- Mildronate (drug)
meldonium, drug used to protect against tissue damage caused by ischemia—a reduction in blood flow to a part of the body, resulting in decreased oxygen availability in affected tissues. Meldonium is typically used as a cardioprotective agent to defend against ischemic damage to the heart and in the
- Mildronāts (drug)
meldonium, drug used to protect against tissue damage caused by ischemia—a reduction in blood flow to a part of the body, resulting in decreased oxygen availability in affected tissues. Meldonium is typically used as a cardioprotective agent to defend against ischemic damage to the heart and in the
- Mildura (Victoria, Australia)
Mildura, city, Victoria, Australia, on the Murray River near its junction with the Darling. In the 1840s sheep runs were established in the district, which became known as Mildura, a name derived from an Aboriginal term for red earth. Settlement began with irrigated agriculture, introduced there in
- mile (unit of measurement)
mile, any of various units of distance, such as the statute mile of 5,280 feet (1.609 km). It originated from the Roman mille passus, or “thousand paces,” which measured 5,000 Roman feet. About the year 1500 the “old London” mile was defined as eight furlongs. At that time the furlong, measured by
- Mile 22 (film by Berg [2018])
Mark Wahlberg: …starred in the action thriller Mile 22 and in the comedy Instant Family. He later appeared as a former police officer turned private investigator in Spenser Confidential (2020), which aired on Netflix. His other credits from 2020 included the biopic Joe Bell, in which he played a father who, after…
- Mile High City (Colorado, United States)
Denver, city and county, capital of Colorado, U.S., at the western edge of the Great Plains, just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. The city and county were consolidated as a single administrative unit in 1902. Denver lies at the junction of Cherry Creek and the South Platte River.
- mile race (running)
Roger Bannister: …first athlete to run a mile in less than four minutes.
- mile run (running)
Roger Bannister: …first athlete to run a mile in less than four minutes.
- Milefo (Buddhism)
Maitreya, in Buddhist tradition, the future Buddha, presently a bodhisattva residing in the Tushita heaven, who will descend to earth to preach anew the dharma (“law”) when the teachings of Gautama Buddha have completely decayed. Maitreya is the earliest bodhisattva around whom a cult developed and
- Milei, Javier (president of Argentina)
Javier Milei is a confrontational right-wing outsider who rose to the presidency of Argentina in 2023 on a tide of voter dissatisfaction with a political elite whom his supporters blamed for endemic hyperinflation, a currency in free fall, and increasing poverty. A libertarian economist who
- Milei, Javier Gerardo (president of Argentina)
Javier Milei is a confrontational right-wing outsider who rose to the presidency of Argentina in 2023 on a tide of voter dissatisfaction with a political elite whom his supporters blamed for endemic hyperinflation, a currency in free fall, and increasing poverty. A libertarian economist who
- miles (Mithraism)
mystery religion: Rites and festivals: Corax (Raven), Nymphus (Bridegroom), Miles (Soldier), Leo (Lion), Perses (Persian), Heliodromus (Courier of the Sun), and Pater (Father). Those in the lowest ranks, certainly the Corax, were the servants of the community during the sacred meal of bread and water that formed part of the rite.
- miles (cavalryman)
knight, now a title of honour bestowed for a variety of services, as in the British system of nobility and peerage, but originally in the European Middle Ages a formally professed cavalryman. The first medieval knights were professional cavalry warriors, some of whom were vassals holding lands as
- Miles Ahead (album by Davis)
Gil Evans: …Davis released the densely textured Miles Ahead (1957), Porgy and Bess (1958), and Sketches of Spain (1960), all arranged by Evans. The albums “rank with the finest orchestral music of the 20th century,” according to jazz scholar Ian Carr, and Evans’s arrangements were praised as having
- Miles Ahead (film by Cheadle [2015])
Don Cheadle: …cowrote, directed, and starred in Miles Ahead (2015), about Miles Davis. Though he was best known for his dramatic roles, Cheadle also earned plaudits for his comedic work. He was one of the leads in the dark comedy series House of Lies (2012–16), earning Emmy nominations in each of the…
- Miles City (Montana, United States)
Miles City, city, seat (1877) of Custer county, eastern Montana, U.S., at the junction of the Yellowstone and Tongue rivers. It was founded in 1877 near the site of Fort Keogh (preserved as a park) and was named for a U.S. army officer who had campaigned in the area, General Nelson A. Miles. After
- Miles Davis Quintet (American jazz group)
Miles Davis: Free jazz and fusion: Davis’s new quintet was characterized by a light, free sound and a repertoire that extended from the blues to avant-garde and free jazz. Compared with the innovations of other modern jazz groups of the 1960s, the Davis quintet’s experimentations in polyrhythm and polytonality were more subtle but…
- Miles Gloriosus (stock figure)
Miles Gloriosus, stock figure in theatrical comedies from Roman times to the present whose name derives from a comedy written c. 205 bc by the Roman playwright Plautus. Plautus’ play, based on one or more Greek plays of unknown authorship, is a complicated farce in which a vain, lustful, and stupid
- Miles’ firefish (fish)
lionfish: …invaded by another lionfish species, Miles’ firefish (P. miles; also called the devil firefish). Miles’ firefish is native to the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea, and the Persian Gulf, but by 2016 it had also established at least one breeding population along the southern coast of Cyprus. Scientists suspect that…
- Miles’s law (political science)
bureaucratic politics approach: …you sit,” is often called Miles’s law after the Truman-era bureaucrat who coined the phrase. A central and intuitively powerful claim of bureaucratic politics explanations, this premise has been criticized for its narrow view of preference formation. For example, critics note that it fails to explain the role of many…
- Miles, Baron (British actor)
Bernard Miles was a British actor, founder (with his wife, actress Josephine Wilson) of the Mermaid Theatre, the first new theatre to open in the City of London since the 17th century. Miles studied at Pembroke College, Oxford, and taught briefly before quitting to pursue an acting career. He made
- Miles, Bernard (British actor)
Bernard Miles was a British actor, founder (with his wife, actress Josephine Wilson) of the Mermaid Theatre, the first new theatre to open in the City of London since the 17th century. Miles studied at Pembroke College, Oxford, and taught briefly before quitting to pursue an acting career. He made
- Miles, Bernard James (British actor)
Bernard Miles was a British actor, founder (with his wife, actress Josephine Wilson) of the Mermaid Theatre, the first new theatre to open in the City of London since the 17th century. Miles studied at Pembroke College, Oxford, and taught briefly before quitting to pursue an acting career. He made
- Miles, Elaine (American actress)
Northern Exposure: …American receptionist, Marilyn Whirlwind (Elaine Miles). At the heart of the show was Fleischman’s increasing warmth for his icy home and his growing appreciation for its residents.
- Miles, Nelson A. (United States general)
Crazy Horse: He was pursued by Colonel Nelson A. Miles in a stepped-up army campaign to force all Native Americans to come to the government agencies. His tribe weakened by cold and hunger, Crazy Horse finally surrendered to General Crook at the Red Cloud Agency in Nebraska on May 6, 1877. Confined…
- Miles, Otis (American singer)
the Temptations: …members of the group were Otis Williams (original name Otis Miles; b. October 30, 1941, Texarkana, Texas, U.S.), Paul Williams (b. July 2, 1939, Birmingham, Alabama—d. August 17, 1973, Detroit, Michigan), Melvin Franklin (byname of David Melvin English; b. October 12, 1942, Montgomery, Alabama—d. February 23, 1995, Los Angeles, California),…
- Miles, Sir Bernard (British actor)
Bernard Miles was a British actor, founder (with his wife, actress Josephine Wilson) of the Mermaid Theatre, the first new theatre to open in the City of London since the 17th century. Miles studied at Pembroke College, Oxford, and taught briefly before quitting to pursue an acting career. He made
- Miles, Vera (American actress)
The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance: …and his wife, Hallie (Vera Miles), to their small hometown of Shinbone in the American West. They are there to pay their respects to their old friend Tom Doniphon (John Wayne), who is being buried in a pauper’s grave. Stoddard, who rode to fame as a tenderfoot lawyer credited…
- Miles, William Ernest (British surgeon)
history of medicine: Abdominal surgery: In 1908 British surgeon Ernest Miles carried out the first abdominoperineal resection for cancer of the rectum; that is, the cancer was attacked both from the abdomen and from below through the perineum (the area between the anus and the genitals), either by one surgeon, who actually did two operations,…
- Milescu, Nicolae (Moldavian scholar)
Nicolae Milescu was a Moldavian writer, scholar, and traveler. After studies at the Greek patriarchate college in Constantinople, he returned in 1653 to Iaşi (Jassy), Moldavia, and was appointed secretary to Prince Gheorghe Ştefan. Hoping to be appointed prince of Moldavia, he intrigued against
- Milesia fabula (literature)
Milesian tale, originally one of a group of works written in Greek by Aristides of Miletus (2nd century bc), consisting of brief erotic or picaresque tales of romantic adventure. Aristides’ work is lost, and only fragments remain of the translation into Latin by Lucius Cornelius Sisenna, a Roman
- Milēsiaka (literature)
Milesian tale, originally one of a group of works written in Greek by Aristides of Miletus (2nd century bc), consisting of brief erotic or picaresque tales of romantic adventure. Aristides’ work is lost, and only fragments remain of the translation into Latin by Lucius Cornelius Sisenna, a Roman
- Milesian tale (literature)
Milesian tale, originally one of a group of works written in Greek by Aristides of Miletus (2nd century bc), consisting of brief erotic or picaresque tales of romantic adventure. Aristides’ work is lost, and only fragments remain of the translation into Latin by Lucius Cornelius Sisenna, a Roman
- Milesian Tales, The (work by Aristides)
Greek literature: Late forms of prose: …and so may the lost Milesian Tales of Aristides of Miletus (c. 100 bc), though these last appear to have depended on a pornographic interest that is almost completely absent from the Greek romances. Only fragments survive of the Ninus romance (dealing with the love of Ninus, legendary founder of…
- Milesians (Irish mythology)
Milesians, in Irish mythical history, name for the people who drove the race of gods, the Tuatha Dé Danann, below ground. The Milesians are thus the ancestors of the Celtic population of Ireland and it is stressed that they had an ancient right to the island when they came. According to the
- Milestone, Lewis (American film director)
Lewis Milestone was a Russian-born American film director who was especially known for his realistic dramas, many of which were literary adaptations. His most-notable films include All Quiet on the Western Front (1930), A Walk in the Sun (1945), and Mutiny on the Bounty (1962). (Read Martin
- Milestones (album by Davis)
John Coltrane: …to the “modal phase” albums Milestones (1958) and Kind of Blue (1959), both considered essential examples of 1950s modern jazz. (Davis at this point was experimenting with modes—i.e., scale patterns other than major and minor.) His work on these recordings was always proficient and often brilliant, though relatively subdued and…
- Miletinae (butterfly)
harvester, (subfamily Miletinae), any of a group of predatory insects in the gossamer-winged butterfly family, Lycaenidae (order Lepidoptera), that are rapid fliers and are distinguished by iridescent wings that are usually brownish above and spotted below. The male’s forelegs are reduced, but the
- Miletus (ancient city, Turkey)
Miletus, ancient Greek city of western Anatolia, some 20 miles (30 km) south of the present city of Söke, Turkey. It lies near the mouth of the Büyükmenderes (Menderes) River. Before 500 bce, Miletus was the greatest Greek city in the east. It was the natural outlet for products from the interior
- Miletus, Treaty of (ancient Greece-Persia)
ancient Iran: Artaxerxes I to Darius III: By the treaty of Miletus in 412, the Persians recovered complete freedom in western Asia Minor in return for agreeing to pay for seamen to man the Peloponnesian fleet. Persian gold and Spartan soldiers brought about the fall of Athens in 404 bc. Despite the fact that…
- Miley, Bubber (American musician)
Duke Ellington: Ellington’s ensemble: …vocalized sounds of his trumpeter, Bubber Miley (who used a plunger [“wa-wa”] mute); and the sonorities of the distinctive trombonist Joe (“Tricky Sam”) Nanton (who played muted “growl” sounds) all influenced Ellington’s early “jungle style,” as seen in such masterpieces as “East St. Louis Toodle-oo” (1926) and “Black and Tan…
- MILF (Filipino separatist movement)
Benigno Aquino III: …a peace agreement with the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) in October 2012. The deal promised a significant amount of autonomy to a Muslim-majority region of southern Mindinao and seemingly concluded four decades of deadly conflict. Economic growth in the Philippines was strong during Aquino’s administration, but unemployment remained high,…
- milfoil (plant)
yarrow: …and parts of yarrow or milfoil (A. millefolium) have been used for snuff and tea.
- Milford (Pennsylvania, United States)
Pike: Milford, the county seat, was settled in 1733. The castlelike estate of Grey Towers belonged to Gifford Pinchot, pioneer of forestry management and governor of Pennsylvania, who founded the Yale Summer School of Forestry at Milford. The county was formed in 1814 and named for…
- Milford (Delaware, United States)
Milford, city, Kent and Sussex counties, central Delaware, U.S., on the Mispillion River, which divides the city into northern and southern sections. Northern Milford, established in 1787 on the site of plantations settled about 1680, was named for a gristmill and sawmill built on the river;
- Milford (Connecticut, United States)
Milford, city, coextensive with the town (township) of Milford, New Haven county, southwestern Connecticut, U.S. It lies on Long Island Sound northeast of the mouth of the Housatonic River. Settled in 1639 on land bought from the Paugusset Indians, it was probably named (1640) for Milford Haven,
- Milford Haven (Wales, United Kingdom)
Milford Haven, port, historic and present county of Pembrokeshire (Sir Benfro), southwestern Wales. It lies on the north shore of a deep natural harbour of Milford Haven, an inlet of the Celtic Sea. For many centuries the inlet served as a landing and embarkation point on the route from
- Milford Haven, Louis Alexander Mountbatten, 1st marquess of (British admiral)
Louis Alexander Mountbatten, 1st marquess of Milford Haven was a British admiral of the fleet and first sea lord, who was responsible, with Winston Churchill, for the total mobilization of the fleet prior to World War I. The eldest son of Prince Alexander of Hesse, he was naturalized as a British
- Milford Sound (inlet, New Zealand)
Milford Sound, inlet of the Tasman Sea, southwestern South Island, New Zealand. The sound is a fjord, created when the sea flooded a glacial valley. About 2 miles (3 km) wide, it extends inland for 12 miles (19 km). From the heights of Mitre Peak (5,560 feet [1,695 metres]) and Pembroke Peak (6,710
- Milfordville (New York, United States)
Oneonta, city, Otsego county, east-central New York, U.S. It lies in the Catskill foothills, on the Susquehanna River, within the town (township) of Oneonta, some 80 miles (129 km) southwest of Albany. Dutch and Palatinate German settlers began arriving in the area before the American Revolution,
- Milgram experiment (psychology)
Milgram experiment, controversial series of experiments examining obedience to authority conducted by social psychologist Stanley Milgram. In the experiment, an authority figure, the conductor of the experiment, would instruct a volunteer participant, labeled the “teacher,” to administer painful,
- Milgram, Stanley (American social psychologist)
Stanley Milgram was an American social psychologist known for his controversial and groundbreaking experiments on obedience to authority. Milgram’s obedience experiments, in addition to other studies that he carried out during his career, generally are considered to have provided important insight
- Milgrom, Paul (American economist)
Paul Milgrom is an American economist who, with Robert Wilson, was awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize for Economics (the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel) for his contributions to the theory of auctions and for his invention of new auction formats, or rules of
- Milgrom, Paul Robert (American economist)
Paul Milgrom is an American economist who, with Robert Wilson, was awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize for Economics (the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel) for his contributions to the theory of auctions and for his invention of new auction formats, or rules of
- Milhaud, Darius (French composer)
Darius Milhaud was a principal French composer of the 20th century known especially for his development of polytonality (simultaneous use of different keys). Born of a Provençal Jewish family, Milhaud studied under Paul Dukas and Vincent d’Indy at the Paris Conservatory. He was grouped by the
- Miliana (Algeria)
Miliana, town, northwestern Algeria. Miliana is located in the northern Tell Atlas Mountains about 100 miles (160 km) southwest of Algiers. It lies on the wooded southern flank of Mount Zaccar Rherbi and overlooks the Chelif River valley to the east and south and the Zaccar plateau to the west.
- miliaria (skin disorder)
miliaria, an inflammatory disorder of human skin, characterized by multiple small lesions at the site of sweat pores, brought about by the blockage of sweat ducts and the resulting escape of sweat into various levels of the skin. Most cases of miliaria occur in extremely hot weather; the lesions
- miliaria crystallina (skin disorder)
miliaria: In miliaria crystallina, the sweat escapes into the superficial region of the epidermis, the outermost horny layer of the skin, where it collects in tiny, clear, noninflammatory, dewdrop vesicles (blisters); these are most commonly seen in patients with fever or after a sunburn.
- miliaria profunda (skin disorder)
miliaria: Miliaria profunda is a deep type of sweat retention, the sweat escaping into the dermis, the vascular layer of the skin located below the epidermis. The lesions, in this form of miliaria, are firm papules.
- miliaria pustulosa (skin disorder)
miliaria: In miliaria pustulosa, there are pustules, or small elevations of the skin filled with pus, at the site of sweat retention.
- miliaria rubra (skin disorder)
miliaria: Miliaria rubra, or prickly heat, the most common form of sweat retention, results from the escape of sweat into the epidermis, where it produces discrete, densely packed, pinhead vesicles or red papules (solid, usually conical elevations); these lesions occur chiefly on the trunk and extremities,…
- miliary aneurysm (pathology)
Jean-Martin Charcot: …nervous functions, and he discovered miliary aneurysms (dilation of the small arteries feeding the brain), demonstrating their importance in cerebral hemorrhage.
- miliary tuberculosis (pathology)
tuberculosis: The course of tuberculosis: …spread through the body, causing miliary tuberculosis, a highly fatal form if not adequately treated. In fact, once the bacilli enter the bloodstream, they can travel to almost any organ of the body, including the lymph nodes, bones and joints, skin, intestines, genital organs, kidneys, and bladder. An infection of…
- Miliband, David (British foreign secretary)
David Miliband is a British Labour Party politician who served as foreign secretary (2007–10) under Prime Minister Gordon Brown. Miliband was the son of a Belgian father and a Polish mother, Jewish (and Marxist) refugees who had fled Nazi Germany. He grew up in a home devoted to fierce political
- Miliband, Ed (British politician)
Ed Miliband is a British politician who served as leader of the Labour Party (2010–15). Miliband was the son of Jewish (and Marxist) refugees who had survived the Holocaust during World War II. Ralph Miliband, who had fled Belgium in 1940, became a prominent Marxist intellectual in London, where he
- Miliband, Edward Samuel (British politician)
Ed Miliband is a British politician who served as leader of the Labour Party (2010–15). Miliband was the son of Jewish (and Marxist) refugees who had survived the Holocaust during World War II. Ralph Miliband, who had fled Belgium in 1940, became a prominent Marxist intellectual in London, where he
- Milíč, John (Bohemian theologian)
John Milíč was a theologian, orator, and reformer, considered to be the founder of the national Bohemian religious reform movement. Milíč was educated at Prague and ordained about 1350, entering the imperial chancery of Charles IV in 1358. Later, he received a clerical benefice from Pope Innocent
- Milid (Turkey)
Milid, ancient city near the upper Euphrates River in east-central Turkey, 4 miles (6.5 km) northeast of the town of Malatya. The site was first inhabited in the 4th millennium bc and later became an important city of the Hittites until the dissolution of their empire early in the 12th century bc.
- milieu (literature)
race, milieu, and moment, according to the French critic Hippolyte Taine, the three principal motives or conditioning factors behind any work of art. Taine sought to establish a scientific approach to literature through the investigation of what created the individual who created the work of art.
- Milieu divin, Le (work by Teilhard de Chardin)
Pierre Teilhard de Chardin: …area, Le Milieu divin (1957; The Divine Milieu) and Le Phénomène humain (1955; The Phenomenon of Man), in the 1920s and ’30s, but their publication was forbidden by the Jesuit order during his lifetime. Among his other writings are collections of philosophical essays, such as L’Apparition de l’homme (1956; The…
- milieu intérieur (medicine)
physiology: Historical background: …as the internal environment (milieu intérieur) in which cells carry out their activities. This concept of physiological regulation of the internal environment occupies an important position in physiology and medicine; Bernard’s work had a profound influence on succeeding generations of physiologists in France, Russia, Italy, England, and the United…
- milieu therapy (psychology)
group therapy: Social, or milieu, therapy for institutionalized patients represents an extension of group therapeutic principles to make the mental hospital a therapeutic community, all aspects of which will help to restore the patients’ mental health. This involves the creation of a positive, supportive atmosphere and a…
- Milinda (Indo-Greek king)
Menander was the greatest of the Indo-Greek kings and the one best known to Western and Indian classical authors. He is believed to have been a patron of the Buddhist religion and the subject of an important Buddhist work, the Milinda-panha (“The Questions of Milinda”). Menander was born in the
- Milinda-panha (Buddhist literature)
Milinda-panha, lively dialogue on Buddhist doctrine with questions and dilemmas posed by King Milinda—i.e., Menander, Greek ruler of a large Indo-Greek empire in the late 2nd century bce—and answered by Nagasena, a senior monk. Composed in northern India in perhaps the 1st or 2nd century ce (and
- Milinkevich, Alyaksandr (Belarusian politician)
Belarus: Belarus in the 21st century: …nongovernmental associations, backed pro-democracy candidate Alyaksandr Milinkevich in the presidential race, but Lukashenko was reelected with nearly 83 percent of the vote, according to the official count. Denouncing the results, opposition groups within Belarus as well as international observers accused the president of wielding his exceptional powers during the campaign…
- milione, Il (work by Polo)
Marco Polo: Compilation of Il milione: Soon after his return to Venice, Polo was taken prisoner by the Genoese—great rivals of the Venetians at sea—during a skirmish or battle in the Mediterranean. He was then imprisoned in Genoa, where he had a felicitous encounter with a prisoner from Pisa,…
- militaire (equestrian competition)
three-day event, equestrian competition, testing the overall abilities of horse and rider in competition at dressage, cross-country and endurance riding, and stadium show jumping. The first day’s event, the dressage competition, tests the horse’s obedience and the rider’s ability. It consists of a
- Militant Socialist Movement (political party, Mauritius)
Mauritius: Political process and security: …Militant Mauricien; MMM), and the Militant Socialist Movement (Mouvement Socialiste Militant; MSM). The MLP and the MSM generally compete for the dominant Hindu vote, although they both have supporters in all communities. The MMM has its base in the minorities—the Creoles, Muslims, and non-Hindi-speaking Indian communities (especially the Tamils and…
- militarism (political philosophy)
Japan: The rise of the militarists: The notion that expansion through military conquest would solve Japan’s economic problems gained currency during the Great Depression of the 1930s. It was argued that the rapid growth of Japan’s population—which stood at close to 65 million in 1930—necessitated large food imports. To sustain…
- military
armed force, constituent element of a country’s combined military services. Modern armed forces are commonly divided into specialized branches dealing with land, naval, and air warfare. The oldest battle accounts show the Egyptian king Thutmose III (1479–26 bce) using specialized infantry, chariot,
- Military Academy (academy, Paris, France)
Ange-Jacques Gabriel: …and the construction of the École Militaire (1750–68; Military Academy) in Paris. Gabriel provided virtually all of the royal residences with theatres, built pavilions and hermitages for some of them, and designed hunting lodges in the major royal forests. The magnificent Place Louis XV (now Place de la Concorde) in…
- Military Action, Union of (Polish history)
Józef Piłsudski: Attempts to organize a Polish army: …1908 he formed a secret Union of Military Action—financed with a sum of money stolen from a Russian mail train by an armed band led by Piłsudski himself. In 1910, with the help of the Austrian military authorities, he was able to convert his secret union into a legal Union…
- Military Acute Concussion Evaluation (medicine)
concussion: Physical examination and evaluation: …neuropsychological test, such as the Military Acute Concussion Evaluation (MACE). The test is administered on the battlefield or ideally within 12 hours of injury in order to assess cognitive impairment in the acute phase, providing a baseline for the individual. Battlefield conditions, logistical challenges of battles (e.g., remote locations or…
- military aircraft
military aircraft, any type of aircraft that has been adapted for military use. Aircraft have been a fundamental part of military power since the mid-20th century. Generally speaking, all military aircraft fall into one of the following categories: fighters, which secure control of essential
- Military Appeals, United States Court of (United States military court)
United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces, court created by the Congress of the United States in 1950 as the highest court for military personnel. It hears appeals of cases originally adjudicated in military tribunals, which are presided over by commissioned officers or military judges.
- military architecture
military technology: Fortress design: Fortifications in antiquity were designed primarily to defeat attempts at escalade, though cover was provided for archers and javelin throwers along the ramparts and for enfilade fire from flanking towers. By classical Greek times, fortress architecture had attained a high level of sophistication;…
- military base
logistics: Supply from bases: The alternative to self-containment and local supply is continuous or periodic resupply and replacement from stores prestocked at bases or other accessible points. Supply from bases involves three serious disadvantages. First, supply routes are often vulnerable to attack. Second, an army shackled to its…
- Military Bases Agreement (United States-Philippines)
Philippines: The early republic: The Military Bases Agreement was the greatest single cause of friction in relations between the United States and the Philippines. Beginning in 1965, however, a series of agreements between the two countries reduced the size and number of the U.S. bases and shortened base leases. In…
- military bridge
military bridge, temporary bridge that must usually be constructed in haste by military engineers, from available materials and frequently under fire. The earliest types historically were pontoon bridges—i.e., floating bridges that rest on stationary boats. Pontoon bridges were constructed in
- military comfort women (Asian history)
comfort women, a euphemism for women who provided sexual services to Japanese Imperial Army troops during Japan’s militaristic period that ended with World War II and who generally lived under conditions of sexual slavery. Estimates of the number of women involved typically range up to 200,000, but
- Military Commission (military organization, China)
China: Security: …the command of the Central Military Commission of the CCP; there is also an identical commission in the government, but it has no clear independent functions. The CCP commission is far more powerful than the Ministry of National Defense, which operates under the State Council, and it assures continuing CCP…
- Military Commissions Act (United States [2006])
habeas corpus: …Supreme Court struck down the Military Commissions Act of 2006, which had barred foreign enemy combatants held by the United States from challenging their detentions in federal courts.
- Military Committee (military division)
North Atlantic Treaty Organization: Organization: The Military Committee, consisting of representatives of the military chiefs of staff of the member states, subsumes two strategic commands: Allied Command Operations (ACO) and Allied Command Transformation (ACT). ACO is headed by the SACEUR and located at Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) in Casteau,…
- Military Committee for National Recovery (military junta, Guinea)
Guinea: Constitutional framework: …(Comité Militaire de Redressement National; CMRN). A new constitution in 1991 began a transition to civilian rule. It provided for a civilian president and a unicameral legislature, the National Assembly; both the president and the legislators were to be elected by universal suffrage for five-year terms. Political parties were legalized…
- Military Committee for National Redress (military junta, Guinea)
Guinea: Constitutional framework: …(Comité Militaire de Redressement National; CMRN). A new constitution in 1991 began a transition to civilian rule. It provided for a civilian president and a unicameral legislature, the National Assembly; both the president and the legislators were to be elected by universal suffrage for five-year terms. Political parties were legalized…
- Military Committee for National Salvation (military junta, Burundi)
Burundi: The Third Republic: …a 30-member military junta, the Military Committee for National Salvation.
- military communication
military communication, the transmission of information from reconnaissance and other units in contact with the enemy and the means for exercising command by the transmission of orders and instructions of commanders to their subordinates. As such, it comprises all means of transmitting messages,
- military dictatorship (form of government)
military dictatorship, form of government in which the military exerts total control of a country, usually after seizing power by overthrowing the previous rulers in a coup. Military dictatorships are typically marked by brutal human rights abuses, such as killings, torture, and disappearances.
- military discipline
armed force, constituent element of a country’s combined military services. Modern armed forces are commonly divided into specialized branches dealing with land, naval, and air warfare. The oldest battle accounts show the Egyptian king Thutmose III (1479–26 bce) using specialized infantry, chariot,
- military dress (military apparel)
cultural globalization: Clothing: Some military fashions reflect a similar sense of convergence. Rebel fighters, such as those in Central Africa, South America, or the Balkans, seemed to take their style cue from the guerrilla garb worn by movie star Sylvester Stallone in his trilogy of Rambo films. In the…