history of medicine: Japan: …medical work was published by Menase Dōsan, who also wrote at least five other works. In the most significant of these, the Keitekishū (1574; a manual of the practice of medicine), diseases—or sometimes merely symptoms—are classified and described in 51 groups; the work is unusual in that it includes a…

Menasha, city, Winnebago and Calumet counties, east-central Wisconsin, U.S. It lies along Lake Winnebago and the north channel of the Fox River, just south of Appleton and 30 miles (50 km) south of Green Bay. Menasha, with the adjoining city of Neenah on the south channel of the Fox River, forms a

Manasseh ben Israel was a major Hebraic scholar of the Jewish community of Amsterdam and the founder of the modern Jewish community in England. Manasseh was born into a family of Marranos (Jews of Spain and Portugal who publicly accepted Christianity but privately practiced Judaism). After his

menat, in Egyptian religion, a necklace composed of many rows of beads and an amulet, usually hung at the back of the neck as a counterpoise. The amulet, frequently made of glazed ware and often found buried with the dead, was a symbol of divine protection. Among women it was believed to foster

Al-Minyā: …ruins of the ancient town Menat Khufu, from which Al-Minyā derives its name. It was the ancestral home of the pharaohs of the 4th dynasty (c. 2575–c. 2465 bce). Remains of the Gerzean prehistoric period have been found, and a small pyramid of the 3rd dynasty (c. 2650–c. 2575 bce)…

Mikhail Khodorkovsky: The company, named Menatep in 1990, was one of the first privately owned banks in post-Soviet Russia. After the fall of communism in 1991, Khodorkovsky made a fortune trading in foreign currency and commodities, but his biggest successes involved the acquisition of assets formerly owned by the Soviet…

Canadian literature: World War II and the postwar period, 1935–60: >Master of the River) deplored in lyrical language Anglo-American takeovers of Quebec’s natural resources, and in 1938 Ringuet (Philippe Panneton) traced the decline of Quebec’s rural economy in Trente arpents (Thirty Acres). After the interruption of the war years (1939–45), French Canadian fiction became increasingly…

Vera Francevna Menchik-Stevenson was a Russian-born British international chess master who was the women’s world chess champion from 1927 until her death. Menchik learned to play chess at the age of nine from her father. In 1921 her family moved to England, where she studied with the Hungarian

Vera Francevna Menchik-Stevenson was a Russian-born British international chess master who was the women’s world chess champion from 1927 until her death. Menchik learned to play chess at the age of nine from her father. In 1921 her family moved to England, where she studied with the Hungarian

Rigoberta Menchú is a Guatemalan Indian-rights activist, who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1992. Menchú, of the Quiché Maya group, spent her childhood helping with her family’s agricultural work; she also likely worked on coffee plantations. As a young woman, she became an activist in

Mencius was an early Chinese philosopher whose development of orthodox Confucianism earned him the title “second sage.” Chief among his basic tenets was an emphasis on the obligation of rulers to provide for the common people. The book Mencius records his doings and sayings and contains statements

Mencius, Confucian text, named for its author, that earned for the 4th-century-bce philosopher the title ya sheng (“second sage”). Though the book was not generally recognized as a classic until the 12th century, a doctoral chair was established as early as the 2nd century bce to teach the Mencius.

H.L. Mencken was a controversial journalist and pungent critic of American life who powerfully influenced U.S. fiction through the 1920s and was known for his humorous but combative opinions, especially his attacks on the middle class. Mencken’s article on Americanism appeared in the 13th edition

H.L. Mencken was a controversial journalist and pungent critic of American life who powerfully influenced U.S. fiction through the 1920s and was known for his humorous but combative opinions, especially his attacks on the middle class. Mencken’s article on Americanism appeared in the 13th edition

Nigeria: Domestic unrest and insecurity: The Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) was the most active of such militant groups, although its activity decreased after the group declared a unilateral ceasefire, and the government introduced an amnesty program in 2009.

Australia: The Spanish: …Peru in 1567, commanded by Álvaro de Mendaña, discovered the Solomon Islands. Excited by finding gold, Mendaña hoped that he had found the great southern land and that Spain would colonize there. In 1595 Mendaña sailed again but failed to rediscover the Solomons. One of his officers was Pedro Fernández…

Mende, people of Sierra Leone, including also a small group in Liberia; they speak a language of the Mande branch of the Niger-Congo family. The Mende grow rice as their staple crop, as well as yams and cassava. Cash crops include cocoa, ginger, peanuts (groundnuts), and palm oil and kernels. They

Mende, town, capital of Lozère département, Occitanie région, southern France, lying south-southeast of Clermont-Ferrand. It is situated at 2,425 feet (739 metres) above sea level in the Massif Central, on the left bank of the Lot River at the foot of a limestone plateau. With practically no

heredity: Discovery and rediscovery of Mendel’s laws: …first law of Mendel, the law of segregation of unit genes. Equal numbers of gametes, ovules, or pollen grains are formed that contain the genes R and r. Now, if the gametes unite at random, then the F2 generation should contain about 14 white-flowered and 34 purple-flowered plants. The white-flowered

heredity: Discovery and rediscovery of Mendel’s laws: …derived his second law: the law of recombination, or independent assortment of genes.

Gregor Mendel was a botanist, teacher, and Augustinian prelate, the first person to lay the mathematical foundation of the science of genetics, in what came to be called Mendelism. Born to a family with limited means in German-speaking Silesia, Mendel was raised in a rural setting. His academic

Gregor Mendel was a botanist, teacher, and Augustinian prelate, the first person to lay the mathematical foundation of the science of genetics, in what came to be called Mendelism. Born to a family with limited means in German-speaking Silesia, Mendel was raised in a rural setting. His academic

Gregor Mendel was a botanist, teacher, and Augustinian prelate, the first person to lay the mathematical foundation of the science of genetics, in what came to be called Mendelism. Born to a family with limited means in German-speaking Silesia, Mendel was raised in a rural setting. His academic

Lafayette Benedict Mendel was an American biochemist whose discoveries concerning the value of vitamins and proteins helped establish modern concepts of nutrition. A professor of physiological chemistry at Yale from 1903 to 1935, he worked with the American biochemist Thomas Osborne to determine

Mendele Moykher Sforim was a Jewish author, founder of both modern Yiddish and modern Hebrew narrative literature and the creator of modern literary Yiddish. He adopted his pseudonym, which means “Mendele the Itinerant Bookseller,” in 1879. Mendele published his first article, on the reform of

Mendele Moykher Sforim was a Jewish author, founder of both modern Yiddish and modern Hebrew narrative literature and the creator of modern literary Yiddish. He adopted his pseudonym, which means “Mendele the Itinerant Bookseller,” in 1879. Mendele published his first article, on the reform of

Mendele Moykher Sforim was a Jewish author, founder of both modern Yiddish and modern Hebrew narrative literature and the creator of modern literary Yiddish. He adopted his pseudonym, which means “Mendele the Itinerant Bookseller,” in 1879. Mendele published his first article, on the reform of

Mendele Moykher Sforim was a Jewish author, founder of both modern Yiddish and modern Hebrew narrative literature and the creator of modern literary Yiddish. He adopted his pseudonym, which means “Mendele the Itinerant Bookseller,” in 1879. Mendele published his first article, on the reform of

Mendele Moykher Sforim was a Jewish author, founder of both modern Yiddish and modern Hebrew narrative literature and the creator of modern literary Yiddish. He adopted his pseudonym, which means “Mendele the Itinerant Bookseller,” in 1879. Mendele published his first article, on the reform of

Dmitri Mendeleev: Activities outside the laboratory: …Russian Chemical Society (now the Mendeleev Russian Chemical Society) in 1868 and published most of his later papers in its journal. He was a prolific thinker and writer. His published works include 400 books and articles, and numerous unpublished manuscripts are kept to this day in the Dmitri Mendeleev Museum…

Dmitri Mendeleev was a Russian chemist who developed the periodic classification of the elements. Mendeleev found that, when all the known chemical elements were arranged in order of increasing atomic weight, the resulting table displayed a recurring pattern, or periodicity, of properties within

Dmitri Mendeleev was a Russian chemist who developed the periodic classification of the elements. Mendeleev found that, when all the known chemical elements were arranged in order of increasing atomic weight, the resulting table displayed a recurring pattern, or periodicity, of properties within

mendelevium (Md), synthetic chemical element of the actinoid series of the periodic table, atomic number 101. It was the first element to be synthesized and discovered a few atoms at a time. Not occurring in nature, mendelevium (as the isotope mendelevium-256) was discovered (1955) by American

Dmitri Mendeleev was a Russian chemist who developed the periodic classification of the elements. Mendeleev found that, when all the known chemical elements were arranged in order of increasing atomic weight, the resulting table displayed a recurring pattern, or periodicity, of properties within

Mendelian inheritance, the principles of heredity formulated by Austrian-born botanist, teacher, and Augustinian prelate Gregor Mendel in 1865. These principles compose what is known as the system of particulate inheritance by units, or genes. The later discovery of chromosomes as the carriers of

Mendelian inheritance, the principles of heredity formulated by Austrian-born botanist, teacher, and Augustinian prelate Gregor Mendel in 1865. These principles compose what is known as the system of particulate inheritance by units, or genes. The later discovery of chromosomes as the carriers of

victimology: …criminologists (notably Hans von Hentig, Benjamin Mendelsohn, and Henri Ellenberger) examined victim-offender interactions and stressed reciprocal influences and role reversals. These pioneers raised the possibility that certain individuals who suffered wounds and losses might share some degree of responsibility with the lawbreakers for their own misfortunes. For example, the carelessness…

Erich Mendelsohn was a German architect known initially for his Einstein Tower in Potsdam, a notable example of German Expressionism in architecture, and later for his use of modern materials and construction methods to make what he saw as organically unified buildings. While studying architecture

Fanny Mendelssohn was a German pianist and composer, the eldest sister and confidante of the composer Felix Mendelssohn. Fanny is said to have been as talented musically as her brother, and the two children were given the same music teachers. Felix readily admitted that his sister played the piano

Felix Mendelssohn was a German composer, pianist, musical conductor, and teacher, one of the most-celebrated figures of the early Romantic period. In his music, Mendelssohn largely observed Classical models and practices while initiating key aspects of Romanticism—the artistic movement that exalted

Moses Mendelssohn was a German Jewish philosopher, critic, and Bible translator and commentator who greatly contributed to the efforts of Jews to assimilate to the German bourgeoisie. The son of an impoverished scribe called Menachem Mendel Dessau, he was known in Jewry as Moses Dessau but wrote as

Fanny Mendelssohn was a German pianist and composer, the eldest sister and confidante of the composer Felix Mendelssohn. Fanny is said to have been as talented musically as her brother, and the two children were given the same music teachers. Felix readily admitted that his sister played the piano

Felix Mendelssohn was a German composer, pianist, musical conductor, and teacher, one of the most-celebrated figures of the early Romantic period. In his music, Mendelssohn largely observed Classical models and practices while initiating key aspects of Romanticism—the artistic movement that exalted

Mendenhall Glacier, blue ice sheet, 12 miles (19 km) long, southeastern Alaska, U.S. It was originally named Sitaantaagu (“the Glacier Behind the Town”) or Aak’wtaaksit (“the Glacier Behind the Little Lake”) by the Tlingit Indians. Naturalist John Muir later called it Auke (Auk) Glacier, for the

Mendenhall Glacier: Adjacent Mendenhall Lake began to form about 1900 and has become about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) long, 1 mile (1.6 km) wide, and 220 feet (65 metres) deep near the centre of the glacier’s face.

Thomas Corwin Mendenhall was an American physicist and meteorologist, the first to propose the use of a ring pendulum for measuring absolute gravity. Mendenhall was a professor at Ohio State University, Columbus, in 1873–78 and from 1881 until he was named professor emeritus in 1884, when he became

Menderes River, river, southwestern Turkey. It rises on the Anatolian plateau south and west of Afyon and flows westward through a narrow valley and canyon. At Sarayköy it expands into a broad, flat-bottomed valley with a typical Mediterranean landscape, dotted with fig trees, olive groves, and

Adnan Menderes was a Turkish politician who served as prime minister from 1950 until deposed by a military coup in 1960. The son of a wealthy landowner, Menderes was educated at the American College in İzmir and the Faculty of Law at Ankara. Later in life he sold or distributed most of his estates

Paulo Mendes da Rocha was a Brazilian architect known for bringing a Modernist sensibility to the architecture of his native country. He was awarded the Pritzker Prize in 2006, becoming the second Brazilian (after Oscar Niemeyer) to receive the honour. Mendes da Rocha moved to São Paulo as a child

José Maria de Eça de Queirós was a novelist committed to social reform who introduced naturalism and realism to Portugal. He is considered to be one of the greatest Portuguese novelists and is certainly the leading 19th-century Portuguese novelist. His works have been translated into many

Catulle Mendès was a prolific French poet, playwright, and novelist, most noted for his association with the Parnassians, a group of French poets who advocated a controlled, formal art for art’s sake in reaction to the formlessness of Romanticism. A banker’s son, Mendès founded La Revue fantaisiste

Chico Mendes was a Brazilian labour leader and conservationist who defended the interests of the seringueiros, or rubber tree tappers, in the Amazonian state of Acre, calling for land reform and preservation of the Amazon Rainforest. His activism won him recognition throughout Brazil and

Ryan Gosling: Barbie and The Fall Guy: …time with his partner, actress Eva Mendes, and their two children, he returned to film in 2022, starring with Chris Evans in the Netflix thriller The Gray Man.

Chico Mendes was a Brazilian labour leader and conservationist who defended the interests of the seringueiros, or rubber tree tappers, in the Amazonian state of Acre, calling for land reform and preservation of the Amazon Rainforest. His activism won him recognition throughout Brazil and

Murilo Mendes was a Brazilian poet and diplomat who played an important role in Brazilian Modernismo after 1930. From 1956, he was a teacher and cultural attaché in Italy. Mendes’s early poems, characterized by ironic good humour and a colloquial vocabulary, illuminated the creative, chaotic forces

Sam Mendes is an English film and theatre director who is known for his innovative treatments of classic stage productions as well as for his thought-provoking films. Mendes was raised in London by his mother, a writer of children’s fiction; she and his father, a university professor, had divorced

Sam Mendes is an English film and theatre director who is known for his innovative treatments of classic stage productions as well as for his thought-provoking films. Mendes was raised in London by his mother, a writer of children’s fiction; she and his father, a university professor, had divorced

Pierre Mendès-France was a French socialist statesman and premier (June 1954–February 1955) whose negotiations ended French involvement in the Indochina War. He was distinguished for his efforts to invigorate the Fourth Republic and the Radical Party. Born into a Jewish family, Mendès-France became

Luis Méndez de Haro was the chief minister and favourite of King Philip IV (reigned 1621–65), who failed to stem the decline of Spanish power and prestige. Haro’s political career advanced under the patronage of his uncle Gaspar Olivares, who was chief minister during 1621–43 and whom he succeeded

Bilingual Education Act: …a federal court ruled in Mendez v. Westminster that the segregation of Mexican American students in California schools was unlawful. More lawsuits followed, culminating in the landmark 1954 Brown v. Board of Education case, in which the U.S. Supreme Court found that racial segregation in schools was unconstitutional. This decision…

Aparicio Méndez was an Uruguayan lawyer, legal scholar, and politician and, from September 1976 to September 1981, served as the president of Uruguay. Méndez was professor of administrative law at the University of the Republic in Montevideo from 1930 to 1955, minister of public health from 1961 to

Spanish literature: Women poets: Concha Méndez published four major poetry collections before the Civil War drove her into exile. Drawing upon traditional popular forms and the oral tradition, Méndez’s prewar poetry—such as that in Vida a vida (1932; “Life to Life”)—exudes optimism and vitality, recalling the neopopular airs of…

baseball: Segregation: …Black pitchers, John Donaldson and Jose Mendez.

baseball: Segregation: …Black pitchers, John Donaldson and Jose Mendez.

Sylvia Mendez is an American civil rights activist and nurse who was at the centre of the court case Mendez v. Westminster, in which a federal court ruled in the mid-1940s that the school segregation of Hispanic children was unconstitutional. Mendez’s father, Gonzalo, was from Mexico, and her

Argo: …of the CIA calls in Tony Mendez (Ben Affleck), a specialist in creating false identities in support of espionage operations. Mendez shoots down every idea suggested to him for extracting the six houseguests of the Canadian ambassador but later has the idea of disguising them as a Canadian film crew…

Mendi, town on the island of New Guinea, central Papua New Guinea, southwestern Pacific Ocean. It lies at an elevation of 5,495 feet (1,675 m) in the Mendi River valley on a gentle volcanic slope with mountains to the west and east. The heavily populated area surrounding Mendi remains

mendicant, member of any of several Roman Catholic religious orders who assumes a vow of poverty and supports himself or herself by work and charitable contributions. The mendicant orders surviving today are the four recognized by the Second Council of Lyon (1274): Dominicans, Franciscans,

Ana Mendieta was a Cuban-born interdisciplinary artist who drew from feminism, ancient religions, sculpture, earth art, video, and performance to create what she termed “earth-body art.” The majority of her work was ephemeral but was often documented in both video and photographs. Mendieta was born

Ana Mendieta was a Cuban-born interdisciplinary artist who drew from feminism, ancient religions, sculpture, earth art, video, and performance to create what she termed “earth-body art.” The majority of her work was ephemeral but was often documented in both video and photographs. Mendieta was born

Venice: The port of Venice: …shifted to the parish of Mendigola in the west. There the main cruise liners dock, and the offices of shipping lines occupy former palaces. But the real focus of commercial shipping today is Port Marghera, developed next to the suburb of Mestre on the mainland shore west of Venice. Marco…

Mending Wall, poem by Robert Frost, published in the collection North of Boston (1914). It is written in blank verse and depicts a pair of neighbouring farmers working together on the annual chore of rebuilding their common wall. The wall serves as the symbolic fulcrum of their friendly antagonism;

Mendip, district, administrative and historic county of Somerset, southwestern England, about 20 miles (32 km) south of the city of Bristol. Shepton Mallet, in the centre of an area that produces cider apples, is the administrative centre. The district is named for the most prominent feature in the

Mendip Hills, range of hills in the geographic county of Somerset, England, extending 23 miles (37 km) northwest from the Frome valley. The Eastern Mendip is comparatively low, but the Western Mendip forms a plateau 6 miles wide and more than 800 feet (244 metres) high. Farther west the Wavering

comet: Spacecraft exploration of comets: …his adviser, Sri Lankan physicist Asoka Mendis, in 1979. As the lag deposit built up, it would effectively insulate the icy materials below it from sunlight. Calculations showed that a layer only 10–100 cm (4–39 inches) in thickness could completely turn off sublimation from the surface. Brin and Mendis predicted…

Elsie de Wolfe was an American interior decorator, hostess, and actress, best known for her innovative and anti-Victorian interiors. De Wolfe was educated privately in New York and in Edinburgh, Scotland, where she lived with maternal relatives. Through that connection she was presented at Queen

Mendocino Fracture Zone, submarine fracture zone in the eastern Pacific Ocean, defined by one of the major transform faults dissecting the spreading centre of the Gorda Ridges. The Mendocino Fracture Zone extends west from immediately offshore of Cape Mendocino, California, for at least 2,500 miles

Mindaugas was a ruler of Lithuania, considered the founder of the Lithuanian state. He was also the first Lithuanian ruler to become a Christian. Mindaugas successfully asserted himself over other leading Lithuanian nobles and tribal chiefs, including his brother and his nephews, in 1236. The state

lake: Water output: 5 feet) for Lake Mendota, Wisconsin; over 210 cm (7 feet) for Lake Mead, Arizona and Nevada; about 140 cm (4.5 feet) for Lake Hefner; about 660 mm (26 inches) for the IJsselmeer, in the Netherlands; and about 109 mm (4.25 inches) for Lake Baikal.

Mindaugas was a ruler of Lithuania, considered the founder of the Lithuanian state. He was also the first Lithuanian ruler to become a Christian. Mindaugas successfully asserted himself over other leading Lithuanian nobles and tribal chiefs, including his brother and his nephews, in 1236. The state

Mendoza, provincia (province), western Argentina. The northern city of Mendoza is the provincial capital. Mendoza province extends eastward from the high peaks of the Andes Mountains, which form its boundary with Chile. A considerable part of its area is occupied by arid and semiarid sections of

Mendoza, city, capital of Mendoza provincia (province), western Argentina. It is situated at an elevation of 2,497 feet (761 metres) in the irrigated Mendoza River valley at the foot of the Sierra de los Paramillos, a secondary range in the Andes Mountains. The city was founded and relocated

Spain: Castile: There the Enríquez, the Mendoza, and the Guzmán families and others owned vast estates, sometimes covering almost half a province. They had grown rich as a result of the boom in wool exports to Flanders during the 15th-century, when there were more than 2.5 million sheep in Castile, and…

La Paz: …Peace”) by the conquistador Captain Alonso de Mendoza on the site of an Inca village, the city was renamed La Paz de Ayacucho in 1825, in commemoration of the last decisive battle in the wars of independence. The seat of national government was established there in 1898, but Sucre remains…

Antonio de Mendoza was the first and probably the most able viceroy of New Spain, who ruled the conquered Mexican territory with justice, efficiency, and a degree of compassion and established policies that endured until the colonies gained their independence. The son of a distinguished family of

Daniel Mendoza was a bareknuckle pugilist, 16th in the succession of English heavyweight champions and the first Jewish champion. He was the first important fighter to combine scientific boxing with rapid, rather than hard, punching—a great change from the mauling style used until his time. Not a

Osorno: …was refounded in 1558 by García Hurtado de Mendoza, who named it Ciudad de San Mateo de Osorno. The settlement came under attack by Araucanian Indians in 1599 and was devastated in 1602. After several unsuccessful attempts, it was repopulated in 1796 by order of Ambrosio O’Higgins (the father of…

Iñigo López de Mendoza, marquis de Santillana was a Spanish poet and Humanist who was one of the great literary and political figures of his time. As lord of the vast Mendoza estates, he led the nobles in a war against King John II of Castile and in expeditions against the Muslims; he also

Pedro de Mendoza was a Spanish soldier and explorer, the first governor of the Río de la Plata region of Argentina and founder of Buenos Aires. Born into a distinguished Spanish family, as a young man Mendoza served as an officer during the Spanish campaigns in Italy. Because the emperor Charles V

Pedro González, cardinal de Mendoza was a Spanish prelate and diplomat who influenced Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon and was called, even in his own time, “the third king of Spain.” Mendoza, the fifth son of the poet Iñigo López de Mendoza, marqués de Santillana, studied at the

Southeast Asian arts: Hindu and Buddhist candis: One of Java’s greatest monuments, Candi Mendut, is a shrine expressly created to illustrate the combined doctrine of garbha-dhatu and vajra-dhatu.

Menedemus Of Eretria was a Greek philosopher who founded the Eretrian school of philosophy. During a military expedition in Megara, he began attending the lectures of Stilpon and later joined the school founded by Phaedo at Elis. He became the leader of the school and transferred it to Eretria,

Simon Vestdijk: In his first published novel, Meneer Vissers hellevaart (1936; “Mr. Visser’s Journey Through Hell”), the influence of James Joyce is evident—from the wealth of interior monologue to the author’s preoccupation with distasteful everyday details. The brutality and mental cruelty of Mr. Visser is shown to stem from his militaristic upbringing,…

Lihue: …in one night by the menehunes (“little people”), who were said to have accomplished great construction feats. Also near Lihue is Huleia National Wildlife Refuge (closed to the public), which protects the wetlands for endangered native Hawaiian birds. Pop. (2000) 5,674; (2010) 6,455.

Waimea: A famous landmark is Menehune Ditch, a large irrigation system built of smoothed lava stone; according to legend, the structure, constructed before Polynesian settlement, was built in one night by menehunes (“little people”). Pop. (2000) 1,787; (2010) 1,855.

Lihue: At nearby Niumalu the Menehune Fishpond, dating from about 1,000 years ago, was formed by a 900-foot (275-metre) stone wall at a bend in the Huleia Stream; according to legend, the wall, 4 feet (1.2 metres) wide and 5 feet (1.5 metres) above water level, was built in one…

Menelaus, in Greek mythology, king of Sparta and younger son of Atreus, king of Mycenae; the abduction of his wife, Helen, led to the Trojan War. During the war Menelaus served under his elder brother Agamemnon, the commander in chief of the Greek forces. When Phrontis, one of his crewmen, was

Judaism: Hellenism and Judaism: …extreme Hellenizing faction, which established Menelaus (died 162 bce) as high priest, occasioned a civil war in which Menelaus was supported by the wealthy aristocrats and Jason by the masses. The Syrian king Antiochus IV Epiphanes, who initially granted exemptions and privileges to the Jews, intervened at the request of…

Menelaus of Alexandria was a Greek mathematician and astronomer who first conceived and defined a spherical triangle (a triangle formed by three arcs of great circles on the surface of a sphere). Menelaus’s most important work is Sphaerica, on the geometry of the sphere, extant only in an Arabic

Menelaus of Alexandria: …on spherical trigonometry and introduces Menelaus’s theorem. The form of this theorem for plane triangles, well known to his contemporaries, was expressed as follows: if the three sides of a triangle are crossed by a straight line (one of the sides is extended beyond its vertices), then the product of…