The Monk’s Tale, one of the 24 stories in The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer, published 1387–1400. The brawny Monk relates a series of 17 tragedies based on the fall from glory of various biblical, classical, and contemporary figures, including Lucifer and Adam; Nero and Julius Caesar;

Washington Commanders: …back John Riggins, wide receiver Art Monk, and cornerback Darrell Green—all future Hall of Famers—starred for the Redskins during their Super Bowl-winning run, which was also famous for featuring rugged offensive lines known by the nickname “the Hogs.” Gibbs retired in 1993, and the team promptly posted three consecutive losing…

George Monck, 1st duke of Albemarle was an English general who fought in Ireland and Scotland during the English Civil Wars and who was the chief architect of the Restoration of the Stuart monarchy in 1660, following 11 years of republican government. Scion of a well-to-do Devon family, Monck

Washington Commanders: …back John Riggins, wide receiver Art Monk, and cornerback Darrell Green—all future Hall of Famers—starred for the Redskins during their Super Bowl-winning run, which was also famous for featuring rugged offensive lines known by the nickname “the Hogs.” Gibbs retired in 1993, and the team promptly posted three consecutive losing…

Maria Monk was a Canadian-American narrator of a salacious and highly embroidered personal story that provided fodder for anti-Roman Catholic sentiment from the 1830s through the rest of the century. Monk grew up in Montreal. Little is known for certain of her early life, but she reportedly

Mary Jo White is an American attorney who served as head (2013–17) of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Monk was born into a family of lawyers, but her early ambition was to become a doctor. She studied clinical psychology at the College of William and Mary (B.S., 1970) and at the

Meredith Monk is an American performance artist, a pioneer in the avant-garde, whose work skillfully integrated diverse performance disciplines and media. Monk studied piano and eurythmics from an early age. She earned a B.A. in 1964 from Sarah Lawrence College, Bronxville, New York. From the

Meredith Monk is an American performance artist, a pioneer in the avant-garde, whose work skillfully integrated diverse performance disciplines and media. Monk studied piano and eurythmics from an early age. She earned a B.A. in 1964 from Sarah Lawrence College, Bronxville, New York. From the

The Monk, Gothic novel by Matthew Gregory Lewis, published in 1796. The story’s violence and sexual content made it one of the era’s best-selling and most influential novels. The novel is the story of a monk, Ambrosio, who is initiated into a life of depravity by Matilda, a woman who has disguised

Thelonious Monk was an American pianist and composer who was among the first creators of modern jazz. As the pianist in the band at Minton’s Playhouse, a nightclub in New York City, in the early 1940s, Monk had great influence on the other musicians who later developed the bebop movement. For much

Thelonious Monk was an American pianist and composer who was among the first creators of modern jazz. As the pianist in the band at Minton’s Playhouse, a nightclub in New York City, in the early 1940s, Monk had great influence on the other musicians who later developed the bebop movement. For much

the Monkees, American pop-rock group created as a made-for-television answer to the Beatles in the mid-1960s. The members were Micky Dolenz (byname of George Michael Dolenz; b. March 8, 1945, Los Angeles, California, U.S.), Davy Jones (byname of David Jones; b. December 30, 1945, Manchester,

Bob Rafelson: Early work: …the zany TV situation comedy The Monkees (1966–68), inspired by the Beatles and more particularly by Richard Lester’s Beatles films, A Hard Day’s Night (1964) and Help! (1965). Rafelson had at first tried to focus the show on an existing rock band (the Lovin’ Spoonful); when those plans fell through,…

monkey, in general, any of nearly 200 species of tailed primate, with the exception of lemurs, tarsiers, and lorises. The presence of a tail (even if only a tiny nub), along with their narrow-chested bodies and other features of the skeleton, distinguishes monkeys from apes. Most monkeys have a

Howard Hawks: Films of the 1950s of Howard Hawks: …along the Missouri River, while Monkey Business (1952), a goofy yarn about a scientist who discovers a rejuvenation serum, was a collaboration between Hawks, Grant, rising star Marilyn Monroe, and scenarists Hecht, Charles Lederer, and I.A.L. Diamond.

Norman Z. McLeod: Marx Brothers and W.C. Fields: …Hattie (1931)—before going solo with Monkey Business (1931), a classic Marx Brothers farce. Much of the activity was improvised by the Marxes, who for the first time were not adapting one of their stage vehicles. McLeod reteamed with the brothers on Horse Feathers (1932), which was arguably funnier than Monkey…

Black Eyed Peas: Its follow-up, Monkey Business (2005), featuring the exuberant top-five hits “Don’t Phunk with My Heart” and “My Humps,” was even more commercially successful.

horse racing: Racing strategy: …and a crouching posture—this “American seat” eventually became standard worldwide for all distances. As longer, elliptical racetracks were built in New York and throughout the South, a greater onus was placed on jockeys to pace their horses. Because Thoroughbred horses are capable of running only about a quarter of…

Nepenthes, genus of carnivorous pitcher plants that make up the only genus in the family Nepenthaceae (order Caryophyllales). About 140 species are known, mostly native to Madagascar, Southeast Asia, and Australia. (The North American pitcher plants are in the family Sarraceniaceae.) Nepenthes

Southeast Asian arts: Balinese dance-drama: In the ketjak, or monkey dance, as many as 150 village men, sitting in concentric circles around a flaming lamp, chant and gesticulate in unison until, in trance, they appear to have become ecstatically possessed by the spirits of monkeys. This performance, however, has no ritual function…

tunnels and underground excavations: Hand-mined tunnels: …preceded slightly by a “monkey drift” in which the wall plate is set and serves as a footing for the arch ribs, also to span over as the wall plate is underpinned by erecting posts in small notches at each side of the lower bench. As the ribs and…

monkey flower, any of about 150 species of herbaceous or, rarely, shrubby plants of the lopseed family (Phrymaceae), all of which were formerly placed in a single genus Mimulus. The taxonomy of the group was thoroughly revised to better reflect evolutionary relationships, and many species were

Gong Li: …san de Baigu Jing (2016; The Monkey King 2) and the Disney movie Mulan (2020).

Timothy Mo: Mo’s first novel, The Monkey King (1978), is set in Hong Kong. Comic and ironic, it tells the story of Wallace Nolasco, a naive young Portuguese-Chinese in Hong Kong, who manages not only to gain control of his father-in-law’s business but eventually to head the family. Sour Sweet…

Tina Fey: After narrating the nature documentary Monkey Kingdom (2015), Fey portrayed a reporter who is sent to cover the Afghanistan War in the dark comedy Whiskey Tango Foxtrot (2016). She had guest spots on various TV shows and a recurring role in the series Great News (2017–18). In 2019 Fey appeared…

legume: …legumes are borne by the monkey ladder (Entada gigas) and can reach up to 2 metres (6.6 feet) in length. At maturity, legume fruits are usually dry and papery or hard and woody; the legumes of certain food crops, such as snow peas (variety of Pisum sativum), edamame (Glycine max),…

Dev Patel: Continued film success: In 2024 Patel starred in Monkey Man, which he also directed and cowrote. The action film featured his experience with tae kwon do and other martial arts. His anonymous character works in a fight club and seeks vengeance against the corrupt elite who murdered his mother and control a fictional…

Orchis: The monkey orchid (O. simia), the man orchid (O. anthropophora), the soldier, or military, orchid (O. militaris), and the naked man orchid (O. italica) all have flowers that resemble helmeted human figures. (See also man orchid.) Other Eurasian species of Orchis include some known as

monkey pot, any shrub or tree of the genus Lecythis, of the family Lecythidaceae, particularly L. ollaria of Brazil and L. zabucajo of northeastern South America. The name is also applied to the woody fruit of these plants, so called because it is potlike in shape and suitable in size for a monkey

monkey puzzle tree, (Araucaria araucana), an evergreen ornamental and timber conifer of the family Araucariaceae, native to the Andes Mountains of South America. Although the tree was declared a natural monument in Chile in 1976 to afford it protection from logging, the species is listed as an

George A. Romero: …and animals wreaking havoc in Monkey Shines (1988), a film about a homicidal helper monkey.

affenpinscher, breed of toy dog known since the 17th century. It is thought to have originated in Germany, where it was bred to be a ratter—to kill rats, mice, and other small vermin. Like other terriers, it is lively and playful. The affenpinscher stands 9.5 to 11.5 inches (24 to 29 cm) tall and

Scopes Trial, (July 10–21, 1925, Dayton, Tennessee, U.S.), highly publicized trial (known as the “Monkey Trial”) of a Dayton, Tennessee, high-school teacher, John T. Scopes, charged with violating state law by teaching Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution. The trial’s proceedings helped to bring

wrench: …wrench is known as a monkey wrench. On another type, originally called a Crescent wrench, the jaws are almost parallel to the handle. On both types the movable jaw is adjusted by turning a worm that engages a rack of teeth cut into the jaw.

Edward Abbey: Abbey’s novel The Monkey Wrench Gang (1975) recounts the exploits of a band of guerrilla environmentalists; both it and Desert Solitaire became handbooks of the environmental movement. The strain of cynicism that runs through much of Abbey’s writing is leavened by a bracing prose style and mischievous…

The Monkey’s Paw, classic tale of horror and superstition, a much-anthologized short story by W.W. Jacobs, published in 1902 in the collection The Lady of the Barge. The story centres on a dried, shrunken monkey’s paw that is said to have the power to grant its possessor three

barn owl, any of several species of nocturnal birds of prey of the genus Tyto (family Tytonidae). Barn owls are sometimes called monkey-faced owls because of their heart-shaped facial disks and absence of ear tufts. They are about 30 to 40 cm (12 to 16 inches) long, white to gray or yellowish to

monkeypox, viral disease of animals, particularly certain rodents and primates, including monkeys and humans, that causes symptoms similar to those of smallpox, though less severe. It is caused by the monkeypox virus, a member of the same virus family that causes smallpox and cowpox. Monkeypox was

monkeypox: In 2022 a more severe outbreak emerged, involving extensive human-to-human transmission in countries outside of Africa. The outbreak began in May 2022 in the United Kingdom and spread widely in the following months, reaching countries in Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas. By late July, with nearly 18,600 cases having…

monkeypox: The monkeypox virus can be transmitted to humans through an animal bite or through direct contact with infected bodily fluids. It can also be transmitted from person to person through prolonged close contact, usually among family members; exposure to respiratory droplets may be another route of…

Hasegawa Tōhaku: …Forest” (Tokyo National Museum) and “Picture of Monkey in Dead Trees” (Ryōsen Temple, part of Myōshin Temple). Having been a Nichiren-sect Buddhist, he was associated with Nittsū, the holy priest of the Honpō Temple, who recorded Tōhaku’s theory of painting in “Tōhaku ga-in” (“Studio of Tōhaku”) in the 1590s. In…

monkeywrenching, nonviolent disobedience and sabotage carried out by environmental activists against those whom they perceive to be ecological exploiters. The term came into use after the publication of author Edward Abbey’s novel The Monkey Wrench Gang (1975), which described the activities of a

ecoterrorism: …this practice, known as “monkeywrenching,” are the plugging of factory waste outlets and driving spikes into trees so that they cannot be logged and milled. Other activities described as ecoterrorist include protest actions by animal rights groups, which have included the destruction of property in stores that sell products…

Stone Age: Mississippian culture: …largest of the Mississippian earthworks, Monk’s Mound near Cahokia, Illinois, which measures 1,000 feet (305 metres) in length, more than 700 feet (213 metres) in width, and is still 100 feet (30.5 metres) in height. The first European explorers in the southern Mississippi Valley in the early 16th century found…

Rabban bar Sauma: Wallis Budge’s The Monks of Kûblâi Khân (1928; reissued as The Monks of Kublai Khan, 2003).

monkshood, (genus Aconitum), genus of more than 200 species of showy perennial herbs of the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae). They occur in the north temperate zone, usually in partial shade and in rich soil. Some species are cultivated as ornamental plants, and several are used in traditional

Western painting: England and Ireland, c. 650–850: …the Northumbrian double monastery of Monkwearmouth and Jarrow, Italian books and their illustrations were imitated extraordinarily faithfully (e.g., the Codex Amiatinus, a great Bible, c. 700). But artists in other Northumbrian centres in the late 7th century began to adapt the standard decorative apparatus of late antique Italian manuscripts to…

Smon-lam chen-mo, (Tibetan: “Great Prayer”), most important Tibetan Buddhist celebration of the year, held annually as part of the New Year festivities in Lhasa at least up until 1959, when the People’s Republic of China abolished the government of the Dalai Lama. Smon-lam was established in 1409

Blaise de Lasseran-Massencôme, seigneur de Monluc was a soldier, a marshal of France from 1574, known for his great military skill and for his Commentaires, an autobiography that contained his reflections on the art of war. The eldest son of an impoverished branch of the great family of

Monmouth, city, seat (1831) of Warren county, western Illinois, U.S. It lies about 60 miles (100 km) northwest of Peoria. Established in 1831, it was named to commemorate the Battle of Monmouth (New Jersey) fought during the American Revolution (June 28, 1778). When the city was originally to be

Monmouth, town, historic and present county of Monmouthshire (Sir Fynwy), southeastern Wales. It is situated at the confluence of the Rivers Wye and Monnow on the English border. The town of Monmouth, granted its first royal charter in 1256, became important as the market for a rich agricultural

Monmouth, county, east-central New Jersey, U.S., bounded by Raritan and Sandy Hook bays to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. It comprises a coastal lowland drained by the Manasquan, Shark, Navesink, Swimming, Shrewsbury, and Millstone rivers. The county is forested primarily with oak,

Battle of Monmouth, indecisive engagement in the American Revolution, fought on June 28, 1778, at Monmouth, New Jersey. The battle is best known for introducing the legendary “Molly Pitcher” into the annals of American history. The British surrender at Saratoga brought the French into the war as

United Kingdom: Church and king: …emergency military aid to suppress Monmouth’s Rebellion (1685). James Scott, duke of Monmouth, an illegitimate son of Charles II, was Shaftesbury’s personal choice for the throne had Exclusion succeeded. Monmouth recruited tradesmen and farmers as he marched through the West Country on the way to defeat at the Battle of…

Battle of Monmouth, indecisive engagement in the American Revolution, fought on June 28, 1778, at Monmouth, New Jersey. The battle is best known for introducing the legendary “Molly Pitcher” into the annals of American history. The British surrender at Saratoga brought the French into the war as

Prince Hal, fictional character, based on the English monarch, who first appears in William Shakespeare’s play Henry IV, Part 1, where he is portrayed as an irresponsible, fun-loving youth. In Shakespeare’s Henry V he proves to be a wise, capable, and responsible king and wins a great victory over

James Scott, duke of Monmouth was a claimant to the English throne who led an unsuccessful rebellion against King James II in 1685. Although the strikingly handsome Monmouth had the outward bearing of an ideal monarch, he lacked the intelligence and resolution needed for a determined struggle for

James Scott, duke of Monmouth was a claimant to the English throne who led an unsuccessful rebellion against King James II in 1685. Although the strikingly handsome Monmouth had the outward bearing of an ideal monarch, he lacked the intelligence and resolution needed for a determined struggle for

Monmouthshire, county of southeastern Wales. The present county of Monmouthshire borders England to the east, the River Severn estuary to the south, the county boroughs of Newport, Torfaen, and Blaenau Gwent to the west, and the county of Powys to the north. The heart of the county is the plain of

Matthias Georg Monn was an Austrian composer and organist whose compositions mark a transition from the Baroque to the Classical period in music. Monn changed his original name to avoid confusion with his younger brother Johann Christoph Monn (1726–82), who was a pianist and composer. Little is

Matthias Georg Monn was an Austrian composer and organist whose compositions mark a transition from the Baroque to the Classical period in music. Monn changed his original name to avoid confusion with his younger brother Johann Christoph Monn (1726–82), who was a pianist and composer. Little is

Matthias Georg Monn was an Austrian composer and organist whose compositions mark a transition from the Baroque to the Classical period in music. Monn changed his original name to avoid confusion with his younger brother Johann Christoph Monn (1726–82), who was a pianist and composer. Little is

Paris: The Institute of France: Almost next door is the Mint (Hôtel des Monnaies). In this sober late 18th-century building, visitors may tour a museum of coins and medals.

coin: France: This monnaie tournois was lighter than the royal monnaie parisis (based on the Paris weight standard), generally in the ratio 4:5. Louis IX in and after 1262 reformed the coinage. The sou became in 1266 the silver gros tournois, 2324 fine and weighing about four grams;…

Jean Monnet was a French political economist and diplomat who initiated comprehensive economic planning in western Europe after World War II. In France, he was responsible for the successful plan designed to rebuild and modernize that nation’s crumbled economy. During World War I Monnet was the

St. Augustine: Life retold: …was born to a mother, Monnica, who was a baptized Christian, and a father, Patricius, who would take baptism on his deathbed when Augustine was in his teens. Neither was particularly devout, but Monnica became more demonstratively religious in her widowhood and is venerated as St. Monica. Augustine was enrolled…

Henri Monnier was a French cartoonist and writer whose satires of the bourgeoisie became internationally known. Monnier studied art with A.-L. Girodet-Trioson and Antoine-Jean, Baron Gros, and was influenced by the work of Honoré Daumier. By 1828 he had established himself as an illustrator and in

Honoré-Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau: Troubled youth: …was the marquise de Monnier, Marie-Thérèse-Richard de Ruffey, the young wife of a very old man. He eventually escaped to Switzerland, where Sophie joined him; the couple then made their way to Holland, where Mirabeau was arrested in 1777.

bridge: The Middle Ages: …medieval bridge of note is Monnow Bridge in Wales, which featured three separate ribs of stone under the arches. Rib construction reduced the quantity of material needed for the rest of the arch and lightened the load on the foundations.

floral decoration: 17th century: …in the flower engravings of Jean-Baptiste Monnoyer. The plates for his famous portfolio Le Livre de toutes sortes de fleurs d’après nature (Book of All Kinds of Flowers from Nature) accurately portray flowers from a horticultural standpoint and at the same time show prototypes of display. These floral arrangements are…

Mono, either of two North American Indian groups, originally from what is now central California, U.S., who spoke a language belonging to the Numic group of the Uto-Aztecan family and were related to the Northern Paiute. The Western Mono, who resided in the pine belt of the Sierra Nevada mountains,

fingerfish: The moonfish, or mono (species Monodactylus argenteus), a popular aquarium fingerfish found from eastern Africa to Malaysia, attains lengths of 20 cm (8 inches) and has two black bands extending vertically down its head. The striped fingerfish (M. sebae), of western Africa, is also a popular aquarium fish.

Kikongo-Kituba, according to some linguists, a creole language of Central Africa that evolved out of the contact between Kikongo-Kimanyanga and other Bantu languages in western Democratic Republic of the Congo and southern Republic of the Congo. Kimanyanga is the Kikongo dialect of Manyanga, which

lake: Chemical precipitates: …high alkalinity levels, such as Mono Lake in California, can still support some forms of life.

Mono River, river rising near the Benin border, northeast of Sokodé, Togo. It flows 250 miles (400 km) in a meandering course to empty into the Bight of Benin near Ouidah, Benin. For the lower part of its course it forms the border between Togo and Benin. At its mouth it is linked through a channel

Benin: Industry: …the hydroelectric installation of the Mono River Dam, a joint venture between Benin and Togo on their common southern boundary.

Lee Ufan: …the early ’70s known as Mono-ha (Japanese: “School of Things”). Lee built a body of artistic achievement across a wide range of mediums—painting, printmaking, sculpture, installation art, and art criticism—and had a major impact on the development of South Korean art in the 1970s.

Motoori Norinaga: …other classical literature and stressed mono no aware (“sensitiveness to beauty”) as the central concept of Japanese literature.

baking: Staling: Monoglycerides of fatty acids have been widely used as dough additives to retard staling in the finished loaf.

neurotransmitter: Types of neurotransmitters: such as glutamate and glycine; monoamines, such as dopamine and norepinephrine; peptides, such as somatostatin and opioids; and purines, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Some gaseous substances, such as nitric oxide,

mental disorder: Antidepressant agents: …interfere with the action of monoamine oxidase, an enzyme involved in the breakdown of norepinephrine and serotonin. As a result, these neurotransmitters accumulate within nerve cells and presumably leak out onto receptors. The side effects of these drugs include daytime drowsiness, insomnia, and a fall in blood pressure when changing…

depression: Treatments for depression: …contrast, the antidepressants known as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) interfere with the activity of monoamine oxidase, an enzyme that is known to be involved in the breakdown of norepinephrine and serotonin.

Adiabene: …the Temple, and her sons Monobazus II and Izates II were buried in the Tombs of the Kings at Jerusalem. Adiabene was frequently attacked by the Romans during their campaigns against the Parthians.

Sextus Propertius: It was known as the Cynthia and also as the Monobiblos because it was for a long time afterward sold separately from his other three books. Complete editions of all four books were also available. Cynthia seems to have had an immediate success, for the influential literary patron Maecenas invited…

fungus: Annotated classification: Order Monoblepharidales Sexual reproduction by motile gamete (antherozoid) fertilizing nonmotile differentiated egg, resulting in thick-walled oospore; example genus is Monoblepharis. Phylum Neocallimastigomycota Found in digestive tracts of herbivores; anaerobic; zoospores with one or more posterior flagella; lacks mitochondria but

fungus: Annotated classification: Class Monoblepharidomycetes Asexual reproduction by zoospores or autospores; filamentous, branched or unbranched thallus; contains 1 order. Order Monoblepharidales Sexual reproduction by motile gamete (antherozoid) fertilizing nonmotile differentiated egg, resulting in thick-walled oospore; example genus is Monoblepharis.

moss animal: Size range and diversity of structure: In the gymnolaemate genus Monobryozoon, which lives between marine sand particles, a colony consists of little more than a single feeding zooid less than one millimetre in height. Colonies of the European Pentapora, however, can reach one metre (3.3 feet) or more in circumference; a warm-water gymnolaemate genus, Zoobotryon,…

Battle of Monocacy, (July 9, 1864), American Civil War engagement fought on the banks of the Monocacy River near Frederick, Maryland, in which Confederate troops under Lieutenant General Jubal A. Early routed Union forces under Major General Lewis Wallace. Although the Union forces were defeated,

mast seeding, the production of many seeds by a plant every two or more years in regional synchrony with other plants of the same species. Since seed predators commonly scour the ground for each year’s seed crop, they often consume most of the seeds produced by many different plant species each

suicide tree: This phenomenon, known as monocarpy, is an oddity among long-lived plants in general and is nearly unique among tropical trees. In addition, within a local population of suicide trees, flowering by individual trees seems to take place only at four-year intervals. How flowering is synchronized remains a mystery, but…

pinecone fish: The Japanese pinecone fish (M. japonicus) normally reaches a length of 13 cm (5 inches) and travels in schools near the ocean bottom. Although small, it is commercially important as a food fish and as a saltwater aquarium fish.

mitochondrion: …lack mitochondria is the oxymonad Monocercomonoides species. Mitochondria are unlike other cellular organelles in that they have two distinct membranes and a unique genome and reproduce by binary fission; these features indicate that mitochondria share an evolutionary past with prokaryotes (single-celled organisms).

Monoceros, constellation in the northern sky at about 7 hours right ascension and on the celestial equator in declination. Its brightest star is Alpha Monocerotis, with a magnitude of 3.9. This constellation contains R Monocerotis, a young star immersed in a nebula. In 1612 Dutch cartographer

monochord, musical instrument consisting of a single string stretched over a calibrated sound box and having a movable bridge. The string was held in place over the properly positioned bridge with one hand and plucked with a plectrum held in the other. The monochord was used in Greece by the 6th

clavichord, stringed keyboard musical instrument, developed from the medieval monochord. It flourished from about 1400 to 1800 and was revived in the 20th century. It is usually rectangular in shape, and its case and lid were usually highly decorated, painted, and inlaid. The right, or treble, end

Christianity: The belief in the oneness of the Father and the Son: …be absorbed in a “monochristism”—i.e., that the figure of the Son in the life of faith will overshadow the figure of the Father and thus cause it to disappear and that the figure of the Creator and Sustainer of the world will recede behind the figure of the Redeemer.…

colour blindness: Types of colour blindness: …cone types are functional, and monochromacy (monochromatism), when none or only one type of cone receptor is functional. Dichromatic individuals are ordinarily unable to distinguish between red and green. Blindness to red is known as protanopia, a state in which the red cones are absent, leaving only the cones that…

telecommunications media: Optical transmission: … employs a beam of modulated monochromatic light to carry information from transmitter to receiver. The light spectrum spans a tremendous range in the electromagnetic spectrum, extending from the region of 10 terahertz (104 gigahertz) to 1 million terahertz (109 gigahertz). This frequency range essentially covers the spectrum from far infrared…

electromagnetic radiation: Discrete-frequency sources and absorbers of electromagnetic radiation: Familiar examples of discrete-frequency electromagnetic radiation include the distinct colours of lamps filled with different fluorescent gases that are characteristic of advertisement signs, the colours of dyes and pigments, the bright yellow of sodium lamps, the blue-green hue of mercury lamps, and the specific colours of lasers.

colour blindness: Types of colour blindness: …cone types are functional, and monochromacy (monochromatism), when none or only one type of cone receptor is functional. Dichromatic individuals are ordinarily unable to distinguish between red and green. Blindness to red is known as protanopia, a state in which the red cones are absent, leaving only the cones that…