Mobutu Sese Seko was the president of Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) who seized power in a 1965 coup and ruled for some 32 years before being ousted in a rebellion in 1997. Mobutu was educated in missionary schools and began his career in 1949 in the Belgian Congolese army, the

Lake Albert, northernmost of the lakes in the Western Rift Valley, in east-central Africa, on the border between Congo (Kinshasa) and Uganda. In 1864 the lake was first visited by a European, Samuel Baker, who was seeking the sources of the Nile; he named it for Queen Victoria’s consort and

Mobutu Sese Seko was the president of Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) who seized power in a 1965 coup and ruled for some 32 years before being ousted in a rebellion in 1997. Mobutu was educated in missionary schools and began his career in 1949 in the Belgian Congolese army, the

Moby Dick, novel by Herman Melville, published in London in October 1851 as The Whale and a month later in New York City as Moby-Dick; or, The Whale. It is dedicated to Nathaniel Hawthorne. Moby Dick is generally regarded as Melville’s magnum opus and one of the greatest American novels. Moby Dick

Lloyd Bacon: Warner Brothers: …the standard “Am I Blue?” Moby Dick was the most enduring of Bacon’s efforts in 1930, with John Barrymore in the role of Captain Ahab. Over the next two years, Bacon helmed 11 films, ranging from the largely forgettable productions 50 Million Frenchmen and Gold Dust Gertie (both 1931), a…

John Huston: Films of the 1950s of John Huston: Moby Dick (1956), Huston’s epic adaptation of Herman Melville’s novel, was shot in Ireland, where Huston had gone to live in 1952, largely because he had become disgusted by the political climate of the United States during the McCarthy era. Although some critics found the…

Moby Dick, novel by Herman Melville, published in London in October 1851 as The Whale and a month later in New York City as Moby-Dick; or, The Whale. It is dedicated to Nathaniel Hawthorne. Moby Dick is generally regarded as Melville’s magnum opus and one of the greatest American novels. Moby Dick

Vietnam: Relief: …Ta P’ing, Son La, and Moc Chau plateaus, which are separated by deep valleys.

California: Cultural institutions: …Museum of Art (1965), the Museum of Contemporary Art (1979) in Los Angeles, and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (1935). The Music Center of Los Angeles County is a concert and theatre complex that was constructed during the 1960s by private contributions. Tax-supported state institutions, most prominently the…

Moca, city, north-central Dominican Republic. It lies just east of Santiago de los Caballeros. Founded in 1780, the city retained its Indian name, referring to moca (partridgewood), an indigenous cabbage palm tree. In 1858 Moca hosted a constitutional congress, which produced one of the more

Moçambique, town, northeastern Mozambique. Located on a small coral island at the mouth of Mossuril Bay (on the Mozambique Channel of the Indian Ocean), it is an important commercial centre and has good harbour facilities. Moçambique was originally an Arab settlement; the Portuguese settled there

Mozambique: Finance: The Banco de Moçambique issues the national currency, the metical (plural meticais). In 1978 Mozambique nationalized most of its banking assets, but by the mid-1990s the banking sector had been privatized. Mozambique borrowed heavily so that it could fund development, alleviate its shortage of foreign exchange,…

Mozambique Channel, channel of the western Indian Ocean, threading between the island country of Madagascar on the east and Mozambique on the African mainland (west). About 1,000 miles (1,600 km) long, it varies in width from 250 to 600 miles (400 to 950 km) and reaches a maximum depth of 10,000

Mozambique, a scenic country in southeastern Africa. Mozambique is rich in natural resources, is biologically and culturally diverse, and has a tropical climate. Its extensive coastline, fronting the Mozambique Channel, which separates mainland Africa from the island of Madagascar, offers some of

quilombo, in colonial Brazil, a community organized by fugitive slaves. Quilombos were located in inaccessible areas and usually consisted of fewer than 100 people who survived by farming and raiding. The largest and most famous was Palmares, which grew into an autonomous republic and by the 1690s

Moçâmedes, city and port, southwestern Angola. It was founded in the mid-19th century and settled primarily by Portuguese settlers, some fleeing from the unrest in Portugal’s former colony of Brazil. Located on an arid coastal strip from which rises the steep Huíla escarpment, Moçâmedes was cut off

Moçâmedes Desert, desert, southwestern Africa, extending north along the Atlantic coast of Angola from the Angola-Namibia border for about 275 miles (450 km) and constituting the northernmost extension of the Namib Desert. Fronting the Atlantic Ocean to the west, it gradually ascends in elevation

Moçâmedes: …interior until construction of the Moçâmedes Railway was begun in 1905 to Serpa Pinto (now Menongue), 470 miles (755 km) east. Though the interior developed, the port, which was dependent on fishing, had little activity until the discovery of iron ore at Cassinga (Kassinga) and the completion of a 56-mile…

Frederic David Mocatta was a British philanthropist, historian, bibliophile, and patron of learning who subsidized the publication of a number of major works of Jewish literature. From 1857 to 1874, Mocatta directed the firm (founded by his grandfather) of Mocatta and Goldsmid, bullion brokers to

moccasin, heelless shoe of soft leather, the sole of which may be hard or soft and flexible; in soft-soled moccasins, the sole is brought up the sides of the foot and over the toes, where it is joined by a puckered seam to a U-shaped piece lying on top of the foot. The upper part of the moccasin is

moccasin, (genus Agkistrodon), either of two venomous aquatic New World snakes of the viper family (Viperidae): the water moccasin (Agkistrodon piscivorus) or the Mexican moccasin (A. bilineatus). Both are pit vipers (subfamily Crotalinae), so named because of the characteristic sensory pit between

lady’s slipper: Genera: Another is the pink lady’s slipper (C. acaule), also known as the moccasin flower. Most species have one or two flowers on a stem about 30 to 60 cm (12 to 24 inches) tall.

athlete’s foot: Symptoms: In moccasin-type infections, the area involved is limited to the soles and lateral portions of the feet. The leading edge of infection is a well-defined line of erythema (redness). It is dry, with a fine scale and hyperkeratosis (thickening of the epidermis). Moccasin-type infections are commonly…

Guillén de Castro y Bellvís: …remembered chiefly for his work Las mocedades del Cid (1599?), upon which the French playwright Pierre Corneille based his famous drama Le Cid (1637). Castro’s play clearly shows his strength in the use of natural dialogue. After an active military and civil service career in Valencia and Italy, he settled…

Mocenigo Family, one of the most renowned patrician families of the Venetian Republic, to which it supplied military leaders, scholars, churchmen, diplomats, and statesmen, including seven doges. Tommaso Mocenigo (1343–1423) commanded a crusading fleet that sacked Nicopolis (now Nikopol, Bulg.) in

Mocenigo Family: The next outstanding Mocenigo was Giovanni’s grandson Andrea (1473–1542), who added literary lustre to the family name with a verse history of the Turkish war of 1500 and a prose history of that of the League of Cambrai. His nephew Alvise I (1507–77) was doge from 1570; his…

Giordano Bruno: Final years of Giordano Bruno: …invitation of the Venetian patrician Giovanni Mocenigo, Bruno made the fatal move of returning to Italy. At the time, such a move did not seem to be too much of a risk: Venice was by far the most liberal of the Italian states; the European tension had been temporarily eased…

Mocenigo Family: Tommaso’s nephew Pietro (1406–76) was one of the greatest Venetian admirals. Reorganizing the Venetian fleet after the defeat of Negroponte (1470) at the hands of the Turks, he conducted successful reprisals, taking Smyrna in 1472 and raising the Turkish siege of Scutari (now Shkodër, Alb.). He was…

Italy: Venice of Italy: In 1423 the doge Tommaso Mocenigo calculated that the Venetian marine consisted of 45 state and private galleys employing 11,000 seamen, 300 large cargo vessels with 5,000 seamen, and 3,000 smaller craft employing 17,000 men. Either from the Fondaco dei Tedeschi (“Warehouse of the Germans”) by the Rialto Bridge…

JavaScript, computer programming language that is a mainstay of web development, enabling the creation of complex features and interactivity in websites and web applications, as well as other use cases. JavaScript is a scripting language, meaning that its code is interpreted (i.e., translated into

Mocha, town, southwestern Yemen, on the Red Sea and the Tihāmah coastal plain. Yemen’s most renowned historic port, it lies at the head of a shallow bay between two headlands, with an unprotected anchorage 1.5 miles (2.5 km) offshore. It was long famous as Arabia’s chief coffee-exporting centre;

Moby Dick: Context and reception: …also consulted the story of Mocha Dick, a famed whale who was, like Moby Dick, very white and aggressive and whose name was clearly an inspiration to Melville. Mocha Dick was often found off the coast of Chile in the Pacific Ocean, near Mocha Island. He lived during the early…

degu: The Mocha Island degu (O. pacificus) is found only in forest habitat on an island off the coast of central Chile; it was not classified as a different species until 1994. Because their habitats are being cleared for agriculture, both the Mocha Island and the Bridges’s…

moss agate, grayish to milky-white agate (q.v.), a variety of the silica mineral quartz that contains opaque, dark-coloured inclusions whose branching forms resemble ferns, moss, or other vegetation. The included materials, mainly manganese and iron oxides, are of inorganic origin. Most moss agates

bird-of-paradise: Among them are the sickle-crested, or mocha-breasted, bird-of-paradise (Cnemophilus macgregorii); the wattle-billed, or golden-silky, bird-of-paradise (Loboparadisea sericea); and Loria’s, or Lady Macgregor’s, bird-of-paradise (Loria loriae)—three species formerly classified as bowerbirds.

Pavel Stepanovich Mochalov was a Russian tragic actor with a Byronic flair who relied principally upon inspiration and intuition to lend force to his performances. The son of Stepan Fedorovich Mochalov, a prominent actor, he made his debut in 1817 to immediate acclaim. Although he essayed a few

Moche, Andean civilization that flourished from the 1st to the 8th century ce on the northern coast of what is now Peru. The name is taken from the great site of Moche, in the river valley of the same name, which appears to have been the capital or chief city of the Moche peoples. Their settlements

Chimú: The Chimú language, known as Yunca (Yunga), Mochica, or Moche, now extinct, was very different and definitely distinct from that of the Inca.

mochi, rice cakes of Japanese origin. In A Diplomat in Japan (1921), Sir Ernest Satow described mochi as being “prepared and decorated in proper fashion with a Seville orange and fern.” And omochi (the honorific is commonly used for this sacred food) remain an indispensable part of New Year

Philippe de Champaigne: …was used by Italian sculptor Francesco Mochi in Rome to execute a portrait bust of the cardinal. He decorated a gallery in the Palais Royal for Richelieu and executed (1633–40) perhaps his most masterful portrait of the powerful French figure showing the subject standing (officers of the church were usually…

Moche, Andean civilization that flourished from the 1st to the 8th century ce on the northern coast of what is now Peru. The name is taken from the great site of Moche, in the river valley of the same name, which appears to have been the capital or chief city of the Moche peoples. Their settlements

Chimú: The Chimú language, known as Yunca (Yunga), Mochica, or Moche, now extinct, was very different and definitely distinct from that of the Inca.

Minamoto Yoritomo: Rise to power: …rebellion with an imperial prince, Mochihito-ō, who summoned the Minamoto clan to arms in various provinces. Yoritomo now used this princely mandate as a justification for his own uprising, the Gempei War. Despite Mochihito-ō’s death, which occurred shortly before Yoritomo’s men were led into battle, he succeeded in gaining much…

Aegean civilizations: The Early Bronze Age (c. 3000–2200): …found in communal tombs at Mochlos on the northern coast of Crete. The inspiration for it no doubt came from the east, and much of that from Mochlos, notably hairpins with flower heads, is reminiscent of jewelry from the royal tombs at Ur in Mesopotamia.

Maurycy Mochnacki was an early Polish Romantic literary critic who passionately advocated Romanticism and was the first Polish critic to define the part literature might play in the spiritual and political life of society. As a student at the University of Warsaw, Mochnacki became interested in

catfish: …that makes grunting sounds; the upside-down catfishes (Synodontis batensoda and others) of the family Mochokidae habitually swim upside down; the walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) is an air breather of the family Clariidae that can travel overland.

Nanjing: City layout: …River, to the southwest, is Mochou (“No Sorrow”) Lake; both lake areas are city parks. The skyline suggests spaciousness and grandeur. Blue-glazed tiles adorning the old city gates, parklike scenery along the boulevards, lotus blossoms and tea pavilions on the lakes, and temples half-hidden in the green hills are all…

Mochudi, village, southeastern Botswana. It lies 23 miles (37 km) northeast of Gaborone, the national capital. Settled by the Tswana people in 1871, Mochudi is the administrative seat of the chief of the Bakgatla tribe. In Setswana, Mochudi means “a person who dishes out food from a pot” and refers

China: Military reorganization: Kapghan (Mochuo), the Turkish khan who had invaded Hebei in the aftermath of the Khitan invasion in the time of Wuhou and had attacked the Chinese northwest at the end of her reign, turned his attention northward. By 711 he controlled the steppe from the…

Kırşehir: It may have been Justinianopolis (Mocissus), which, under the 6th-century Byzantine emperor Justinian I, was a major town in the ancient district of Cappadocia. From the 14th to the 18th century, Kırşehir was the stronghold of the influential Ahi brotherhood, a religious fraternity developed by the 14th-century leader Ahi…

Charles Gounod: …Le Médecin malgré lui (1858; The Mock Doctor), based on Molière’s comedy. From 1852 Gounod worked on Faust, using a libretto by M. Carré and J. Barbier based on J.W. von Goethe’s tragedy. The production of Faust on March 19, 1859, marked a new phase in the development of French…

soapwort: Major species: Common soapwort, or bouncing Bet (S. officinalis), reaching a height of 1 metre (3 feet), is widely naturalized in eastern North America. Its roots have been used medicinally, and its sap is a substitute for soap.

Philadelphus, genus of deciduous shrubs of the family Hydrangeaceae, including the popular garden forms commonly known as mock orange (from its characteristic orange-blossom fragrance) and sweet syringa. Philadelphus, comprising about 65 species, is native to northern Asia and Japan, the western

mock privet, any shrub or small tree of the genus Phillyrea in the olive family, Oleaceae. The four species of mock privet, native to the Mediterranean area, sometimes are grown as ornamentals for their handsome, glossy, evergreen leaves. P. decora reaches 3 m (10 feet) and has shining leaves and

sun dog, atmospheric optical phenomenon appearing in the sky as luminous spots 22° on each side of the Sun and at the same elevation as the Sun. Usually, the edges closest to the Sun will appear reddish. Other colours are occasionally visible, but more often the outer portions of each spot appear

chalumeau, single-reed wind instrument, forerunner of the clarinet. Chalumeau referred to various folk reed pipes and bagpipes, especially reed pipes of cylindrical bore sounded by a single reed, which was either tied on or cut in the pipe wall. Soon after this type of chalumeau became fashionable

Richard Thompson: …Rumor and Sigh (1991) and Mock Tudor (1999), and he toured regularly. When asked to assemble a list of the top 10 songs of the past millennium for a magazine article, Thompson took the assignment literally, collecting works that spanned from the 11th century to the 21st. Although his list…

Mock Turtle, fictional character who describes himself as “the thing mock turtle soup is made from,” in Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland

mock-epic, form of satire that adapts the elevated heroic style of the classical epic poem to a trivial subject. The tradition, which originated in classical times with an anonymous burlesque of Homer, the Batrachomyomachia (Battle of the Frogs and the Mice), was honed to a fine art in the late

mock-epic, form of satire that adapts the elevated heroic style of the classical epic poem to a trivial subject. The tradition, which originated in classical times with an anonymous burlesque of Homer, the Batrachomyomachia (Battle of the Frogs and the Mice), was honed to a fine art in the late

hickory: Major species: laciniosa), and the mockernut hickory (C. tomentosa). The nuts of the bitternut hickory (C. cordiformis) and the water hickory (C. aquatica) are bitter-tasting and inedible, because the skin covering the kernels contains tannin. The nuts of most other species are edible but are too small to be commercially…

Hawkeye: …known as the costumed adventurer Mockingbird. Together, the pair recruited their own team, the West Coast Avengers (featuring Iron Man, Tigra, and Wonder Man). After several years, the West Coast Avengers began to fall apart, and Mockingbird was apparently killed by the evil demon Mephisto. The rest of the group…

Carly Simon: …Pain” as well as “Mockingbird” (1974), a duet with fellow singer-songwriter James Taylor, to whom she was married from 1972 to 1983. In 1977 she released “Nobody Does It Better,” the theme song to the James Bond movie The Spy Who Loved Me.

mockingbird, any of several versatile songbirds of the New World family Mimidae (order Passeriformes). The common, or northern, mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos) is well known as a mimic; it has been known to imitate the songs of 20 or more species within 10 minutes. It is 27 cm (10.5 inches) long

the Jayhawks: …to record the generally well-received Mockingbird Time (2011), but his presence was short-lived.

Charles Bukowski: Notable later poetry collections include Mockingbird Wish Me Luck (1972), Love Is a Dog from Hell (1977), War All the Time (1984), and You Get So Alone at Times That It Just Makes Sense (1986). Though he had begun his career as one of the ultimate “cult authors,” his work…

Parks and Recreation: … was styled as a “mockumentary,” in which the episodes are filmed as if by a documentary crew, but in reality they are entirely scripted. The show became a hit with critics and viewers alike and was nominated for 14 Emmy Awards.

Angola: Relief: …point in the country is Mount Moco, near the city of Huambo, which reaches an elevation of 8,596 feet (2,620 metres).

Mocoa, town, southern Colombia. It lies in the eastern flanks of the Andes Mountains, on a tributary of the Caquetá River. Founded in 1551, it is a commercial centre for the surrounding agricultural (principally sugarcane-growing) and pastoral (cattle-raising) lands and tropical rainforests of the

Río de la Plata: Physiography of the Uruguay basin: …south, are the Aguapey, Miriñay, Mocoretá (which divides Entre Ríos and Corrientes), and Gualeguaychú. The important tributaries of the Uruguay, however, come from the east. The Ijuí, Ibicuí, and the Cuareim are short rivers but of considerable volume; the last forms part of the boundary between Brazil and Uruguay. At…

South American nomad: Hunters, gatherers, and fishermen of the Gran Chaco: …such groups as the Abipón, Mocoví, and Caduveo (Mbayá, or Guaycurú).

Manuel Vilar: …independence; Aztec emperor Montezuma (1850; Moctezuma); Tlahuicole (1851), a legendary warrior from Tlaxcala who defended his people against the Aztecs; and La Malinche (1852; La Malinche or Doña Marina), the first native woman of Mexico who converted to Christianity and who also served as Hernán Cortés’s translator.

Montezuma II was the ninth Aztec emperor of Mexico, famous for his dramatic confrontation with the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés. In 1502 Montezuma succeeded his uncle Ahuitzotl as the leader of an empire that had reached its greatest extent, stretching to what is now Honduras and Nicaragua,

Mexico: Drainage of Mexico: …River and its tributaries, the Moctezuma and Santa María rivers, originate in the eastern Mesa Central and tumble through gorges in the Sierra Madre Oriental on their way to the Gulf of Mexico. Lakes Pátzcuaro and Cuitzeo, west of Mexico City, are remnants of vast lakes and marshes that covered…

Mieczysław Moczar was a Polish Communist leader and organizer. As a leader of the underground resistance during World War II, he was noted for his skill in fighting the German secret police. Moczar joined the Communist Party of Poland in 1937, becoming a professional party organizer in several

the Who: …with the rhythm-and-blues sound that mod youth favoured. Townshend ultimately acknowledged that clothing made from the Union Jack, sharp suits, pointy boots, and short haircuts were a contrivance, but it did the trick, locking in a fanatically devoted core following. Fashion, however, was strictly a starting point for the Who;…

J.J. Johnson: …Barefoot in the Park, 1970–71, The Mod Squad, 1970–73, and Starsky and Hutch, 1975).

modacrylic, in textiles, any synthetic fibre composed of at least 35 percent but less than 85 percent by weight of the chemical compound acrylonitrile. It is a modified form of the acrylic group, fibres composed of a minimum of 85 percent acrylonitrile. Modacrylic fibres include trademarked Dynel

smart drug: …agents such as Provigil (modafinil). Generally speaking, cognitive enhancers improve working and episodic (event-specific) memory, attention, vigilance, and overall wakefulness but act through different brain systems and neurotransmitters to exert their enhancing effects.

Ile-Ife: …build the walled town of Modakeke just outside Ife, he was poisoned. After Ife declared war (1882) against Ibadan, its forces were repulsed when they attacked Modakeke. Shortly afterward a combined army from Ibadan and Modakeke nearly destroyed Ife.

John Coltrane: …1958, contributing to the “modal phase” albums Milestones (1958) and Kind of Blue (1959), both considered essential examples of 1950s modern jazz. (Davis at this point was experimenting with modes—i.e., scale patterns other than major and minor.) His work on these recordings was always proficient and often brilliant, though…

modal logic, formal systems incorporating modalities such as necessity, possibility, impossibility, contingency, strict implication, and certain other closely related concepts. The most straightforward way of constructing a modal logic is to add to some standard nonmodal logical system a new

modality, in logic, the classification of logical propositions according to their asserting or denying the possibility, impossibility, contingency, or necessity of their content. Modal logic, which studies the logical features of such concepts, originated with Aristotle, was extensively studied by

multiverse: Types of multiverses: This idea, known as modal realism, has been developed in philosophy, notably by the American David Kellogg Lewis in the 1970s and ’80s. In physics and mathematics, meanwhile, it has been hypothesized (particularly in the 1990s by Swedish American physicist Max Tegmark and German computer scientist Jürgen Schmidhuber)

history of logic: Theophrastus of Eresus: …from Aristotle’s doctrine occurred in modal syllogistic. He abandoned Aristotle’s notion of the possible as neither necessary nor impossible and adopted Aristotle’s alternative notion of the possible as simply what is not impossible. This allowed him to effect a considerable simplification in Aristotle’s modal theory. Thus, his conversion laws for…

gender: pronouns and adjectives and sometimes verbs). These other words maintain constant meaning but vary in form according to the class of the word that controls them in a given situation.

Sabellianism, Christian heresy that was a more developed and less naive form of Modalistic Monarchianism (see Monarchianism); it was propounded by Sabellius (fl. c. 217–c. 220), who was possibly a presbyter in Rome. Little is actually known of his life because the most detailed information about

Saint Hippolytus of Rome: …he attacked as being a modalist (one who conceives that the entire Trinity dwells in Christ and who maintains that the names Father and Son are only different designations for the same subject). Hippolytus, rather, was a champion of the Logos doctrine that distinguished the persons of the Trinity. He…

Léon Brunschvicg: …his widely acclaimed doctoral thesis, La Modalité du jugement (1897; Sorbonne), Brunschvicg set down his fundamental assertion that knowledge creates the only world we know. He maintained that there can be no philosophy beyond judgment, for judgment is the first activity of the mind and synthesizes the form and content…

modality, in logic, the classification of logical propositions according to their asserting or denying the possibility, impossibility, contingency, or necessity of their content. Modal logic, which studies the logical features of such concepts, originated with Aristotle, was extensively studied by

Modane train crash of 1917, train derailment in Modane, France, on Dec. 12, 1917, that killed more than 500 French soldiers. The French train was traveling from Turin, Italy, to Lyon, France, through a stretch of the Alps in southeastern France. It was carrying more than 1,000 soldiers, who had

Dallas Stars: In 1998–99 centre Mike Modano, the franchise’s all-time leading scorer, and goaltender Ed Belfour led the Stars to the best record in the NHL during the regular season, which Dallas followed by defeating the Buffalo Sabres in a six-game Stanley Cup final to capture the franchise’s first championship.…

Karel van de Woestijne: …reaches a bitter climax in De modderen man (1920; “The Man of Mud”) and still resonates in the more subdued Het berg-meer (1928; “The Mountain Lake”). His poetry—powerfully conveying the spirit’s longing for liberation from the compulsive desires of the flesh—ranks among the finest achievements of European Symbolism.

mood, in grammar, a category that reflects the speaker’s view of the ontological character of an event. This character may be, for example, real or unreal, certain or possible, wished or demanded. Mood is often marked by special verb forms, or inflections, but it is sometimes expressed by a single

mean, median, and mode: The mode is the most frequently occurring value on the list.

mode, in music, any of several ways of ordering the notes of a scale according to the intervals they form with the tonic, thus providing a theoretical framework for the melody. A mode is the vocabulary of a melody; it specifies which notes can be used and indicates which have special importance. Of

spectroscopy: Pulsed lasers: Pulsed, so-called mode-locked, lasers are capable of generating a continuous train of pulses where each pulse may be as short as 10−14 second. In a typical experiment, a short pulse of light is used to excite or otherwise perturb the system, and another pulse of light, delayed…

set theory: Axioms for infinite and ordered sets: …then I is called a model of the theory. If the domain of a model is infinite, this fact does not imply that any object of the domain is an “infinite set.” An infinite set in the latter sense is an object d of the domain D of I for…

scientific modeling, the generation of a physical, conceptual, or mathematical representation of a real phenomenon that is difficult to observe directly. Scientific models are used to explain and predict the behaviour of real objects or systems and are used in a variety of scientific disciplines,

small arm: Standardized patterns and parts: 69-inch Model 1842, the U.S. military introduced the large-scale assembly of weapons from uniform, interchangeable parts. By the mid-1850s arms makers around the world were beginning to copy this “American System” of manufacture, which contributed to the creation of the modern military small arm—especially after the…