Magwe, town, west-central Myanmar (Burma). The town is on the Irrawaddy River opposite Minbu. It is the site of Magwe College, affiliated to the Arts and Science University at Mandalay, and has an airfield. The surrounding area is part of the dry zone of Myanmar’s central basin between the

Abel Magwitch, fictional character, an escaped convict who plays a major role in the growth and development of Pip, the protagonist in Charles Dickens’s novel Great Expectations

Hungarian, member of a people speaking the Hungarian language of the Finno-Ugric family and living primarily in Hungary, but represented also by large minority populations in Romania, Croatia, Vojvodina (Yugoslavia), Slovakia, and Ukraine. Those in Romania, living mostly in the area of the former

Hungary: Political reforms: …the new parties was the Hungarian Democratic Forum, followed by Fidesz and the Alliance of Free Democrats. Soon several of the traditional political parties that had been destroyed or emasculated by the communists in the late 1940s also emerged, including the Independent Smallholders’ Party, the Social Democratic Party, the National…

Hungary, landlocked country of central Europe. The capital is Budapest. At the end of World War I, defeated Hungary lost 71 percent of its territory as a result of the Treaty of Trianon (1920). Since then, grappling with the loss of more than two-thirds of their territory and people, Hungarians

Hungarian language, member of the Finno-Ugric group of the Uralic language family, spoken primarily in Hungary but also in Slovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia, as well as in scattered groups elsewhere in the world. Hungarian belongs to the Ugric branch of Finno-Ugric, along with the Ob-Ugric

János Batsányi: …Batsányi became the editor of Magyar Museum and emerged as an eloquent advocate of social progress and Enlightenment ideals in Hungary. In his political poetry he voiced anti-royalist sentiments and advocated revolution and radical social change. He also wrote lyric poems, among which are many fine elegies. He was an…

Hungarian Socialist Party (MSzP), left-wing Hungarian political party. Although the Hungarian Socialist Party (MSzP) was founded in 1989, its origins date to 1948, when the Hungarian Social Democratic Party merged into what was first called the Hungarian Workers’ Party and then, following the

Hungary: Social and economic developments: The Magyarization of the towns had proceeded at an astounding rate. Nearly all middle-class Jews and Germans and many middle-class Slovaks and Ruthenes had been Magyarized.

Hungary, landlocked country of central Europe. The capital is Budapest. At the end of World War I, defeated Hungary lost 71 percent of its territory as a result of the Treaty of Trianon (1920). Since then, grappling with the loss of more than two-thirds of their territory and people, Hungarians

József, Baron Eötvös: …the 16th-century Hungarian peasant rebellion, Magyarország 1514-ben (1847; “Hungary in 1514”) mobilized public opinion against serfdom.

Reformed Church in Hungary, Reformed church that developed in Hungary during and after the 16th-century Protestant Reformation. The influence of the Reformation was felt early in Hungary. A synod at Erdod adopted the Lutheran Augsburg Confession in 1545, and by 1567 the Synod of Debrecen adopted

mah-jongg, game of Chinese origin, played with tiles, or pais, that are similar in physical description to those used in dominoes but engraved with Chinese symbols and characters and divided into suits and honours. A fad in England, the United States, and Australia in the mid-1920s, the game was

Maha Bodhi Society, an organization that was established to encourage Buddhist studies in India and abroad. The society was founded in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) in 1891 by Anagarika Dharmapala; one of its original goals was the restoration of the Mahabodhi temple at Buddh Gaya (Bihar state, India),

Mahabodhi Temple, one of the holiest sites of Buddhism, marking the spot of the Buddha’s Enlightenment (Bodhi). It is located in Bodh Gaya (in central Bihar state, northeastern India) on the banks of the Niranjana River. The Mahabodhi Temple is one of the oldest brick temples in India. The original

Thai literature: …includes religious works such as Maha chat (“The Great Birth”), later rewritten as Maha chat kham luang (“The Royal Version of the Great Birth”), the Thai version of the Vessantara jataka, which recounts the story of the future Buddha’s penultimate life on earth; Lilit phra Lo (“The Story of Prince…

Thai literature: …includes religious works such as Maha chat (“The Great Birth”), later rewritten as Maha chat kham luang (“The Royal Version of the Great Birth”), the Thai version of the Vessantara jataka, which recounts the story of the future Buddha’s penultimate life on earth; Lilit phra Lo (“The Story of Prince…

Karl Gutzkow: …attention with the publication of Maha Guru, Geschichte eines Gottes (1833; “Maha Guru, Story of a God”), a fantastic satirical romance. In 1835 he published Wally, die Zweiflerin (“Wally, the Doubter”), an attack on marriage, coloured by religious skepticism, that marked the beginning of the revolt of the Young Germany…

Maha Maya, the mother of Gautama Buddha; she was the wife of Raja Shuddhodana. According to Buddhist legend, Maha Maya dreamed that a white elephant with six tusks entered her right side, which was interpreted to mean that she had conceived a child who would become either a world ruler or a buddha.

Buddhism: Kings and yogis: Among the Buddha’s disciples, Maha Moggallana was especially known for his yogic attainments and magical powers. Notably, he traveled through various cosmic realms, bringing back to the Buddha reports of things that were transpiring in those worlds. In later Theravada accounts Maha Moggallana’s successor, the monk Phra Malai, visited…

Kandy, city in the Central Highlands of Sri Lanka, at an elevation of 1,640 feet (500 metres). It lies on the Mahaweli River on the shore of an artificial lake that was constructed (1807) by the last Kandyan king, Sri Wickrama Rajasinha. Kanda, the word from which Kandy is derived, is a Sinhalese

Maha Sarakham, town, northeastern Thailand. Maha Sarakham is located at a road junction on a bend of the Chi River. Rice is widely grown in the surrounding region, particularly in shallow river valleys, and freshwater fishing is also important. Pop. (2000)

Maha Shivaratri, the most important sectarian festival of the year for devotees of the Hindu god Shiva. The 14th day of the dark half (waning moon) of each lunar month is specially sacred to Shiva, but when it occurs in the month of Magha (January–February) and especially in the month of Phalguna

Lao literature: Modern Lao literature: …period include three children of Maha Sila Viravong, an important scholar of traditional Lao literature, history, and culture: Pakian Viravong, Duangdeuan Viravong, and Dara Viravong (pseudonyms Pa Nai, Dauk Ket, and Duang Champa, respectively). An equally important writer was Outhine Bounyavong, Maha Sila Viravong’s son-in-law, who remained a notable writer…

Naresuan: …Siam and placed Naresuan’s father, Maha Thammaracha, on the throne as his vassal. The capital, Ayutthaya, was pillaged, thousands of Siamese were deported to Myanmar (Burma) as slaves, and Siam then suffered numerous invasions from Cambodia. At the age of 16 Naresuan was also made a vassal of Myanmar and…

Vajiralongkorn is the 10th king of Thailand’s Chakri Dynasty. He formally accepted the throne on December 1, 2016, although his reign officially began following the death of his father, Bhumibol Adulyadej, on October 13, 2016. Vajiralongkorn’s coronation was held on May 4, 2019. Early in his reign,

Buddhism: Early noncanonical texts in Pali: …probably was part of the Maha-atthakatha, the commentarial literature that formed the basis of the works by Buddhaghosha and others. The accounts it contains are reflected in the Dipavamsa (Pali: “History of the Island”), which appears to be a poor redaction in Pali of an earlier Old Sinhalese version. The…

India: Central Asian rulers: …status came to be called maha-kshatrapa; they frequently issued inscriptions reflecting whatever era they chose to follow, and they minted their own coins, indicating a more independent status than is generally associated with governors. Imperial titles also were taken by the Indo-Greeks, such as basileus basileōn (“king of kings”), similar…

Vairochana, the supreme Buddha, as regarded by many Mahayana Buddhists of East Asia and of Tibet, Nepal, and Java. Some Buddhists regard Vairochana, or Mahavairochana, as a being separate from the five “self-born” Dhyani-Buddhas, one of whom is known as Vairochana. Among the Shingon sect of Japan,

Mahābād, city, northwestern Iran. The city lies south of Lake Urmia in a fertile, narrow valley at an elevation of 4,272 feet (1,302 metres). There are a number of unexcavated tells, or mounds, on the plain of Mahābād in this part of the Azerbaijan region. The region was the centre of the

Mahabaleshwar, resort town, southwestern Maharashtra state, western India. It lies about 40 miles (64 km) southeast of Mumbai (Bombay) and is northwest of the town of Satara. At an elevation of 4,718 feet (1,438 metres) in the Sahyadri Hills of the Western Ghats, the town commands an excellent view

Mamallapuram, historic town, northeast Tamil Nadu state, southeastern India. It lies along the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal 37 miles (60 km) south of Chennai (Madras). The town’s religious centre was founded by a 7th-century-ce Hindu Pallava king—Narasimhavarman, also known as Mamalla—for

Maha Bandula was a Myanmar general who fought against the British in the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26). In 1819 Maha Bandula served in the Myanmar army occupying Manipur, and two years later he commanded a second Myanmar force in the conquest of Assam. King Bagyidaw subsequently appointed him

India: Developments in the Deccan: …in 1622 and later of Mahābat Khan, the queen’s principal ally, who had been deputed to subdue the prince.

Peshawar: …the pure white mosque of Mahabat Khan (1630), a remarkable monument of Mughal architecture; Victoria memorial hall; and Government House. There are many parks, and the Chowk Yadgar and the town hall are other places of social and public assembly. Coffeehouses also are popular. Gardens and suburbs are outside the…

Nepal: Relief: …14,000 feet, lie between the Mahābhārat Range and the Great Himalayas. The ridges of the Mahābhārat Range present a steep escarpment toward the south and a relatively gentle slope toward the north. To the north of the Mahābhārat Range, which encloses the valley of Kathmandu, are the more lofty ranges…

Mahabharata, one of the two Sanskrit epic poems of ancient India (the other being the Ramayana). The Mahabharata is an important source of information on the development of Hinduism between 400 bce and 200 ce and is regarded by Hindus as both a text about dharma (Hindu moral law) and a history

Patanjali: …(separateness); and the second, the Mahabhashya (“Great Commentary”), which is both a defense of the grammarian Panini against his chief critic and detractor Katyayana and a refutation of some of Panini’s aphorisms.

Maha Bodhi Society, an organization that was established to encourage Buddhist studies in India and abroad. The society was founded in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) in 1891 by Anagarika Dharmapala; one of its original goals was the restoration of the Mahabodhi temple at Buddh Gaya (Bihar state, India),

Mahabodhi Temple, one of the holiest sites of Buddhism, marking the spot of the Buddha’s Enlightenment (Bodhi). It is located in Bodh Gaya (in central Bihar state, northeastern India) on the banks of the Niranjana River. The Mahabodhi Temple is one of the oldest brick temples in India. The original

Pagan: …are the late 12th-century pyramidal Mahabodhi, built as a copy of the temple at the site of the Buddha’s enlightenment at Bodh Gaya, in India, and the Ananda Temple just beyond the east gate, founded in 1091 under King Kyanzittha. By the time the Thatpyinnyu Temple was built (1144), Mon…

India: Subordinate Maratha rulers: …during the long reign of Mahadaji Sindhia, which began after Panipat and continued to 1794, that the family’s fortunes were truly consolidated.

Toungoo Dynasty: …half, until the death of Mahadammayaza (reigned 1733–52), but never again ruled all of Myanmar.

Mahadeo Hills, sandstone hills located in the northern part of the Satpura Range, in southern Madhya Pradesh state, central India. The hills have small plateaus and steep scarps that were formed during the Carboniferous Period (about 360 million to 300 million years ago). The hills have a gentle

South Asian arts: Medieval temple architecture: South Indian style of Karnataka: With the Mahādevā temple at Ittagi (c. 1112) the transition is complete, the extremely rich and profuse decoration characteristic of this shrine being found in all work that follows. Dating from the reign of the Hoysaḷa dynasty (c. 1141) is a twin Hoysaḷeśvara temple at Halebīd, the…

Mahadevi was a Hindu poet-saint of the Karnataka region of India. Married to a local king against her will, Mahadevi subsequently left her husband and renounced the world. Legend has it that she wandered naked, singing songs of passionate love for her “true husband,” the god Shiva. Some of her

Mahadevi was a Hindu poet-saint of the Karnataka region of India. Married to a local king against her will, Mahadevi subsequently left her husband and renounced the world. Legend has it that she wandered naked, singing songs of passionate love for her “true husband,” the god Shiva. Some of her

Mahagonny, opera in 20 scenes with music by Kurt Weill and text by Bertolt Brecht, published in 1929 and performed in German as Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny in 1930. The opera’s premiere in Leipzig was disrupted by Nazi sympathizers and others hostile to the Weimar Republic. Mahagonny is

Guyana: Drainage: …shorter rivers, including the Pomeroon, the Mahaica, the Mahaicony, and the Abary.

Guyana: Drainage: including the Pomeroon, the Mahaica, the Mahaicony, and the Abary.

Gujarat: Cultural life: …craft guilds known as the mahajans. Often coterminous with castes—and largely autonomous—the guilds have in the past solved disputes, acted as channels of philanthropy, and encouraged arts and other cultural activities.

S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike: …the Mahajana Eksath Peramuna (MEP; People’s United Front), a political alliance of four nationalist-socialist parties, which swept the election; he became prime minister on April 12, 1956.

Uttar Pradesh: The Buddhist-Hindu period: …7th century bce, when 16 mahajanapadas (great states) in northern India were contending for supremacy. Of those, seven fell entirely within the present-day boundaries of Uttar Pradesh. From the 5th century bce to the 6th century ce, the region was mostly under the control of powers centred outside the modern…

Mahajanga, town and major port, northwestern Madagascar. It lies on the island’s northwest coast, at the mouth of the Betsiboka River, whose estuary widens there into Bombetoka Bay. The town was the capital of the 18th-century kingdom of Boina. The French occupied Mahajanga in 1895 at the beginning

Mahākāla, in Tibetan Buddhism, one of the eight fierce protective deities. See

Hinduism: Myths of time and eternity: …in his destructive aspect as Mahakala and is extended to his consort, the goddess Kali, or Mahakali. The speculations on time reflect the doctrine of the eternal return in the philosophy of transmigration. The universe returns, just as a soul returns after death to be born again. In the oldest…

Mahakam River, river of east-central Indonesian Borneo (Kalimantan). It rises in Borneo’s central mountain range and flows east-southeast through southern East Kalimantan province for about 400 miles (650 km) before emptying into Makassar Strait in a wide delta. The chief town along its course is

Buddhism: Vassa: …making and presentation of the mahakathina (“great robe”), a particularly meritorious gift that requires the cooperation of a number of people who, theoretically at least, must produce it—from spinning the thread to stitching the cloth—in a single day and night. The robe commemorates the act of the Buddha’s mother, who,…

mahakavya, a particular form of the Sanskrit literary style known as kavya. It is a short epic similar to the epyllion and is characterized by elaborate figures of speech. In its classical form, a mahakavya consists of a variable number of comparatively short cantos, each composed in a metre

South Asian arts: Bengali: …of the second genre, the mahākāvya (“great poem,” but not to be confused with the Sanskrit mahākāvya genre), are based mainly on the Sanskrit models of the Mahābhārata, Rāmāyaṇa, and Purāṇas. Kṛttibās Ojhā (late 14th century) stands at the beginning of this literature; he wrote a version of the Rāmāyaṇa…

mahakavya, a particular form of the Sanskrit literary style known as kavya. It is a short epic similar to the epyllion and is characterized by elaborate figures of speech. In its classical form, a mahakavya consists of a variable number of comparatively short cantos, each composed in a metre

Madhubala: …in the supernatural suspense drama Mahal (1949), in which she acted opposite Ashok Kumar, made her a star.

Taj Mahal is an American singer, guitarist, and songwriter who was one of the pioneers of what came to be called world music. He combined acoustic blues and other African American music with Caribbean and West African music and other genres to create a distinctive sound. Taj Mahal (the name came to

Moses Kimhi: …of an influential Hebrew grammar, Mahalakh shevile ha-daʿat (“Journey on the Paths of Knowledge”).

P.C. Mahalanobis: …is now known as the Mahalanobis distance. He introduced innovative techniques for conducting large-scale sample surveys and calculated acreages and crop yields by using the method of random sampling. He devised a statistical method called fractile graphical analysis, which could be used to compare the socioeconomic conditions of different groups…

P.C. Mahalanobis was an Indian statistician who devised the Mahalanobis distance and was instrumental in formulating India’s strategy for industrialization in the Second Five-Year Plan (1956–61). Born to an academically oriented family, Mahalanobis pursued his early education in Calcutta (now

P.C. Mahalanobis was an Indian statistician who devised the Mahalanobis distance and was instrumental in formulating India’s strategy for industrialization in the Second Five-Year Plan (1956–61). Born to an academically oriented family, Mahalanobis pursued his early education in Calcutta (now

Mahalapye, village, eastern Botswana. It lies midway along the rail line between Mafikeng, South Africa, and Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, and is 125 miles (200 km) northeast of Gaborone, the national capital. The name Mahalapye refers to an impala. The village is situated on a plateau with good pasturage,

Al-Maḥallah al-Kubrā, city, in the central Nile River delta of Lower Egypt, eastern Al-Gharbīyah muḥāfaẓah (governorate). It lies just west of the Damietta Branch of the Nile. Because the names of a large number of Egyptian places were compounded with maḥallah (Arabic: “encampment”), exact

Al-Maḥallah al-Kubrā, city, in the central Nile River delta of Lower Egypt, eastern Al-Gharbīyah muḥāfaẓah (governorate). It lies just west of the Damietta Branch of the Nile. Because the names of a large number of Egyptian places were compounded with maḥallah (Arabic: “encampment”), exact

al-Suyūṭī: …of which was written by Jalāl al-Dīn al-Maḥallī. His Itqān fī ʿulūm al-Qurʾān (“Mastery in the Sciences of the Qurʾān”) is a well-known work on Qurʾānic exegesis. Among his works that have been translated into English is Taʾrīkh al-khulafāʾ (History of the Caliphs), as well as a work on cosmology,…

mahalwari system, one of the three main revenue systems of land tenure in British India, the other two being the zamindar and ryotwari systems. The word mahalwari is derived from the Hindi mahal, meaning a house or, by extension, a district. For revenue purposes, the name was applied to any compact

John Mahama is a Ghanaian politician who became vice president of Ghana in 2009. After the death of Pres. John Evans Atta Mills in July 2012, Mahama ascended to the presidency. He was elected president later that year and served until 2017. Mahama was born into a politically active family. His

John Mahama is a Ghanaian politician who became vice president of Ghana in 2009. After the death of Pres. John Evans Atta Mills in July 2012, Mahama ascended to the presidency. He was elected president later that year and served until 2017. Mahama was born into a politically active family. His

Madan Mohan Malaviya was an Indian scholar, educational reformer, and a leader of the Indian nationalist movement. Malaviya was the son of Pandit Brij Nath, a noted Sanskrit scholar, and his early education took place at two Sanskrit pathshalas (traditional schools). After graduating from Muir

Chandi, demon-destroying form of the Hindu goddess Shakti, particularly popular in eastern India. She is known by various names, such as Mahamaya (“Great Magic”) or Abhaya (“She Who Is Without Fear”). Her representation is similar to that of Durga, another form of Shakti. She is shown with either 8

Maha Maya, the mother of Gautama Buddha; she was the wife of Raja Shuddhodana. According to Buddhist legend, Maha Maya dreamed that a white elephant with six tusks entered her right side, which was interpreted to mean that she had conceived a child who would become either a world ruler or a buddha.

mahamudra, in Vajrayana (Tantric) Buddhism, the final goal, the union of all apparent dualities. Mudra, in addition to its more usual meaning, has in Vajrayana Buddhism the esoteric meaning of “female partner,” which in turn symbolizes prajna (“wisdom”). The union of the Tantric initiate with his

Mandalay: The Mahamuni, or Arakan, pagoda, south of the city, is often considered Mandalay’s most famous. Its brass Buddha (12 feet [3.7 metres] high), believed to be of great antiquity, is one of numerous spoils of war brought from the Arakan Coast in 1784 by King Bodawpaya.…

Mahamuni, brass Buddha statue (12 feet high), one of the most sacred images in Myanmar (Burma) and believed to be of great antiquity. Located in the Mahamuni, or Arakan, pagoda south of the city of Mandalay, the statue was among the spoils of war brought from the Arakan Coast in 1784 by King

Alfred Thayer Mahan was an American naval officer and historian who was a highly influential exponent of sea power in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Mahan was the son of a professor at the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York. He graduated from the United States Naval

Larry Mahan was a professional American rodeo wrangler, the first to win five consecutive Rodeo Cowboys Association (RCA; later Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association, PRCA) all-around cowboy championships, from 1966 through 1970. His record was later surpassed by Tom R. Ferguson. In 1962 Mahan won

Witi Ihimaera: …the Gypsies (1994; filmed as The Patriarch [2016]). The Uncle’s Story (2000) relates the stories of two generations of gay Māori men. Contemporary characters are inserted into a Māori myth about warring birds in Sky Dancer (2003). The Trowenna Sea (2009), a fictionalized version of the story of a Māori…

Mahanadi River, river in central India, rising in the hills of southeastern Chhattisgarh state. The Mahanadi (“Great River”) follows a total course of 560 miles (900 km) and has an estimated drainage area of 51,000 square miles (132,100 square km). It is one of the most-active silt-depositing

South Asian arts: Medieval temple architecture: North Indian style of central India: …the north in Rājasthān, the Mahānāleśvara temple at Menāl (c. 11th century), the Sun temple at Jhālrapātan (11th century), the Śiva temple at Rāmgarh (12th century), and the Ėṇḍeśvara temple (12th century) at Bījoliān are important examples. To the west, in Gujarāt, are temples at Limkheda and Sarnāl of the…

Mahananda River, river in northern India and Bangladesh. It rises in the Darjiling (Darjeeling) Hills in extreme northern West Bengal state. The river flows south through a rich agricultural area in Bihar state, enters West Bengal state, flows past Ingraj Bazar, and then continues southeastward

Jerusalem: City layout: …small synagogues and yeshivas; and Maḥane Yehuda, with its fruit and vegetable market, inhabited mainly by Jews of North African and Middle Eastern origin. Residential quarters established between World Wars I and II include Reḥavya in the center, Talpiyyot in the south, and Kiryat Moshe and Bet Ha-Kerem in the…

Pennisetum: Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), an annual species, is cultivated in tropical areas for its edible grain. Several varieties of feathertop (P. villosum), native to Ethiopia, are cultivated as ornamentals for their arching form and feathery coloured flower clusters.

Sutta Pitaka: The Mahanidana Sutta (“Discourse on the Great Origin”) gives the fullest canonical treatment of the doctrine of dependent origination, or the chain of causation. The famous Mahaparinibbana Sutta (“Discourse on the Great Final Extinction”—i.e., the Buddha’s release from the round of rebirths), one of the oldest…

Sikh Gurdwara Act: …the Sikh gurdwaras (temples) hereditary mahants (guardians), who in some cases had diverted temple revenues to private use.

Prafulla Kumar Mahanta is an Indian politician and government official, who was a longtime major force in the Assam People’s Council (Asom Gana Parishad; AGP), a regional political party in Assam state, northeastern India. He served two terms (1985–90 and 1996–2001) as chief minister (head of

South Asian arts: Marathi: …two Brahminical sects arose, the Mahānubhāva and the Varakari Panth, both of which put forth vast quantities of literature. The latter sect was perhaps the more productive, for it became associated with bhakti, when that movement stirred Mahārāshtra in the early 14th century, and particularly with the popular cult of…

India: Magadhan ascendancy: …a century until ousted by Mahapadma Nanda. The Nandas are universally described as being of low origin, perhaps Sudras. Despite these rapid dynastic changes, Magadha retained its position of strength. The Nandas continued the earlier policy of expansion. They are proverbially connected with wealth, probably because they realized the importance…

India: Magadhan ascendancy: …a century until ousted by Mahapadma Nanda. The Nandas are universally described as being of low origin, perhaps Sudras. Despite these rapid dynastic changes, Magadha retained its position of strength. The Nandas continued the earlier policy of expansion. They are proverbially connected with wealth, probably because they realized the importance…

Buddhism: Funeral rites: …ashes are told in the Mahaparinibbana-sutta (“Sutta on the Great Final Deliverance”). Early Chinese travelers such as Faxian described cremations of venerable monks. After cremation the ashes and bones of the monk were collected and a stupa built over them. That this custom was widely observed is evident from the…

Buddhism: Funeral rites: …ashes are told in the Mahaparinibbana-sutta (“Sutta on the Great Final Deliverance”). Early Chinese travelers such as Faxian described cremations of venerable monks. After cremation the ashes and bones of the monk were collected and a stupa built over them. That this custom was widely observed is evident from the…

Hare Krishna: Bhakti yoga’s founder, Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (1485–1534?), advocated the pursuit of mystical devotion through repetitive chanting, especially of the Hare Krishna mantra:

Buddha: Birth and early life: …reared by his mother’s sister, Mahaprajapati. As a young child, the prince was once left unattended during a festival. Later in the day he was discovered seated in meditation under a tree, whose shadow had remained motionless throughout the day to protect him from the sun.

mahāpuruṣa, in Hindu, Jaina, and Buddhist belief, an individual of extraordinary destiny, distinguished by certain physical traits or marks (lakṣanas). Such men are born to become either universal rulers (cakravartins) or great spiritual leaders (such as buddhas or the Jaina spiritual leaders, the

Mahar, caste-cluster, or group of many endogamous castes, living chiefly in Maharashtra state, India, and in adjoining states. They mostly speak Marathi, the official language of Maharashtra. In the early 1980s the Mahar community was believed to constitute about 9 percent of the total population