baimiao: …and colour is known as mogu, or “boneless.”

The Five, group of five Russian composers—César Cui, Aleksandr Borodin, Mily Balakirev, Modest Mussorgsky, and Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov—who in the 1860s banded together in an attempt to create a truly national school of Russian music, free of the stifling influence of Italian opera, German lieder,

candy: Fondant: A machine known as a Mogul carries out all these operations automatically, filling trays with starch, printing them, depositing melted fondant, and stacking the filled trays into a pile. At the other end of the machine, piles of trays that contain cooled and set crèmes are unstacked and inverted over…

Mughal architecture, building style that flourished in northern and central India under the patronage of the Mughal emperors from the mid-16th to the late 17th century. The Mughal period marked a striking revival of Islamic architecture in northern India. Under the patronage of the Mughal emperors,

Mughal carpet, any of the handwoven floor coverings made in India in the 16th and 17th centuries for the Mughal emperors and their courts. Aside from patterns in the Persian manner, a series of distinctively Indian designs were developed, including scenic and landscape carpets; animal carpets with

facet: Certain stones, such as mogul cut diamonds (egg-shaped jewels faceted without regard for symmetry or brilliancy) or drop cut stones, have neither a girdle, a crown, nor a pavilion. In others, the crown and the pavilion are identical—e.g., in baguette cut stones.

Mughal dynasty, Muslim dynasty of Turkic-Mongol origin that ruled most of northern India from the early 16th to the mid-18th century. After that time it continued to exist as a considerably reduced and increasingly powerless entity until the mid-19th century. The Mughal dynasty was notable for its

Mughal glass, type of glass made in India during the Mughal period (1556–1707). Because imported Persian craftsmen were patronized by the Mughal court, Mughal glass of the 17th and 18th centuries shows an obvious indebtedness to Persian influences. Floral arabesques and sprays and, to a lesser

Mughal painting, style of painting, confined mainly to book illustration and the production of individual miniatures, that evolved in India during the reigns of the Mughal emperors (16th–18th century). In its initial phases it showed some indebtedness to the Ṣafavid school of Persian painting but

skiing: Freestyle skiing: Mogul skiing, the navigation of large bumps (moguls) on the slope, was incorporated into competition shortly after the introduction of aerials. Competing on a steep incline (22° to 32°) over a course of some 660 to 890 feet (about 200 to 270 metres), the mogul…

Roswell incident: …was part of the top-secret Project Mogul, which sought to detect Soviet nuclear bomb tests. That revelation, however, did little to end the conspiracy theories.

Ngbandi, a people of the upper Ubangi River in southern Central African Republic and northern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Ngbandi speak a language of the Adamawa-Ubangi subgroup of the Niger-Congo language family that is related to that of neighbouring Banda and Gbaya. Ngbandi is a term

skin cancer: Treatment: A procedure known as Moh surgery shaves off cells one layer at a time, stopping when microscopic analysis indicates that no cancer remains. In some cases, removal of nearby lymph nodes may also be necessary.

Tahar Ben Jelloun: A third novel, Moha le fou, Moha le sage (1978; “Moha the Fool, Moha the Wise”), is a satire of the modern North African state.

Amitabh Bachchan: …the crime drama Hum (1991); Mohabbatein (2000; Love Stories), a musical that was a major box-office success; and Black (2005), which was inspired by Helen Keller’s life story. For the latter film Bachchan won another National Film Award, and he also received that honour for his performance in the drama…

Mohács, town and river port, Baranya megye (county), south central Hungary, on the Danube River, 23 mi (37 km) east-southeast of Pécs. Light industry includes the manufacture of hemp, silk, and wood fibres. Heavy industry, including foundries, was introduced in the 1950s. The town has a number of

Battle of Mohács, (August 29, 1526), decisive defeat of Hungary, led by King Louis II, by the Turks of the Ottoman Empire, led by Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent. This victory at Mohacs marked the effective destruction of the Hungarian monarchy and paved the way for Habsburg and Turkish domination

mohair, animal-hair fibre obtained from the Angora goat and a significant so-called specialty hair fibre. The word mohair is derived from the Arabic mukhayyar (“goat’s hair fabric”), which became mockaire in medieval times. Mohair is one of the oldest textile fibres, produced exclusively in Turkey

muhajir, Muslim person, usually Urdu-speaking, who either migrated during the partition of India in 1947 to territory that would become Pakistan or is descended from such migrants. Those who migrated were predominantly from Uttar Pradesh, the Delhi area, and Bihar and primarily settled in urban

Mohaka River, river, east-central North Island, New Zealand. It derives its name from a Maori term meaning “place for dancing.” Rising on the Kaweka and Ahimanawa ranges, the river flows southeast, northeast, and southeast once again, entering Hawke Bay of the Pacific Ocean. Its principal

Mohale’s Hoek, village, southwestern Lesotho. The area in which the village is situated is predominantly agricultural (subsistence farming of wheat, corn [maize], and sorghum) and pastoral, the main cash income coming from livestock (sheep, cattle, goats) and the production of wool and mohair for

Mohamed bin Zayed is the president of the United Arab Emirates (2022– ) and emir (2022– ) of Abu Dhabi, a constituent emirate of the United Arab Emirates. As crown prince (2004–22) of Abu Dhabi, he became the emirate’s foremost policy maker after his brother Khalifa, then emir of Abu Dhabi,

Eritrea: Independent Eritrea: Mohamed Abdullahi agreed to reestablish diplomatic ties between their two countries and to work to foster peace and stability in the region. Then, in September, representatives of the governments of Djibouti and Eritrea agreed to restore ties after a decade. Eritrea’s newly improved relations with…

Chaudhri Mohammad Ali was a Pakistani politician who was the fourth prime minister of Pakistan, serving for 13 months in 1955–56. After the partition of British India into India and Pakistan in 1947, Mohammad Ali played an important role in determining how the new Pakistani state would be

Mosāferīd Dynasty: …founder of the dynasty was Moḥammad ebn Mosāfer (ruled c. 916–941), military commander of the strategic mountain fortresses of Ṭārom and Samīrān in Daylam, in northwestern Iran. With the increasing weakness of the Justānid dynasty that ruled the region, Moḥammad increased his power and gained control of most of Daylam.…

Iran: The Zand dynasty (1750–79): …court in Shīrāz, after repulsing Muḥammad Ḥasan Qājār’s bids for extended dominion.

ʿAbbās I: Life: The third son of Moḥammad Khodābanda, ʿAbbās came to the throne in October 1588, at a critical moment in the fortunes of the Safavid dynasty. The weak rule of his semiblind father had allowed usurpation by the amīrs, or chiefs, of the Turkmen tribes, who had brought the Safavid…

Öljeitü was the eighth Il-Khan ruler of Iran, during whose reign the Shīʿite branch of Islam was first proclaimed the state religion of Iran. A great-grandson of Hülegü, founder of the Il-Khanid dynasty, Öljeitü was baptized a Christian and given the name Nicholas by his mother. As a youth he

Afghanistan: Moḥammad Nāder Shah (1929–33): Ḥabībullāh II was driven from the throne by Moḥammad Nāder Khan and his brothers, distant cousins of Amānullāh. On October 10, 1929, Ḥabībullāh II was executed along with 17 of his followers. A tribal assembly elected Nāder Khan as shah, and…

Najibullah was an Afghan military official who was president of Afghanistan from 1986 to 1992. The son of a prominent Pashtun family, Najibullah (who, like many Afghans, had only a single name) began studying medicine at Kabul University in 1964 and received his degree in 1975, but he never

Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi was the shah of Iran from 1941 to 1979, who maintained a pro-Western foreign policy and fostered economic development in Iran. Mohammad Reza was the eldest son of Reza Shah Pahlavi, an army officer who became the ruler of Iran and founder of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1925.

Aga Khan I: Under Moḥammad Shāh, however, he felt his family honour slighted and rose in revolt in 1838 but was defeated and fled to India. He helped the British in the first Anglo-Afghan War (1839–42) and in the conquest of Sindh (1842–43) and was granted a pension. After…

Ḥāfeẓ was one of the finest lyric poets of Persia. Ḥāfeẓ received a classical religious education, lectured on Qurʾānic and other theological subjects (“Ḥāfeẓ” designates one who has learned the Qurʾān by heart), and wrote commentaries on religious classics. As a court poet, he enjoyed the

Tanzania: British protectorate: …to form a government with Mohammed Shamte Hamadi as chief minister.

Qājār dynasty: His son Moḥammad ʿAlī Shāh (reigned 1907–09), with the aid of Russia, attempted to rescind the constitution and abolish parliamentary government. In so doing he aroused such opposition that he was deposed in 1909, the throne being taken by his son. Aḥmad Shāh (reigned 1909–25), who succeeded…

Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī: …but two of his brothers, Moḥammad Afḍal Khān and Moḥammad Aʿẓam Khān, were threatening his tenure. In January 1867 Shīr ʿAlī was defeated and expelled from Kabul, where Afḍal and, upon his death shortly afterward, Aʿẓam reigned successively in 1867–68. At the end of 1866 Aʿẓam captured Kandahar, and Afghānī…

Narges Mohammadi is an Iranian journalist and human rights activist who received the Nobel Prize for Peace in 2023. The award came after an especially tumultuous year of unrest in Iran following the death of Jina Mahsa Amini in 2022. Mohammadi is known for her work as deputy director of the

Kano: Camel caravans brought prosperity under Mohamman Rumfa (1463–99), the greatest of Kano’s Hausa kings, who established the Kurmi Market, built the Juma’at Mosque (restored) and a palace (now used by the Fulani emirs), and fought the first of a series of wars with Katsina (92 miles [148 km] northwest), Kano’s…

Wallace D. Fard was the Mecca-born founder of the Nation of Islam (sometimes called Black Muslim) movement in the United States. Fard immigrated to the United States sometime before 1930. In that year, he established in Detroit the Temple of Islām as well as the University of Islām, which was the

Spain: The Almohads: Of these states, those under Ibn Mardanīsh (1147–72)—who was successful with Christian help in becoming the master of Valencia, Murcia, and Jaén and in securing Granada and Córdoba—especially stood out.

Mohammed bin Salman is the de facto ruler of Saudi Arabia, known for his aggressive foreign policy, ambitious economic vision, and controversial social reforms. He formally serves as crown prince (2017– ) and prime minister (2022– ) and has previously served as minister of defense (2015–22). He is

Islamic arts: The modern period: …Michel Muchaqa of Damascus and Mohammed Chehab al-Dīn of Cairo introduced the theoretical division of the scale into 24 quarter tones. In 1932 the international Congress of Arabian Music was held in Cairo, providing a forum for current analysis of subjects such as musical scales, modes, rhythms, and musical forms.

Munich massacre: German and Israeli responses: In 1977 Abu Daoud, the planner of the Munich attack, was arrested in France, but West Germany’s extradition request was denied on a technicality, and he was released and flown to freedom in Algeria.

Arabic literature: The novel: …a novel, Zaynab (English translation: Mohammed Hussein Haikal’s Zainab), by “a peasant Egyptian.” It presents the reader with a thoroughly nostalgic picture of the Egyptian countryside, which serves as the backdrop for the fervent advocacy of the need for women’s education. The author, Muḥammad Ḥusayn Haykal, had written the work…

Muḥammad I Askia was a West African statesman and military leader who usurped the throne of the Songhai empire (1493) and, in a series of conquests, greatly expanded the empire and strengthened it. He was overthrown by his son, Askia Mūsā, in 1528. Both Muḥammad’s place and date of birth are

Bukhara: The emir Moḥammed Raḥīm freed himself from Persian vassalage in the mid-18th century and founded the Mangit dynasty. In 1868 the khanate was made a Russian protectorate, and in 1920 the emir was overthrown by Red Army troops. Bukhara remained the capital of the Bukharan People’s Soviet…

Aga Khan III was the only son of the Aga Khan II. He succeeded his father as imam (leader) of the Nizārī Ismāʿīlī sect in 1885. Under the care of his mother, who was born into the ruling house of Iran, he was given an education that was not only Islamic but also Western. In addition to attending

Muḥammad Tawfīq Pasha was the khedive of Egypt (1879–92) during the first phase of the British occupation. The eldest son of Khedive Ismāʿīl, Tawfīq was distinguished from other members of his family by having engaged in study in Egypt rather than in Europe. He subsequently assumed a variety of

Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Islamist militant who, as an operational planner for al-Qaeda, masterminded some of that organization’s highest-profile terrorist operations, most notably the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001. Prior to his birth, Mohammed’s parents

Nigeria: The civil war: Murtala Ramat Mohammed, initiated many changes during his brief time in office: he began the process of moving the federal capital to Abuja, addressed the issue of government inefficiency, and, most important, initiated the process for a return to civilian rule. He was assassinated in…

Warith Deen Mohammed was an American religious leader, son and successor of Elijah Muhammad as head of the Nation of Islam, which he reformed and moved toward inclusion within the worldwide Islamic community. The seventh son of Elijah Muhammad, the leader of the Nation of Islam, Mohammed was marked

Warith Deen Mohammed was an American religious leader, son and successor of Elijah Muhammad as head of the Nation of Islam, which he reformed and moved toward inclusion within the worldwide Islamic community. The seventh son of Elijah Muhammad, the leader of the Nation of Islam, Mohammed was marked

pottery: Ming dynasty (1368–1644): Supplies of this so called Mohammedan blue (huihui qing), which came from the Kashān district of Persia, were not always obtainable and were interrupted on more than one occasion. The quality of the blue-painted wares, however, remained to a great extent dependent on its use until the end of the…

Charles Cutler Torrey: …Islāmic studies are represented by The Mohammedan Conquest of Egypt and North Africa (1901), based on the Arabic work of Ibn ʿAbd al-Hakam, of which he subsequently published an edition (1922), and by The Jewish Foundation of Islam (1933). He offered a fresh critical appraisal and rearrangement of the books…

Ottoman Empire: The Young Turk Revolution of 1908: …religious organization known as the Mohammedan Union. The weakness of the government allowed the mutiny to spread, and, although order was eventually restored in Istanbul and more quickly elsewhere, a force from Macedonia (the Action Army), led by Mahmud Şevket Paşa, marched on Istanbul and occupied the city on April…

Mohammedia, port city, northwestern Morocco. It lies along the Atlantic Ocean 15 miles (24 km) northeast of Casablanca. The harbour, at what is now Mohammedia, was frequented in the 14th and 15th centuries by merchant ships from Europe seeking cereals and dried fruits. In the 18th and 19th

Khorramshahr, city and port, southwestern Iran. It lies on the right (west) bank of the Kārūn River where it enters the Shatt al-Arab, 45 miles (72 km) from the Persian Gulf. The city occupies the site of the old ʿAbbāsid port of Mohammerah, but it was already in existence at the time of Alexander

Somalia: A new government: …on September 10, 2012, and Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, an academic and activist with a moderate stance, was elected president.

Kelucharan Mohapatra was an Indian dancer who led a 20th-century revival of odissi, a centuries-old style of dance associated with temples of Orissa and one of the principal forms of Indian classical dance. Mohapatra was born to a family of artists who painted patachitras (religious folk paintings

pearl: …pearls are produced by the mohar, the Atlantic pearl oyster (Pinctada imbricata). Found in the Persian Gulf, with the richest harvest taken from the waters off the great bight that curves from the peninsula of Oman to that of Qatar, the pearls come from depths of 8 to 20 fathoms…

Mojave, Yuman-speaking North American Indian farmers of the Mojave Desert who traditionally resided along the lower Colorado River in what are now the U.S. states of Arizona and California and in Mexico. This valley was a patch of green surrounded by barren desert and was subject to an annual flood

Mohawk, Iroquoian-speaking North American Indian tribe and the easternmost tribe of the Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) Confederacy. Within the confederacy they were considered to be the “keepers of the eastern door.” At the time of European colonization, they occupied three villages west of what is now

Mohawk River, largest tributary of the Hudson River, east-central New York, U.S. Draining 3,412 square miles (8,837 square km), the Mohawk forms in Oneida county at the junction of its East and West branches. It then flows 140 miles (225 km) south and east past Rome, Utica, Amsterdam, and

Massachusetts: Relief: The now-paved Mohawk Trail crosses the Berkshires—the Hoosac Range on the east and the Taconic Range on the west. The state’s highest point, 3,491 feet (1,064 metres), is Mount Greylock, on the Taconic side near Adams. In North Adams a natural bridge of white marble has been…

Mohegan, Algonquian-speaking North American Indian people who originally occupied most of the upper Thames valley in what is now Connecticut, U.S. They later seized land from other tribes in Massachusetts and Rhode Island. The Mohegan are not to be confused with the Mohican (Mahican), a different

Block Island: The Mohegan Bluffs, spectacular clay cliffs (185 feet [56 metres] high), are on the southern shore. A large area on the island has been set aside as a nature reserve. The Old Harbor (eastern side) was formed in 1873 with the construction of a breakwater; the…

Comoros: Relief, drainage, and soils: Mohéli is the smallest island of the group. Composed largely of a plateau that averages about 1,000 feet (300 metres) in elevation, the island ends in the west in a ridge reaching more than 2,600 feet (790 metres) above sea level. The valleys are generally…

Ashutosh Gowariker: …films included the adventure drama Mohenjo Daro (2016) and Panipat (2019), which was based on a 1761 battle in northern India.

Mohenjo-daro, group of mounds and ruins on the right bank of the Indus River, northern Sindh province, southern Pakistan. It lies on the flat alluvial plain of the Indus, about 50 miles (80 km) southwest of Sukkur. The site contains the remnants of one of two main centres of the ancient Indus

Mohenjo-daro, group of mounds and ruins on the right bank of the Indus River, northern Sindh province, southern Pakistan. It lies on the flat alluvial plain of the Indus, about 50 miles (80 km) southwest of Sukkur. The site contains the remnants of one of two main centres of the ancient Indus

Battle of Mohi (Sajo River), (10 April 1241). During the Mongolian invasion of Europe, Batu Khan and General Subedei inflicted a crushing defeat on King Béla IV’s Hungarian army, which was renowned for having the best cavalry in Europe. The Mongols burned the city of Pest and seized control of the

Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén: On the Mohi lowlands, to the south of the Bükk Mountains, King Béla IV’s Magyar army was routed by the Mongol invaders in 1241. Area 2,798 square miles (7,247 square km). Pop. (2011) 686,266; (2017 est.) 654,402.

Mohican, Algonquian-speaking North American Indian tribe of what is now the upper Hudson River valley above the Catskill Mountains in New York state, U.S. Their name for themselves means “the people of the waters that are never still.” During the colonial period, they were known to the Dutch and

mohini attam: …his incarnation as the enchantress Mohini. According to Hindu mythology, Vishnu took the form of Mohini to distract the demon Bhasmasura while the gods took the elixir of immortality from churning of the celestial oceans and thus saved the universe from destruction. The myth of Mohini forms the core of…

mohini attam, semiclassical dance form from the state of Kerala, southwestern India. The dance is performed by women in honour of the Hindu god Vishnu in his incarnation as the enchantress Mohini. According to Hindu mythology, Vishnu took the form of Mohini to distract the demon Bhasmasura while

mohini attam, semiclassical dance form from the state of Kerala, southwestern India. The dance is performed by women in honour of the Hindu god Vishnu in his incarnation as the enchantress Mohini. According to Hindu mythology, Vishnu took the form of Mohini to distract the demon Bhasmasura while

mohini attam, semiclassical dance form from the state of Kerala, southwestern India. The dance is performed by women in honour of the Hindu god Vishnu in his incarnation as the enchantress Mohini. According to Hindu mythology, Vishnu took the form of Mohini to distract the demon Bhasmasura while

Mohism, school of Chinese philosophy founded by Mozi (q.v.) in the 5th century bce. This philosophy challenged the dominant Confucian ideology until about the 3rd century bce. Mozi taught the necessity for individual piety and submission to the will of heaven, or Shangdi (the Lord on High), and

Hugo von Mohl was a German botanist noted for his research on the anatomy and physiology of plant cells. Von Mohl received his degree in medicine from the University of Tübingen in 1828. After studying for several years at Munich, he became professor of botany at Tübingen in 1835 and remained there

Southeast Asian arts: Laos: …folk song style known as mohlam. Mohlam balladeers, accompanied by the khen (a complex reed organ), have for centuries traveled the Lao-speaking countryside, which includes Laos and northeast Thailand, singing bawdy songs of physical love and weaving into their performance local gossip and bits from the epics and court plays.…

Johann Adam Möhler was a German Roman Catholic church historian whose theories on and efforts toward uniting the Catholic and Protestant churches made him an important source of ideas for the ecumenical movement of the 20th century. Ordained priest in 1819, Möhler taught church history at the

Abdul Ahad Mohmand is an Afghan pilot and cosmonaut, the first Afghan citizen to travel into space. Mohmand was educated in Afghanistan and later attended the Gagarin Military Air Academy in Monino, U.S.S.R. (now Russia), in 1987. After graduation, Mohmand served in the Afghan air force, eventually

Paul Celan: His second volume of poems, Mohn und Gedächtnis (1952; “Poppy and Memory”), established his reputation in West Germany. Seven volumes of poetry followed, including Lichtzwang (1970; “Lightforce”). The fullest English translation of his work is Speech-Grille and Selected Poems (1971). He died by his own hand.

Moho, boundary between the Earth’s crust and its mantle. The Moho lies at a depth of about 22 mi (35 km) below continents and about 4.5 mi (7 km) beneath the oceanic crust. Modern instruments have determined that the velocity of seismic waves increases rapidly at this boundary. The Moho was named

gang: History: …17th and 18th centuries; the Mohocks of Georgian England were feared in their time much as the Crips and Bloods of Los Angeles were in the 1990s.

Lucia Moholy was a Bohemian-born British photographer, teacher, and writer best known for her documentary photographs of the Bauhaus, the noted German school of design, architecture, and applied arts. Moholy pursued some schooling at the University of Prague in the early 1910s, but in 1915 she

László Moholy-Nagy was a Hungarian-born American painter, sculptor, photographer, designer, theorist, and art teacher, whose vision of a nonrepresentational art consisting of pure visual fundamentals—colour, texture, light, and equilibrium of forms—was immensely influential in both the fine and

Moho, boundary between the Earth’s crust and its mantle. The Moho lies at a depth of about 22 mi (35 km) below continents and about 4.5 mi (7 km) beneath the oceanic crust. Modern instruments have determined that the velocity of seismic waves increases rapidly at this boundary. The Moho was named

Andrija Mohorovičić was a Croatian meteorologist and geophysicist who discovered the boundary between Earth’s crust and mantle—a boundary subsequently named the Mohorovičić discontinuity. The son of a shipyard carpenter, he was a precocious youth and by the age of 15 spoke not only Croatian but

creeper: The brown creeper (Mohoua novaeseelandiae, or Finschia novaeseelandiae) of New Zealand belongs to the family Pachycephalidae. It is about 13 cm long, with a rather long tail and a tiny bill. Flocks or pairs call constantly in forests of South Island.

number game: Pioneers and imitators: And in 1665 one Johann Mohr in Schleswig published an imitation of Schwenter under the title of Arithmetische Lustgarten.

Karl Friedrich Mohr was a German chemist who invented such laboratory apparatus as the pinchcock, cork borer, and Mohr’s balance. The leading scientific pharmacist of his time in Germany, he improved many analytical processes and was one of the first to enunciate the doctrine of the conservation of

construction: Building science: …motion alone—was set forth by Otto Mohr in 1874, after having been used intuitively for perhaps 40 years. Most 19th-century structures were purposely designed and fabricated with pin joints to be statically determinate; it was not until the 20th century that statically indeterminate structures became readily solvable. The elastic theory…

Akshay Kumar: …portrayed a conflicted policeman in Mohra (“Pawn”), one of the most popular Indian films of 1994. Despite his success in those high-intensity roles, Kumar’s good looks also led him to star in romantic comedies such as Yeh dillagi (1994; The Game of Love), a loose adaptation of the American film…

Mohri Mamoru is the first Japanese astronaut to go into space. He flew as a payload specialist aboard the Spacelab-J mission of the U.S. space shuttle in September 1992. Mohri received bachelor and master of science degrees in chemistry from Hokkaido University in Sapporo and in 1976 received a

Mohs hardness, rough measure of the resistance of a smooth surface to scratching or abrasion, expressed in terms of a scale devised (1812) by the German mineralogist Friedrich Mohs. The Mohs hardness of a mineral is determined by observing whether its surface is scratched by a substance of known or

Mohs hardness, rough measure of the resistance of a smooth surface to scratching or abrasion, expressed in terms of a scale devised (1812) by the German mineralogist Friedrich Mohs. The Mohs hardness of a mineral is determined by observing whether its surface is scratched by a substance of known or

Mohs hardness: …(1812) by the German mineralogist Friedrich Mohs. The Mohs hardness of a mineral is determined by observing whether its surface is scratched by a substance of known or defined hardness.

Zuhayr Muḥsin was a Palestinian nationalist who was a leader of the pro-Syrian guerrilla organization al-Ṣāʿiqah and head of the Military Department of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). A long-standing member of the Baʿth Party and a friend of Syrian leader Ḥāfiẓ al-Assad, Muḥsin worked

India: Nationalism in the Muslim community: …popularly known by his title Mohsin al-Mulk, had succeeded Sayyid Ahmad as leader and convened a deputation of some 36 Muslim leaders, headed by the Aga Khan III, that in 1906 called on Lord Minto (viceroy from 1905–10) to articulate the special national interests of India’s Muslim community. Minto promised…