Iraq: Iraq from 1055 to 1534: …on the town of Mosul; Middle Iraq, or the area around Baghdad; and Lower Iraq, whose major centres were the towns of Al-Ḥillah, Wāṣit, and Basra. Upper Iraq had strong political ties to the provinces of Diyār Bakr and Diyār Rabīʿah in eastern Anatolia (now part of Turkey) and northern…

Japanese language: Literary history: …Late Old Japanese (9th–11th century), Middle Japanese (12th–16th century), Early Modern Japanese (17th–18th century), and Modern Japanese (19th century to the present).

Japanese art: Jōmon period: The Middle Jōmon period (c. 2500–1500 bce) witnessed a dramatic increase both in population and in the number of settlements. Signs of incipient agriculture can be detected in this period, but this may have involved settling near wild plants and storing them effectively. Vessels began to…

history of Europe: Charlemagne and the Carolingian dynasty: …regions of West Francia, the Middle Kingdom, and East Francia. The last of these regions gradually assumed control over the Middle Kingdom north of the Alps. In addition, an independent kingdom of Italy survived into the late 10th century. The imperial title went to one of the rulers of these…

Anatolia: The Middle Kingdom: Telipinus is ordinarily regarded as the last king of the Old Kingdom. His death marks the beginning of a more obscure period that lasted until the creation of the Hittite empire. The Syrian provinces, which Telipinus had been compelled to abandon, fell briefly…

ancient Egypt: The Middle Kingdom (c. 1980–c. 1760 bce) and the Second Intermediate period (c. 1759–c. 1539 bce): Mentuhotep II campaigned in Lower Nubia, where he may have been preceded by the Inyotefs. His mortuary complex in Thebes contained some of the earliest known depictions…

Korean language: General considerations: While much is known about Middle Korean, the language spoken in the 15th century (when the script was invented), information about the language before that time is limited. Several hundred words of early Middle Korean were written with phonograms in the vocabularies compiled by the Chinese as far back as…

cell wall: Mechanical properties: The middle lamella serves as a cementing layer between the primary walls of adjacent cells. The primary wall is the cellulose-containing layer laid down by cells that are dividing and growing. To allow for cell wall expansion during growth, primary walls are thinner and less rigid…

Lithuania: Relief: …the flat expanses of the Middle Lithuanian Lowland.

Scandinavian languages: The advent of Christianity: …Scandinavian was that exerted by Middle Low German because of the commercial dominance of the Hanseatic League and the political influence of the North German states on the royal houses of Denmark and Sweden between 1250 and 1450. The major commercial cities of Scandinavia had large Low German-speaking populations, and…

Miocene Epoch: …16 million years ago), the Middle Miocene Epoch (16 million to 11.6 million years ago), and the Late Miocene Epoch (11.6 million to 5.3 million years ago). The Miocene may also be divided into six ages and their corresponding rock stages: from oldest to youngest these ages or stages are…

Mongolian languages: …Mongolian (through the 12th century), Middle Mongolian (13th–16th centuries), and New, or Modern, Mongolian (17th century to the present). Old Mongolian is reconstructed from borrowings in other languages and by comparison of the recorded Mongolian languages. The Mongolian vertical script language developed at the end of the 12th century; the…

name: Forms of personal names: This is the second, or middle, name. It may be the original family name of a married woman inserted between her first name and the last name of her husband, the maiden name of one’s mother, as well as other names. In Europe such a second name is less common…

Roy Fuller: The poems published in The Middle of a War (1942) and A Lost Season (1944) chronicle his wartime service and show him intensely concerned with the social and political conditions of his time. Epitaphs and Occasions (1949) satirized the postwar world, but in Brutus’s Orchard (1957) and Collected Poems,…

Ava DuVernay: Middle of Nowhere (2012) shows the daily life of a young woman whose husband is in jail. With that movie DuVernay became the first African American woman to win the best director award at the Sundance Film Festival.

Lionel Trilling: Trilling’s novel The Middle of the Journey (1947) concerns the moral and political developments of the liberal mind in America in the 1930s and ’40s. In 2008 a second novel, discovered and edited by scholar Geraldine Murphy, was published posthumously. Titled The Journey Abandoned, it follows the…

Delbert Mann: Feature films: Less successful was Middle of the Night (1959), a drama about a wealthy widower (Fredric March) who falls in love with a much younger employer (Kim Novak), and the couple decide to wed, over the objections of family and friends; Chayefsky adapted the script from his play.

the Pretenders: Later work: …released as singles, with “Middle of the Road,” featuring what would become one of the most iconic drum introductions in rock music.

Stone Age: Middle Paleolithic: The Middle Paleolithic comprises the Mousterian, a portion of the Levalloisian, and the Tayacian, all of which are complexes based on the production of flakes, although survivals of the old hand-ax tradition are manifest in many instances. These Middle Paleolithic assemblages first appear…

African American literature: African American roots: …hero of Johnson’s second novel, Middle Passage, which won the National Book Award in 1990, is also a product of slavery who must go on a dangerous journey—the infamous Middle Passage that brought Africans to enslavement in the Americas—to overcome his alienation from humanity and save himself from imprisoning ideas…

Middle Passage, the forced voyage of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the New World. It was one leg of the triangular trade route that took goods (such as knives, guns, ammunition, cotton cloth, tools, and brass dishes) from Europe to Africa, Africans to work as slaves in the Americas

Middle Way, in Buddhism, complement of general and specific ethical practices and philosophical views that are said to facilitate enlightenment by avoiding the extremes of self-gratification on one hand and self-mortification on the other. See Eightfold

Permian extinction: Marine invertebrates: …the middle part of the Guadalupian Epoch (about 272.3 million to 259.8 million years ago) as a benchmark, extinction within marine invertebrate faunas significantly reduced the number of different genera by 12 to 70 percent by the beginning of the Capitanian Age some 266 million years ago. The diversity levels…

Permian Period: Later work: the Wolfcampian, Leonardian, Guadalupian, and Ochoan—on the basis of the succession in West Texas and New Mexico.

Persian language: Middle Persian, spoken from the 3rd century bce to the 9th century ce, is represented by numerous epigraphic texts of Sāsānian kings, written in Aramaic script; there is also a varied literature in Middle Persian embracing both the Zoroastrian and the Manichaean religious traditions. Pahlavi…

Williamsburg, historic city, seat (1654) of James City county (though administratively independent of it), southeastern Virginia, U.S., on a tidewater peninsula, between the James and York rivers, 27 miles (43 km) northwest of Newport News. First settled by the English in 1633 as Middle Plantation,

Platonism: Greek Platonism from Aristotle through Middle Platonism: its nature and history: …next important phase of Platonism, Middle Platonism or pre-Neoplatonism, was significant through the influence that it exerted in more than one direction. In the direction of Jewish culture (further described in a later section), it formed the Greek philosophical background of the efforts of Philo Judaeus (Philo of Alexandria) to…

Ionian Stage, third of four stages of the Pleistocene Series, encompassing all rocks deposited during the Ionian Age (781,000 to 126,000 years ago) of the Pleistocene Epoch in the Quaternary Period. No established Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) defining the base of the Ionian Stage has

middle power, in international relations, a state that holds a position in the international power spectrum that is in the “middle”—below that of a superpower, which wields vastly superior influence over all other states, or of a great power, but with sufficient ability to shape international

Precambrian: Microfossils and stromatolites: …increasingly oxygen-rich atmosphere of the early Proterozoic (the Proterozoic Eon extended from 2.5 billion to 541 million years ago). The eukaryotes were capable of cell division, which allowed DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), the genetic coding material, to be passed on to succeeding generations.

relief: Middle relief, or mezzo-relievo, falls roughly between the high and low forms. A variation of relief carving, found almost exclusively in ancient Egyptian sculpture, is sunken relief (also called incised relief), in which the carving is sunk below the level of the surrounding surface and…

Reuss: …into three lines, Elder Reuss, Middle Reuss (extinct 1616), and Younger Reuss. Elder Reuss had its capital, Greiz, and other possessions in Oberland; Younger Reuss possessed Unterland, with the capital at Gera, and half of Oberland.

Middle Rhine Highlands, mountainous highlands lying mainly in northwestern Germany but also extending westward as the Ardennes through southeastern Belgium and northern Luxembourg, with an overlap into eastern France beyond the Meuse River. The highlands form a greatly varied plateau with areas of

Idaho: Relief and drainage: The Middle Rocky Mountains occupy a narrow strip along the Idaho-Wyoming border. The area comprises several ranges that trend north-south and northwest-southeast and rise to between 7,000 and 10,000 feet (2,100 and 3,000 metres). Grass- and sagebrush-covered plateaus and valleys and a few small lakes are…

China: The Shang dynasty: The archaeological classification of Middle Shang is represented by the remains found at Erligang (c. 1600 bce) near Zhengzhou, some 50 miles (80 km) to the east of Erlitou. The massive rammed-earth fortification, 118 feet (36 meters) wide at its base and enclosing an area of 1.2 square miles…

Mesolithic, ancient cultural stage that existed between the Paleolithic (Old Stone Age), with its chipped stone tools, and the Neolithic (New Stone Age), with its polished stone tools. Most often used to describe archaeological assemblages from the Eastern Hemisphere, the Mesolithic is broadly

primate: Forest and savanna: …broadly distinguishable: an understory, a middle story, and an upper story. The understory, consisting of shrubs and saplings, is often “closed,” the crowns of the constituent trees overlapping one another to form a dense continuous horizontal layer. The middle story is characterized by trees that are in lateral contact but…

Indian philosophy: Organization and contents: …nature of hetu, or the “middle term” in syllogism, and argues that the knowledge derived from hearing words is not inferential. Chapter 10 argues that pleasure and pain are not cognitions because they do not leave room for either doubt or certainty.

Stone Age: Asian cultures: …cultural branches were evident: the middle Ural (or Shigir) and that of the Ob River basin. During the 3rd and 2nd millennia bce the culture of the middle Ural region is famous for its elk and water-bird sculptures portrayed in wood, found in the peat bogs of Gorbunovo and Shigir,…

veld: Physiography: The Middleveld is the name given in South Africa to a vast and geologically complex region that lies in the region north of Pretoria, in the Northern Cape province, and in Namibia. Its boundaries are not as well defined as are those for the Highveld, but…

renal system: Blood and nerve supplies: The middle vesical artery supplies the base of the bladder. The inferior vesical artery supplies the inferolateral surfaces of the bladder and assists in supplying the base of the bladder, the lower end of the ureter, and other adjacent structures.

voice: …those of active, passive, and middle voice. These distinctions may be made by inflection, as in Latin, or by syntactic variation, as in English. The active-passive opposition can be illustrated by the following sentences:

Middle Way, in Buddhism, complement of general and specific ethical practices and philosophical views that are said to facilitate enlightenment by avoiding the extremes of self-gratification on one hand and self-mortification on the other. See Eightfold

Midwest, region, northern and central United States, lying midway between the Appalachians and Rocky Mountains and north of the Ohio River and the 37th parallel. The Midwest, as defined by the federal government, comprises the states of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota,

Leonhard Frank: …his novel Der Bürger (1924; A Middle-Class Man) and in Das ochsenfurter Männerquartett (1927; The Singers). During the same period he wrote his masterpiece, Karl und Anna (1926; Carl and Anna), a realistic, if sentimental, account of a soldier who seduces his comrade’s wife.

middle-distance running, in athletics (track and field), races that range in distance from 800 metres (roughly one-half mile) to 3,000 metres (almost 2 miles). In international competitions, middle-distance races include the 800 metres, the 1,500 metres (the metric mile), and the 3,000 metres (a

otitis media, inflammation of the lining of the middle ear. Otitis media is one of the most common infections in childhood, with about three-quarters of children affected by age three. There are three types of otitis media. Acute otitis media commonly develops in association with an infection of

economic development: …capita incomes below $400; “middle-income developing countries” were defined as those with per capita incomes between $400 and $4,000. To be sure, countries with the same per capita income may not otherwise resemble one another: some countries may derive much of their incomes from capital-intensive enterprises, such as the…

Gawler Ranges: …eastern sector, known as the Middleback Ranges, contains rich iron ore deposits, mined since the early part of the 20th century. The region includes Yantanabie Historic Reserve, site of an old Aboriginal quarry, and Yardea National Estate, site of picturesque columns of porphyry.

Midway Islands, unincorporated territory of the United States in the central Pacific Ocean, 1,300 miles (2,100 km) northwest of Honolulu. Near the western end of the Hawaiian archipelago, it comprises a coral atoll with a circumference of 15 miles (24 km) enclosing two main islands—Eastern (Green)

ʿEua, volcanic and limestone island in the Tongatapu Group of Tonga, southwestern Pacific Ocean. The second largest of the group, ʿEua is hilly and rises to an elevation of 1,078 feet (329 metres). Sighted in 1643 by the Dutch navigator Abel Janszoon Tasman, the island was originally named

Middlebury, town (township), seat of Addison county, west-central Vermont, U.S. The area was chartered in 1761, along with Salisbury and New Haven, and named for its location midway between the other two. Settled in 1773 by Benjamin Smalley, it was temporarily abandoned (1778–83) because of Tory

Middlebury College, private coeducational institution of higher learning in Middlebury, Vermont, U.S. It is a small liberal arts college at which particular emphasis is given to the study of modern languages. Course work at Middlebury is divided into eight academic categories: literature, the arts,

chess: Development of theory: …of the centre predominate; the middlegame, where maneuvering in defense and attack against the opponent’s king or weaknesses occurs; and the endgame, where, generally after several piece exchanges, pawn promotion becomes the dominant theme. Chess theory consists of opening knowledge, tactics (or combinations), positional analysis (particularly pawn structures), strategy (the…

marketing: Marketing intermediaries: the distribution channel: Many producers do not sell products or services directly to consumers and instead use marketing intermediaries to execute an assortment of necessary functions to get the product to the final user. These intermediaries, such as middlemen (wholesalers, retailers, agents, and…

Middlemarch, novel by George Eliot (pseudonym of Mary Ann Evans), published in eight parts in 1871–72 and also published in four volumes in 1872. It is considered to be Eliot’s masterpiece. The realist work is a study of every class of society in the town of Middlemarch—from the landed gentry and

Middlemarch, novel by George Eliot (pseudonym of Mary Ann Evans), published in eight parts in 1871–72 and also published in four volumes in 1872. It is considered to be Eliot’s masterpiece. The realist work is a study of every class of society in the town of Middlemarch—from the landed gentry and

Middlesboro, city, Bell county, southeastern Kentucky, U.S., about 61 miles (98 km) north of Knoxville, Tennessee. It lies in a valley (believed to have been formed by a meteor crater) at the western end of the Cumberland Gap near where the borders of Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia meet. Despite

Middlesboro, city, Bell county, southeastern Kentucky, U.S., about 61 miles (98 km) north of Knoxville, Tennessee. It lies in a valley (believed to have been formed by a meteor crater) at the western end of the Cumberland Gap near where the borders of Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia meet. Despite

Viv Anderson: …and a player/assistant coach for Middlesbrough (1994–2001). He was awarded the Member of the British Empire (MBE) in 1999, and in 2004 he was inducted into the National Football Museum Hall of Fame.

Middlesbrough, town and unitary authority, geographic county of North Yorkshire, historic county of Yorkshire, northeastern England. It is located on the south bank of the River Tees at the head of its estuary, 7 miles (11 km) from the North Sea. Middlesbrough is the largest town in the Teesside

Middlesex, county, east-central New Jersey, U.S., bounded by the Millstone River to the southwest, the Raritan River to the northwest, the Rahway River to the northeast, and Raritan Bay to the east. It consists largely of a coastal lowland. Other bodies of water include Carnegie and Farrington

Middlesex, historic county of southeastern England, incorporating central London north of the River Thames and surrounding areas to the north and west. Most of Middlesex, for administrative purposes, became part of Greater London in 1965. The River Thames was the key to the history of Middlesex.

Middlesex, county, south-central Connecticut, U.S. It is bordered to the south by Long Island Sound and to the southwest by the Hammonasset River, and the Connecticut River bisects the county from north to south. Other waterways are the Menunketesuck River, the Moodus Reservoir, and Bashan Lake.

Middlesex, county, northeastern Massachusetts, U.S., west and northwest of Boston and bordered on the north by New Hampshire. The county consists of an upland region drained by the Merrimack, Nashua, Assabet, Concord, Sudbury, and Shawsheen rivers. Other waterways include Whitehall and Cambridge

Lionel Cranfield, 1st earl of Middlesex was the lord treasurer of England under King James I (ruled 1603–25). Although most historians regard him as James’s most competent finance minister, he fell from power because his efforts at economy offended all factions in the government. Cranfield spent

Arthur Middleton was a British American planter, legislator, signer of the Declaration of Independence, and one of the leaders in the controversies leading up to the American Revolution (1775–83). After completing his education in England at various places, including St. John’s College, Cambridge,

Catherine, princess of Wales is the consort (2011– ) of William, prince of Wales and heir apparent to the British throne. In 2022 Catherine became the princess of Wales, a title previously held by her mother-in-law, the late Princess Diana. Similar to Diana, Catherine is known for her warmth and

Charles Middleton, 2nd earl of Middleton was a Jacobite supporter of James II of England and of James Edward, the Old Pretender. Eldest son of the 1st Earl, he held several offices under Charles II and James II, being envoy extraordinary at Vienna and afterwards joint secretary for Scotland. In

Gabriel Dumont: The North-West Resistance: …Canadian troops, organized by General Frederick Middleton, were heading towards them, Dumont proposed a clandestine guerilla campaign that would target railroads and Canadian soldiers.

John Middleton, 1st earl of Middleton was a Scottish Royalist during the reigns of Charles I and Charles II. In early life he served as a soldier in France. Later, although he fought against Charles I in both England and Scotland, being especially prominent at the Battle of Philiphaugh and in other

Catherine, princess of Wales is the consort (2011– ) of William, prince of Wales and heir apparent to the British throne. In 2022 Catherine became the princess of Wales, a title previously held by her mother-in-law, the late Princess Diana. Similar to Diana, Catherine is known for her warmth and

Milwaukee Bucks: …play from Holiday, All-Star guard Khris Middleton, and Antetokounmpo, who helped the team overcome multiple series deficits to advance to the NBA finals. There, despite falling behind the Phoenix Suns 2–0, Antetokounmpo put on one of the greatest performances in finals history, averaging 35.2 points, 13.2 rebounds, and 5.0 assists…

St. Margaret Clitherow ; canonized 1970; feast days March 25 and October 25) was one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales, executed for harbouring Roman Catholic priests during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England. In 1970 she and the other martyrs were canonized by Pope Paul VI on

Raoul Walsh: Last films: …up with a spy (Yvonne De Carlo). Although the thinly disguised Huey Long drama A Lion Is in the Streets (1953) did not deliver on its promise, it offered mesmerizing performances by Cagney as the demagogue and Anne Francis as the temptress Flamingo McManamee. Gun Fury (also 1953) was…

Sarah Burton: …dress worn by Middleton’s sister, Pippa, as well as a second dress worn by the bride. The designs were widely praised. In November 2011 Burton was named Designer of the Year by the British Fashion Council, and the following year she was made an Officer of the Order of the…

Sarah Burton: …dress worn by Middleton’s sister, Pippa, as well as a second dress worn by the bride. The designs were widely praised. In November 2011 Burton was named Designer of the Year by the British Fashion Council, and the following year she was made an Officer of the Order of the…

mass spectrometry: Negative ions: Roy Middleton of the United States invented and developed the cesium sputter source.

Sir Hugh Myddelton, 1st Baronet was a member of the English Parliament (1603–28) and contractor of the New River scheme for supplying London with water. The son of Sir Richard Myddelton, governor of Denbigh Castle, Wales, Myddelton became a successful London goldsmith, occupying a shop in Bassihaw

Stanley Middleton was a British writer and academic whose many domestic novels examine lower-middle-class marital and familial relationships. Educated at University College, Nottingham (now University of Nottingham; B.A., 1940; M.Ed, 1952), Middleton served in the British army’s Royal Artillery and

T.F. Middleton was a noted Anglican missionary who was the first bishop of Calcutta and founder of Bishop’s College there. Middleton served various parishes in England from his ordination as a priest in 1792 to 1812, when he became archdeacon of Huntingdon. Widely recognized as a biblical scholar

Thomas Middleton was a late-Elizabethan dramatist who drew people as he saw them, with comic gusto or searching irony. By 1600 Middleton had spent two years at Oxford and had published three books of verse. He learned to write plays by collaborating with Thomas Dekker, John Webster, and others for

T.F. Middleton was a noted Anglican missionary who was the first bishop of Calcutta and founder of Bishop’s College there. Middleton served various parishes in England from his ordination as a priest in 1792 to 1812, when he became archdeacon of Huntingdon. Widely recognized as a biblical scholar

Middletown, town (township), Newport county, southeastern Rhode Island, U.S., on Rhode (Aquidneck) Island, in Narragansett Bay. It was named for its location between the other two towns on the island, Newport and Portsmouth. Closely related to Newport, from which it was set off and incorporated in

Middletown, city, coextensive with the town (township) of Middletown, Middlesex county, central Connecticut, U.S., on the Connecticut River. Settled by Puritans in 1650 and incorporated as a town in 1651, it occupies the site of the Indian village of Mattabesec (Mattabesett). It was named in 1653

Middletown, city, Butler county, southwestern Ohio, U.S., on the Great Miami River (bridged). It is part of a metropolitan statistical area that also includes Cincinnati, some 30 miles (50 km) south. Founded in 1802, it was probably named for its location about midway between Dayton (approximately

Middletown, borough (town), Dauphin county, central Pennsylvania, U.S., just southeast of Harrisburg, at the confluence of Swatara Creek and the Susquehanna River. George Fisher settled the site in 1752 and in 1755 laid out the town, which he named Middletown for its location midway between

Middletown, city, Orange county, southeastern New York, U.S., 60 miles (97 km) northwest of New York City. Settled in 1756, it was organized around the local Congregational church in 1785 and named for its midway location between the Hudson and Delaware rivers. Until 1798 it was in Ulster county.

Robert Lynd and Helen Lynd: Their follow-up study, Middletown in Transition: A Study in Cultural Conflicts (1937), analyzed the social changes induced by the Great Depression of the 1930s. Although no longer typical of American communities, Middletown (Muncie) is still the site of studies documenting social and cultural change in the United States.

Muncie: …in the classic sociological study Middletown, published in 1929 by Robert S. and Helen M. Lynd. The name (shortened in 1845 from Munseetown or Munsey Town) commemorates the Munsee (Wolf) clan of Delaware Indians who once lived there. The town was founded in 1827 when Goldsmith C. Gilbert, a trader,…

veld: Physiography: The Middleveld is the name given in South Africa to a vast and geologically complex region that lies in the region north of Pretoria, in the Northern Cape province, and in Namibia. Its boundaries are not as well defined as are those for the Highveld, but…

middleware, computer software that enables communication between multiple software applications, possibly running on more than one machine. Computer applications and websites frequently employ many different programs, often running on different computers, that need to work together. A user may

Congleton: …included the towns of Alsager, Middlewich, and Sandbach. Middlewich was important in Roman times for salt, which is still produced in large quantities in the vicinity of Middlewich and Sandbach. The rural hinterland is rich dairy farming country, and market gardening is also important. There are attractive villages and fine…

cereal processing: Types of breakfast cereal: The middlings produced in flour milling, essentially small pieces of endosperm free from bran and germ, are sold as farina and often consumed as a breakfast food in the United States. Farina is usually enriched with vitamins and minerals and may be flavoured. To reduce cooking…

middot, (Hebrew: “measure,” or “norms”), in Jewish hermeneutics or biblical interpretation, methods or principles used to explicate the meaning of biblical words or passages to meet the exigencies of new situations. Though the rules, or norms, were probably developing in early Hellenistic Judaism,

Meath, county in the province of Leinster, northeastern Ireland. It is bounded by Counties Monaghan (north), Louth (northeast), Fingal (southeast), Kildare (south), Offaly (southwest), Westmeath (west), and Cavan (northwest); the Irish Sea lies on the east coast. Navan, in central Meath, is the

medicine society: …an alternative name for the Grand Medicine Society, or Midewiwin, of the Ojibwa Indians of North America.

Jamil al-Midfaʿi was a statesman, several times prime minister of Iraq. Midfaʿi attended the engineering college in Istanbul and became an artillery officer in the Turkish Army, from which he deserted in 1916 to join the Arab forces that had risen in revolt in Arabia under the direction of Sharīf

Midgard, in Norse mythology, the Middle Earth, the abode of mankind, made from the body of the first created being, the giant Aurgelmir (Ymir). According to legend, the gods killed Aurgelmir, rolled his body into the central void of the universe, and began fashioning the Midgard. Aurgelmir’s flesh

Midgard, in Norse mythology, the Middle Earth, the abode of mankind, made from the body of the first created being, the giant Aurgelmir (Ymir). According to legend, the gods killed Aurgelmir, rolled his body into the central void of the universe, and began fashioning the Midgard. Aurgelmir’s flesh