulman served as scriptwriter, and Rally Round the Flag, Boys! (1957), which was filmed in 1958 and featured Paul Newman, Joanne Woodward, and Joan Collins. Shulman also wrote the Broadway play The Tender Trap (1954), which…

Max Shulman: …successes with such novels as The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis (1951), which inspired a television series of the same name (1959–63) for which Shulman served as scriptwriter, and Rally Round the Flag, Boys! (1957), which was filmed in 1958 and featured Paul Newman, Joanne Woodward, and Joan Collins. Shulman…

fallacy: Material fallacies: (6) The fallacy of many questions (plurimum interrogationum) consists in demanding or giving a single answer to a question when this answer could either be divided (example: “Do you like the twins?” “Neither yes nor no; but Ann yes and Mary no.”) or refused altogether, because a…

The Sopranos: In 2021 the prequel movie The Many Saints of Newark was released. The drama centres on Tony’s formative years, and the character was played by Gandolfini’s son, Michael.

celestial mechanics: The n-body problem: The general problem of n bodies, where n is greater than three, has been attacked vigorously with numerical techniques on powerful computers. Celestial mechanics in the solar system is ultimately an n-body problem, but the special configurations and relative smallness of the perturbations…

borane: Structure and bonding of boranes: …the bonding in boranes involves multicentre bonding, in which three or more atoms share a pair of bonding electrons, boranes are commonly called electron-deficient substances. Diborane(6) has the following structure:

shrike: The many-coloured bush-shrike (Chlorophoneus multicolor) is noted for polymorphic variation in the colour of its underparts—a shade of red or yellow but sometimes black or white. The gorgeous, or four-coloured, bush-shrike (Telophorus quadricolor) is green above and golden below, with black-bordered red throat. Some authors equate…

lepidopteran: Annotated classification: Family Alucitidae (many-plumed moths) 130 species worldwide; each wing is very deeply cleft into 6 or more narrow plumelike divisions. Superfamily Nepticuloidea Approximately 900 species worldwide; females with one genital opening and a soft ovipositor. Family Nepticulidae (

quantum mechanics: Measurement in quantum mechanics: …may also mention the so-called many-worlds interpretation, proposed by Hugh Everett III in 1957, which suggests that, when a measurement is made for a system in which the wave function is a mixture of states, the universe branches into a number of noninteracting universes. Each of the possible outcomes of…

Manyakheta, site of a former city in Karnataka, India, about 85 miles (135 km) southwest of Hyderabad. The city was founded in the 9th century by the Rashtrakuta ruler Amoghavarsha I and became the capital of the dynasty. In 972 it was sacked by the Paramara ruler Siyaka. After the downfall of the

Congo River: Life of the river peoples: …of Boyoma Falls and the Manyanga living downstream from Malebo Pool attach fish traps to stakes or to dams built in the rapids themselves. Fishing of a very different nature, notably by poison, is conducted in the marshy areas, where the population is more extensive than might be imagined. Among…

Lake Manyara, lake in northern Tanzania, 60 miles (100 km) west-southwest of Arusha. It is 30 miles (50 km) long and 10 miles (16 km) wide and contains salt and rock phosphate deposits. Lake Manyara National Park, founded in 1960 and covering 124 square miles (320 square km), contains five distinct

African architecture: Nomads and pastoralists: …around the cattle enclosure, or manyatta, the frames are packed with leaves and plastered over with cattle dung, which acts as a deterrent to termites. The huts are aerodynamically designed to resist high winds, and the manyatta thicket boundary acts as a defensive barrier. A number of other tribes use…

Kuma-Manych Depression, geologic depression in western Russia that divides the Russian Plain (north) from the North Caucasus foreland (south). It is often regarded as the natural boundary between Europe and Asia. The depression runs northwest-southeast from the Don River valley to the Caspian

Kuma-Manych Depression, geologic depression in western Russia that divides the Russian Plain (north) from the North Caucasus foreland (south). It is often regarded as the natural boundary between Europe and Asia. The depression runs northwest-southeast from the Don River valley to the Caspian

Kuma-Manych Depression, geologic depression in western Russia that divides the Russian Plain (north) from the North Caucasus foreland (south). It is often regarded as the natural boundary between Europe and Asia. The depression runs northwest-southeast from the Don River valley to the Caspian

Manyika, one of the cluster of Shona-speaking peoples inhabiting extreme eastern Zimbabwe and adjacent areas of interior Mozambique south of the Púnguè River. The Manyika have existed as an ethnic group discrete from other Shona groups only since the 1930s. Historically, the Manyika recognized a

artiodactyl: Digestive system: … (or paunch), the reticulum, the omasum (psalterium or manyplies)—which are all believed to be derived from the esophagus—and the abomasum (or reed), which corresponds to the stomach of other mammals. The omasum is almost absent in chevrotains. Camels have a three-chambered stomach, lacking the separation of omasum and abomasum; the…

Nile River: Physiography of Nile River: …Lake Burullus (Buḥayrat Al-Burullus), and Lake Manzala (Buḥayrat Al-Manzilah).

Manzanar War Relocation Center, internment facility for Japanese Americans during World War II. In March 1942 the U.S. War Relocation Authority was set up; fearing subversive actions, it established 10 relocation centres for persons of Japanese ancestry, located in California, Arizona, Idaho, Utah,

Manzanar War Relocation Center, internment facility for Japanese Americans during World War II. In March 1942 the U.S. War Relocation Authority was set up; fearing subversive actions, it established 10 relocation centres for persons of Japanese ancestry, located in California, Arizona, Idaho, Utah,

Roxy Music: …stabilized around Ferry, Mackay, Eno, Manzanera, and Thompson. The band’s eponymous debut album, the nonalbum single “Virginia Plain” (both 1972), and the follow-up album For Your Pleasure (1973) were hits in Britain, as Roxy Music’s fully textured sound and lush instrumentation set it apart from mainstream rock. When Eno departed…

Manzanillo, city and port, western Colima estado (state), west-central Mexico. It lies on the Pacific Ocean between Manzanillo Bay and Cuyutlán Lagoon. In pre-Columbian times the site was occupied by the town of Tzalahua, and ships for Hernán Cortés’s expedition (1533) to the Gulf of California

Manzanillo, city, eastern Cuba. It lies amid swamplands at the head of the shallow Gulf of Guacanayabo, an embayment of the Caribbean Sea. Founded in 1784, Manzanillo is a commercial and manufacturing centre for the fertile agricultural district to the east and north, which produces sugarcane,

manzanita, any of about 50 species of evergreen shrubs and trees of the genus Arctostaphylos, of the heath family (Ericaceae), native to western North America. The leaves are alternate, thick, evergreen, and smooth-edged. The small, urn-shaped flowers are pink or white and are borne in terminal

Torrance: …the Manzano Mountains, topped by Manzano Peak (10,098 feet [3,077 metres]). Most of Torrance county is an area of rolling plains interrupted by ridges, hills, and mesas and scarred by the dry beds of streams; it includes the long, wide Estancia Basin. Within county borders are the Cibola National Forest,…

Manchukuo, puppet state created in 1932 by Japan out of the three historic provinces of Manchuria (northeastern China). After the Russo-Japanese War (1904–05), Japan gained control of the Russian-built South Manchurian Railway, and its army established a presence in the region; expansion there was

Manzhouli, city in the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region, China. It is situated on the border opposite the Russian town of Zabaykalsk and lies 100 miles (160 km) west of Hailar and 20 miles (32 km) northwest of Lake Hulun. Manzhouli was long a small Mongolian settlement in the Hulun Buir League. It

Manchukuo, puppet state created in 1932 by Japan out of the three historic provinces of Manchuria (northeastern China). After the Russo-Japanese War (1904–05), Japan gained control of the Russian-built South Manchurian Railway, and its army established a presence in the region; expansion there was

Kublai Khan: Social and administrative policy: …or northern Chinese, and the nanren, or southern Chinese—the latter group also referred to pejoratively as manzi (“barbarians”)—who lived in what had been Nan Song China. The expenses of state and the support of the privileged bore heavily on those two classes. Kublai’s continuing wars produced a heavy and useless…

Battle of Manzikert, (26 August 1071), battle in which the Byzantines under the emperor Romanus IV Diogenes were defeated by the Seljuq Turks led by the sultan Alp-Arslan (meaning "Heroic Lion" in Turkish). It was followed by Seljuq conquest of most of Anatolia and marked the beginning of the end

Menzel Bourguiba, town located in north-central Tunisia. It lies on the southwestern shore of Lake Bizerte, 10 miles (16 km) southwest of Bizerte town and the Mediterranean Sea. Menzel Bourguiba, which is of modern origin, owes its development to the adjacent naval base and dockyard at Sidi

Nile River: Physiography of Nile River: …Lake Burullus (Buḥayrat Al-Burullus), and Lake Manzala (Buḥayrat Al-Manzilah).

Manzini, town, central Swaziland. The Great Usutu River flows south of Manzini on its way east toward the Indian Ocean, and the Malkerns irrigation scheme is to the north. It was originally called Bremersdorp, for a trader who established a store there in 1887, but it was renamed in 1960. The first

Italian literature: Women writers: …existential in nature; fastidious stylist Gianna Manzini, an admirer of Virginia Woolf who is at her best in the autobiographical Ritratto in piedi (1971; “Full-Length Portrait”); and Alba De Céspedes, whose Nessuno torna indietro (1938; “There’s No Turning Back”) was banned by fascist censors.

Italian literature: Other writings: …biography (La famiglia Manzoni [1983; The Manzoni Family]). Giovanni Arpino excelled at personal sympathies that cross cultural boundaries (La suora giovane [1959; The Novice] and Il fratello italiano [1980; “The Italian Brother”]). Fulvio Tomizza also tackled this theme in L’amicizia (1980; “The Friendship”).

Alessandro Manzoni was an Italian poet and novelist whose novel I promessi sposi (The Betrothed) had immense patriotic appeal for Italians of the nationalistic Risorgimento period and is generally ranked among the masterpieces of world literature. After Manzoni’s parents separated in 1792, he spent

Giacomo Manzù was an Italian sculptor who, in the mid-20th century, revived the ancient tradition of creating sculptural bronze doors for ecclesiastical buildings. His sober realism and extremely delicate modeling alternately achieved austere severity and sensuousness of form and surface, lending a

Western painting: Art and consumerism: French and Italian art in the 1950s: …the work of Italian artist Piero Manzoni, who produced materialist counterpropositions to his more spiritually elevated gestures. Based in Milan, Manzoni partly inherited his irreverent attitude to aesthetic protocols from Lucio Fontana, an artist who had developed a peculiarly Italian version of Informel painting (originally a Parisian movement that rejected…

Ziaur Rahman: Mohammad Abdul Manzoor, who in 1971 had fought beside him in the battle to win independence for Bangladesh.

Qing dynasty, the last of the imperial dynasties of China, spanning the years 1644 to 1911/12. Under the Qing the territory of the empire grew to treble its size under the preceding Ming dynasty (1368–1644), the population grew from some 150 million to 450 million, many of the non-Chinese

Giacomo Manzù was an Italian sculptor who, in the mid-20th century, revived the ancient tradition of creating sculptural bronze doors for ecclesiastical buildings. His sober realism and extremely delicate modeling alternately achieved austere severity and sensuousness of form and surface, lending a

crazy eights: …in the variation known as mao, newcomers are not told what the rules are but have to learn them by making mistakes and suffering the penalties. This feature may have been suggested by eleusis.

Maó, capital of Minorca Island, Balearic Islands provincia (province) and comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), Spain. It originated as the Mediterranean Portus Magonis, bearing the name of the Carthaginian general Mago. Under the Romans it was a municipium (privileged town). The Arab pirate

Mao, city, northwestern Dominican Republic. It lies near the Yaque del Norte River in the fertile Cibao Valley. Mao is principally a rice-growing and milling centre, although a variety of other crops are grown in the area. Lumbering and placer gold mining take place near the city. Mao can be

Men: …with the Persian moon god Mao. His name was usually written together with a cult title, often an adjective denoting a locality, and his most frequent attributes were the pine cone, bucranium (ox skull), and chicken. He was represented as a male figure with a crescent moon behind his shoulders.…

Mao Chang was a Chinese scholar whose revision of and commentary on the great Confucian classic the Shijing (“Classic of Poetry”) became so famous that for the next 2,000 years this text was often referred to as the Mao shi (“Mao Poetry”). His work is still generally considered the authoritative

Mao Chang was a Chinese scholar whose revision of and commentary on the great Confucian classic the Shijing (“Classic of Poetry”) became so famous that for the next 2,000 years this text was often referred to as the Mao shi (“Mao Poetry”). His work is still generally considered the authoritative

Mao Dun was a Chinese literary critic and author, generally considered republican China’s greatest realist novelist. Forced to interrupt his schooling in 1916 because he ran out of money, Shen Yanbing became a proofreader at the Commercial Press in Shanghai, the most important publishing house of

depression: Treatments for depression: …contrast, the antidepressants known as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) interfere with the activity of monoamine oxidase, an enzyme that is known to be involved in the breakdown of norepinephrine and serotonin.

Shangqing, important early sectarian movement associated with the emergence of Daoism during the southern Six Dynasties period (220–589 ce). The origins of the sect go back to the revelations made to Yang Xi in the 4th century, which were gathered together as an early corpus of scriptures

Shijing, the first anthology of Chinese poetry. It was compiled by the ancient sage Confucius (551–479 bc) and cited by him as a model of literary expression, for, despite its numerous themes, the subject matter was always “expressive of pleasure without being licentious, and of grief without being

Mao Zedong was the principal Chinese Marxist theorist, soldier, and statesman who led his country’s communist revolution. Mao was the leader of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from 1935 until his death, and he was chairman (chief of state) of the People’s Republic of China from 1949 to 1959 and

Maoism, doctrine composed of the ideology and methodology for revolution developed by Mao Zedong and his associates in the Chinese Communist Party from the 1920s until Mao’s death in 1976. Maoism has clearly represented a revolutionary method based on a distinct revolutionary outlook not

Mao Dun was a Chinese literary critic and author, generally considered republican China’s greatest realist novelist. Forced to interrupt his schooling in 1916 because he ran out of money, Shen Yanbing became a proofreader at the Commercial Press in Shanghai, the most important publishing house of

Mao Zedong was the principal Chinese Marxist theorist, soldier, and statesman who led his country’s communist revolution. Mao was the leader of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from 1935 until his death, and he was chairman (chief of state) of the People’s Republic of China from 1949 to 1959 and

Maoism, doctrine composed of the ideology and methodology for revolution developed by Mao Zedong and his associates in the Chinese Communist Party from the 1920s until Mao’s death in 1976. Maoism has clearly represented a revolutionary method based on a distinct revolutionary outlook not

Bruce Beresford: Beresford later helmed Mao’s Last Dancer (2009), which was based on the real-life story of a Chinese ballet dancer who defected to the United States, and Peace, Love & Misunderstanding (2011). His later credits included the dramedy Mr. Church (2016) and the TV movie Flint (2017), about the…

high-pressure phenomena: The diamond-anvil cell: …December 1975 by the geophysicists Ho-kwang Mao and Peter M. Bell, both of the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, in Washington, D.C., where they subsequently attained diamond-cell pressures of approximately 300 GPa. Heating of diamond-cell samples, with both resistance heaters and lasers, has extended accessible pressure-temperature conditions…

antiparkinson drug: COMT and MAO-B inhibitors: Similar to COMT inhibitors, MAO-B inhibitors slow the degradation of dopamine in the brain. Best known of these agents is selegiline, which extends the effects of levodopa and often is prescribed in combination with levodopa and carbidopa.

Maoming, city in western Guangdong sheng (province), China. Maoming is situated some 16 miles (25 km) inland, 50 miles (80 km) northeast of Zhanjiang city. Little more than a small market town and minor administrative centre until the 1950s, the whole area has undergone rapid growth since then;

history of Central Asia: Early eastern peoples: …was killed by his son Maodun, under whose long reign (c. 209–174 bce) the Xiongnu became a major power and a serious menace to China. In many respects the Xiongnu are the eastern counterpart of the Scythians. The Chinese historian Sima Qian (c. 145–c. 87 bce) described the nomadic tactics…

depression: Treatments for depression: …contrast, the antidepressants known as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) interfere with the activity of monoamine oxidase, an enzyme that is known to be involved in the breakdown of norepinephrine and serotonin.

Maoism, doctrine composed of the ideology and methodology for revolution developed by Mao Zedong and his associates in the Chinese Communist Party from the 1920s until Mao’s death in 1976. Maoism has clearly represented a revolutionary method based on a distinct revolutionary outlook not

Maoke Mountains, westernmost segment of the central highlands of New Guinea. It is located in the Indonesian province of Papua. The range extends for 430 miles (692 km), and much of it lies above 12,000 feet (3,660 metres), with a number of peaks rising above the 14,500-foot (4,400-metre) snow

Maoming, city in western Guangdong sheng (province), China. Maoming is situated some 16 miles (25 km) inland, 50 miles (80 km) northeast of Zhanjiang city. Little more than a small market town and minor administrative centre until the 1950s, the whole area has undergone rapid growth since then;

Māori, member of a Polynesian people of New Zealand. Their traditional history describes their origins in terms of waves of migration that culminated in the arrival of a “great fleet” in the 14th century from Hawaiki, a mythical land usually identified as Tahiti. This historical account provides

Witi Ihimaera: Ihimaera’s later works included Māori Boy: A Memoir of Childhood (2014) and Native Son: The Writer’s Memoir (2019).

New Zealand: Ethnic conflict: The Māori King Movement and the unrest in the Taranaki headed by Wiremu Kīngi (the two movements remained distinct though related) were opposed to further land sales.

Māori: The rise of the King Movement: …has sometimes been called the First Māori War), and they were not finally suppressed until 1847, by colonial forces under Gov. Sir George Grey. His victories brought a peace that lasted from 1847 to 1860.

Māori language, Eastern Polynesian subgroup of the Eastern Austronesian (Oceanic) languages, spoken in the Cook Islands and New Zealand. Since the Māori Language Act of 1987, it has been one of the two official languages of New Zealand. Estimates of the number of Māori speakers range from 100,000

New Zealand: John Key’s first term as prime minister (2008–11): …three smaller parties, including the Māori Party. The latter had formed in 2004 as a result of the Labour government’s denial of Māori claims to customary rights over areas of the country’s shoreline and seabed.