nihilism: Similarly, in his Memoirs, Prince Peter Kropotkin, the leading Russian anarchist, defined nihilism as the symbol of struggle against all forms of tyranny, hypocrisy, and artificiality and for individual freedom.

Mikhail Glinka: …then wrote his highly entertaining Zapiski (Memoirs; first published in St. Petersburg, 1887), which give a remarkable self-portrait of his indolent, amiable, hypochondriacal character. His last notable composition was Festival Polonaise for Tsar Alexander II’s coronation ball (1855).

Edward Gibbon: Life: …was to note in his Memoirs “at the expense of many tears and some blood, [he] purchased a knowledge of Latin syntax.” In 1749 he was admitted to Westminster School. He was taken in 1750 to Bath and Winchester in search of health and after an unsuccessful attempt to return…

Bernhard, prince von Bülow: Memoirs, 4 vol., 1931–32), represented an attempt by Bülow to exonerate himself from any blame for the war and for Germany’s collapse; in fact, they reflect his blindness to his own limitations as a statesman.

Matija Nenadović: In his Memoirs Nenadović gives a fascinating account of the course of the first insurrection and of early attempts to establish a native government in Serbia.

Diane di Prima: …and several autobiographical works, including Memoirs of a Beatnik (1969) and Recollections of My Life as a Woman: The New York Years (2001), a memoir of her abusive childhood in Brooklyn and her experiences as a woman in the male-dominated Beat movement.

Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter, first and best-known book of a four-volume autobiography by Simone de Beauvoir, published in French as Mémoires d’une jeune fille rangée in 1958. In Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter, de Beauvoir included travel stories, set pieces, metaphors, intimate portraits,

Gong Li: …Hatsumomo in the visually stunning Memoirs of a Geisha. A product of Hollywood, the film was banned by the Chinese government in 2006 over fears that a Chinese actress portraying a Japanese character would cause outrage and stir existing anti-Japanese sentiment. Gong reunited with Zhang for Man cheng jin dai…

Brazilian literature: Nationalism and Romanticism: …um sargento de milícias (1852–53; Memoirs of a Militia Sergeant). Because it conveys a fanciful tone contrary to the reigning Romantic ideology, this novel of popular humour and folkloric realism is not a “true” Romantic or realist novel. With its description of the marginal figure rather than the dominant class…

Alain Mabanckou: His next fictional offering, Mémoires de porc-épic (2006; Memoirs of a Porcupine), won the Prix Renaudot. It puts a new twist on the legend (found in Africa as well as on other continents) that every human has an animal double. His other novels include Black Bazar (2009; Black Bazaar),…

George Sanders: According to his autobiography, Memoirs of a Professional Cad (1960), he worked for a time in a textile mill, managed a tobacco plantation in South America, and was employed at an advertising agency in England before deciding to become an actor. He started out in plays in London, and…

Charles Plisnier: …Goncourt for Faux passeports (1937; Memoirs of a Secret Revolutionary) and was the first non-French writer to do so. This set of five novellas about disillusioned militants uses one of his favourite techniques: a first-person witness as a screen between hero and reader. Plisnier’s shorter works, such as Figures détruites…

Doris Lessing: The Memoirs of a Survivor (1975) is a prophetic fantasy that explores psychological and social breakdown. A master of the short story, Lessing has published several collections, including The Story of a Non-Marrying Man (1972) and Stories (1978); her African stories are collected in This…

Fanny Hill, erotic novel by John Cleland, first published in two volumes in 1748–49 as Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure. An expurgated version published in 1750 chronicles the life of a London prostitute, describing with scatological and clinical precision many varieties of sexual behaviour. Although

Memoirs of an Egotist, autobiographical work by Stendhal, published posthumously in France in 1892 as Souvenirs d’égotisme. It was also published in the United States as Memoirs of Egotism. Stendhal began writing his memoir in 1832, when he was increasingly aware of his age, isolation, and failing

John Carpenter: He also helmed the comic Memoirs of an Invisible Man (1992), In the Mouth of Madness (1994), Village of the Damned (1995), Escape from L.A. (1996), Vampires (1998), and The Ward (2010). Although these were not as popular as his earlier movies, some of them developed devoted followers. One of…

Barry Lyndon, historical novel by William Makepeace Thackeray, first published in Fraser’s Magazine in 1844 as The Luck of Barry Lyndon: A Romance of the Last Century. The book was published in two volumes in 1852–53, and it was revised (“with admissions”) as The Memoirs of Barry Lyndon, Esq. in

Carlo, Conte Gozzi: …immodest, autobiography, Memorie inutili (1797; The Memoirs of Carlo Gozzi).

The Memoirs of Chateaubriand, autobiographical work by François-Auguste-René, vicomte de Chateaubriand, published as Mémoires d’outre-tombe (“Memoirs from Beyond the Grave”) in 1849–50. The work may have been started as early as 1810, but it was written for posthumous publication. As much a history

Memoirs of an Egotist, autobiographical work by Stendhal, published posthumously in France in 1892 as Souvenirs d’égotisme. It was also published in the United States as Memoirs of Egotism. Stendhal began writing his memoir in 1832, when he was increasingly aware of his age, isolation, and failing

Fanny Hill, erotic novel by John Cleland, first published in two volumes in 1748–49 as Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure. An expurgated version published in 1750 chronicles the life of a London prostitute, describing with scatological and clinical precision many varieties of sexual behaviour. Although

Glikl of Hameln: …seven books of memoirs (Zikhroynes), written in Yiddish with passages in Hebrew, reveal much about the history, culture, and everyday life of contemporary Jews in central Europe. Written not for publication but as a family chronicle and legacy for her children and their descendants, the diaries were begun in…

Memoirs of Hadrian, historical novel by Marguerite Yourcenar, published in 1951 as Mémoires d’Hadrien. In the book, Yourcenar creates a vivid and historically accurate portrait of the 2nd-century Roman Empire under Hadrian’s rule. The work is a fictional first-person narrative in the form of

Memoirs of Hecate County, collection of six loosely connected short stories by Edmund Wilson, first published in 1946. Because of the frankly sexual nature of the story “The Princess with the Golden Hair,” the book was suppressed on obscenity charges. Memoirs of Hecate County could not be sold

Lorenzo Da Ponte: His four-volume Memorie (1823–27; Memoirs of Lorenzo Da Ponte), although mainly concerned with portraying the author as a victim of fate and enemies, is valuable for its portrait of early 19th-century America.

Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun: Memoirs of Madame Vigée Lebrun), provide a lively account of her life and times. She was one of the most technically fluent portraitists of her era, and her pictures are notable for freshness, charm, and sensitivity of presentation. During her career, according to her own…

John Arbuthnot: …an important share was the Memoirs of Martinus Scriblerus, a mocking exposure of pedantry, first published in the 1741 edition of Pope’s works but largely written as early as 1713–14 by the members of the Scriblerus Club. The other members of the club acknowledged Arbuthnot as the chief contributor and…

English literature: Chroniclers: …but often reliable, is the Memoirs of the Count Grammont, compiled in French by Anthony Hamilton and first translated into English in 1714. A soberer but still free-speaking two-volume History of My Own Time (published posthumously, 1724–34) was composed by the industrious Gilbert Burnet, bishop of Salisbury from 1689. In…

John Constable: Legacy of John Constable: …Constable’s death, Charles Robert Leslie’s Memoirs of the Life of John Constable (1843), based on Constable’s edited correspondence, extended his reputation, laying out the fictional life of a sincere and dedicated artist struggling against iniquity and incomprehension; it was Leslie’s loyalty to his friend that perhaps caused him to gloss…

John P. Kennedy: …major work of nonfiction is Memoirs of the Life of William Wirt (1849), about the man who was an attorney for the prosecution in the trial of Aaron Burr for treason. He also coedited the satirical magazine Red Book (1818–19) and wrote political articles for the National Intelligencer. His novels…

Jan Chryzostom Pasek: …19th century, Pasek’s Pamiętniki (1836; Memoirs of the Polish Baroque: The Writings of Jan Chryzostom Pasek) is a lively, humorous work that gives a vivid description of the life of an independent, resourceful man of action. In it he relates tales of the 17th-century Swedish and Muscovite wars, the catastrophic…

science fiction: Antecedents: 1771; “The Year 2440”; Memoirs of the Year Two Thousand Five Hundred), a work of French political speculation set in a 25th-century utopian society that worships science. While many writers had depicted some future utopian “Kingdom of God” or a utopian society in some mythical land, this was the…

biography: Antiquity: …the soldier Xenophon, in his Memorabilia, suggests a reasonable faithfulness) and he does not offer a full-scale biography. Yet in his two consummate biographical dialogues—The Apology (recounting the trial and condemnation of Socrates) and the Phaedo (a portrayal of Socrates’ last hours and death)—he brilliantly re-creates the response of an…

Diadochus Of Photice: …chronicle, Historia persecutionis Vandalorum (1535; The Memorable and Tragical History of the Persecution in Africke) by Victor, bishop of Vita, commends Diadochus’ catholic doctrine and indicates that he was abducted by marauding Vandals and taken to Carthage, where he probably died.

Salem witch trials: Fits and contortions: …Cotton Mather in his book Memorable Providences, Relating to Witchcraft and Possessions (1689) and which may have been known by the girls in Salem Village. In February, unable to account for their behaviour medically, the local doctor, William Griggs, put the blame on the supernatural. At the suggestion of a…

history of Europe: Hopes in Geneva: …closely and cogently argued “Memorandum from the French Government on the Organization of a Regime of European Federal Union.” The text was elegantly worded; its actual author was the secretary-general of the French Foreign Ministry, Alexis Léger—better known to readers of poetry under his pen name Saint-John Perse and…

Yemen: Territorial disputes: …Arabia that led to the Memorandum of Understanding in January 1995. The agreement called for negotiations to finally determine the border and reaffirmed the Ṭāʾif treaty of 1934, which had both conditionally assigned the disputed territories of Asir, Najrān, and Jīzān to Saudi Arabia and confirmed the right of either…

Zimbabwe: 2008 elections and aftermath: …reach a consensus regarding the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to direct the terms and scope of the discussion, an agreement regarding a new power-sharing government did not progress as quickly. Meanwhile, Mugabe announced that he intended to convene parliament on August 26, 2008. This announcement was met with protest from…

Václav Havel: …his best-known play, Vyrozumění (1965; The Memorandum), an incomprehensible artificial language is imposed on a large bureaucratic enterprise, causing the breakdown of human relationships and their replacement by unscrupulous struggles for power. In these and subsequent works Havel explored the self-deluding rationalizations and moral compromises that characterize life under a…

architecture: Shrines and memoria: ) connects the memoria of Asia (the Indian stupa, Chinese pagoda), pagan antiquity (the Pantheon in Rome), and Christianity (the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem). The significance of the form is discussed below under Content.

Tilda Swinton: In Memoria (2021) she was cast as a woman who hears unexplained noises. In 2022 she appeared in several films, including George Miller’s Three Thousand Years of Longing, in which she played a scholar who encounters a djinn (Idris Elba) and is offered three wishes.

Gabriel García Márquez: Works: …de mis putas tristes (2004; Memories of My Melancholy Whores), a novel about a lonely man who finally discovers the meaning of love when he hires a virginal prostitute to celebrate his 90th birthday.

mnemonic, any device for aiding the memory. Named for Mnemosyne, the goddess of memory in Greek mythology, mnemonics are also called memoria technica (Latin: “memory technique”). The principle is to create in the mind an artificial structure that incorporates unfamiliar ideas or, especially, a

Georges Clemenceau: Later years of Georges Clemenceau: …posthumous publication of the Marshal’s Mémorial aroused in him bitterness and indignation. With sadness but with pride, he answered it in his own unfinished memoirs, Grandeurs et misères d’une victoire (1930; Grandeur and Misery of Victory, 1930).

history of the organization of work: Large-scale building: The monumental public-works projects of the ancient world demonstrate a remarkable degree of human organization in the absence of power and machinery. The Great Pyramid at Giza, built about 2500 bce, before the Egyptians knew the pulley or had wheeled vehicles, covers 13 acres (5.3 hectares)…

Memorial, Russian human rights organization. It documented human rights abuses during the Soviet era and played an important role in the transition to democracy after the Soviet Union’s collapse. It won (with Ales Bialiatski and the Center for Civil Liberties) the Nobel Prize for Peace in 2022.

Arlington National Cemetery: …of the Unknowns is the Memorial Amphitheater, which was built through the efforts of the Grand Army of the Republic (an organization of Civil War veterans from the Union forces) as a gathering place for Memorial Day services. The holiday had originated at Arlington in 1868. The structure was dedicated…

Memorial Day, in the United States, holiday (last Monday in May) honouring those who have died in the nation’s wars. It originated during the American Civil War when citizens placed flowers on the graves of those who had been killed in battle. More than a half dozen places have claimed to be the

Brazilian literature: Emergence of the republic: …work, Memorial de Ayres (1908; Counselor Ayres’ Memorial), a novel in the form of a diary, takes place during the days of the abolition of slavery (1888) and the declaration of the republic (1889). Yet it focuses primarily upon the enduring power of love. Although racism and slavery do not…

Emmanuel, count de las Cases: …his manuscript, he published his Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène (1823), which at once became extremely popular. A deputy for Saint-Denis (1831–34; 1835–39), he sat with the extreme left, opposing the rule of Louis-Philippe.

Kaqchikel language: The Annals of the Cakchiquels (also called Anales de los Cakchiqueles, Memorial de Tecpán-Atitlán, or Memorial de Sololá), written in Kaqchikel between 1571 and 1604, is considered an important example of Native American literature. It contains both mythology and historical information pertaining especially to the Kaqchikel…

José Saramago: Baltasar and Blimunda). With 18th-century Portugal (during the Inquisition) as a backdrop, it chronicles the efforts of a handicapped war veteran and his lover to flee their situation by using a flying machine powered by human will. Saramago alternates this allegorical fantasy with grimly realistic…

Falls Church: Memorial Fountain honours four army chaplains who gave their life jackets to soldiers aboard the troopship Dorchester when it was torpedoed off Greenland in 1943 during World War II. Falls Church was incorporated as a town in 1875 and as a city in 1948. Pop.…

ring: Besides these types, there were memorial rings, upon which were engraved the name, date of death, or even the effigy of a deceased person; posy rings, upon which were engraved an inscription or a few lines of verse; occult rings, which functioned as talismans or amulets and were supposed to…

Cornell University: …New York Hospital and the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Noteworthy among the university’s special programs is rural sociology, which reflects the school’s history of service to the community. Total enrollment in the university is approximately 19,500.

Bohuslav Martinů: His Memorial to Lidice (1943) is a short symphonic poem commemorating Czechs killed by the Nazis during their destruction of the village of Lidice in 1942. Martinů’s other works include six symphonies; violin, piano, cello, and flute concerti; six string quartets; and compositions for piano, for…

Peter Eisenman: …later projects were the award-winning Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe (2005) in Berlin and the University of Phoenix Stadium (2006; later the State Farm Stadium) in Glendale, Arizona. He then planned a series of buildings that included a museum, library, and performance space for the City of Culture…

Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canadian public university in St. John’s, founded in 1925. It offers undergraduate and graduate programs in the sciences, arts and humanities, social sciences, business administration, education, engineering, medicine, and other fields. Campus facilities include

Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canadian public university in St. John’s, founded in 1925. It offers undergraduate and graduate programs in the sciences, arts and humanities, social sciences, business administration, education, engineering, medicine, and other fields. Campus facilities include

Italian literature: Other writings: …Italy’s rapid postwar industrialization (Memoriale [1962], La macchina mondiale [1965; The Worldwide Machine], and Corporale [1974]). Leonardo Sciascia’s sphere is his native Sicily, whose present and past he displays with concerned and scholarly insight, with two of his better-known books—in the format of thrillers—covering the sinister operations of the…

Walter Of Coventry: …best known for his collection Memoriale Fratris Walteri de Coventria. He probably belonged to a religious house in the diocese of York.

Enrique Flórez: …methods of writing history; the Memorias de las reynas católicas (1761; “Memoirs of the Catholic Queens”), a genealogical account of Catholic queens in the Castilian line from the Goths until the reign of Charles III; and several memoranda on the conservation of books and publication of ancient manuscripts.

Brazilian literature: Nationalism and Romanticism: …um sargento de milícias (1852–53; Memoirs of a Militia Sergeant). Because it conveys a fanciful tone contrary to the reigning Romantic ideology, this novel of popular humour and folkloric realism is not a “true” Romantic or realist novel. With its description of the marginal figure rather than the dominant class…

Pío Baroja: …the most ambitious project was Memorias de un hombre de acción (1913–28; “Memoirs of a Man of Action”), a series of 14 novels and 8 volumes of shorter narratives dealing with a 19th-century insurgent and his era. One of his best novels, Zalacaín el aventurero (1909), is written in an…

Brazilian literature: Emergence of the republic: …of the Brazilian novel with Memórias póstumas de Brás Cubas (1881; “The Posthumous Memoirs of Brás Cubas”; Eng. trans. Epitaph of a Small Winner), the capricious upper-class cynical and intrusive narrator of which speaks from the grave, and with Dom Casmurro (1899; Eng. trans. Dom Casmurro), a fictional autobiography by…

Lorenzo Da Ponte: His four-volume Memorie (1823–27; Memoirs of Lorenzo Da Ponte), although mainly concerned with portraying the author as a victim of fate and enemies, is valuable for its portrait of early 19th-century America.

Carlo, Conte Gozzi: …immodest, autobiography, Memorie inutili (1797; The Memoirs of Carlo Gozzi).

Dean Martin: …as “That’s Amore” (1953), “Memories Are Made of This” (1955), and “Everybody Loves Somebody” (1964). Simultaneously, he kept his acting career alive, beginning with the World War II drama The Young Lions (1958), in which he starred with Marlon Brando and Montgomery Clift. That same year he released another…

Memories of a Catholic Girlhood, autobiography of Mary McCarthy, published in 1957. McCarthy wrote about her troubled childhood with detachment. Wanting to prove herself a “superior girl,” McCarthy strove in her formative years for intellectual distinction. Critics found Memories more searching and

Billy Crystal: …first film-writing credit for cowriting Memories of Me (1988), in which he also starred.

Lajos Kossuth: Exile. of Lajos Kossuth: …in English in 1880 as Memories of My Exile. It mainly concerns his activities in 1859–61 and contains valuable material on his interviews with Napoleon III, his dealings with the Italian statesman Cavour, and his correspondence with the Balkan courts in connection with his plans for a Danubian federation.

Sarah Bernhardt: International success: …to disentangle in her autobiography, Ma Double Vie: mémoires de Sarah Bernhardt (1907; My Double Life: Memoirs of Sarah Bernhardt, also translated as Memories of My Life). Bernhardt’s treatise on acting, L’Art du théâtre (1923; The Art of the Theatre), is revealing in its sections on voice training: the actress…

Gabriel García Márquez: Works: …de mis putas tristes (2004; Memories of My Melancholy Whores), a novel about a lonely man who finally discovers the meaning of love when he hires a virginal prostitute to celebrate his 90th birthday.

John Updike: Updike set Memories of the Ford Administration: A Novel (1992) in the 1970s, infusing the tale of a professor’s research on President James Buchanan with observations on sexuality. In the Beauty of the Lilies (1996) draws parallels between religion and popular obsession with cinema, while Gertrude and…

Tomás Gutiérrez Alea: …Death of a Bureaucrat (1966), Memories of Underdevelopment (1968), The Survivors (1979), and Strawberry and Chocolate (1993). He is regarded as the finest director Cuba has produced.

Robert Lowell, Jr.: …as does in greater detail “Memories of West Street and Lepke” in Life Studies (1959). His first volume of poems, Land of Unlikeness (1944), deals with a world in crisis and the hunger for spiritual security. Lord Weary’s Castle, which won the Pulitzer Prize in 1947, exhibits greater variety and…

Eubie Blake: …featuring the classic melody “Memories of You” (with lyrics by Andy Razaf), which became a hit for many popular performers (including clarinetist and bandleader Benny Goodman) and found a place in the so-called Great American Songbook of popular-music standards.

Hermann Ebbinghaus: …in Über das Gedächtnis (1885; Memory).

memory, the encoding, storage, and retrieval in the human mind of past experiences. That experiences influence subsequent behavior is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Memory is both a result of and an influence on perception, attention, and learning.

computer memory, device that is used to store data or programs (sequences of instructions) on a temporary or permanent basis for use in an electronic digital computer. Computers represent information in binary code, written as sequences of 0s and 1s. Each binary digit (or “bit”) may be stored by

Paul McCartney: Wings and solo career: …Creation in the Backyard (2005), Memory Almost Full (2007), New (2013), and Egypt Station, which debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart in September 2018.

immune system: Activation of T and B lymphocytes: …by clonal selection—effector cells and memory cells. Effector cells are the relatively short-lived activated cells that defend the body in an immune response. Effector B cells are called plasma cells and secrete antibodies, and activated T cells include cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells, which carry out cell-mediated responses.

Joseph Cornell: …(Soap Bubble Set), his first shadow box of the type for which he became best known. Cornell’s shadow boxes—or “memory boxes” or “poetic theatres,” as he called them—took the form of glass-fronted boxes containing found objects and collaged elements arranged in enigmatic, often poetic, juxtaposition. Recurrent themes and motifs included…

cache memory, supplementary memory system that temporarily stores frequently used instructions and data for quicker processing by the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer. The cache augments, and is an extension of, a computer’s main memory. Both main memory and cache are internal

personal identity: Traditional criticisms: …that personal identity consists of continuity of memory. A person’s life can be conceived as consisting of a series of momentary “person stages.” In order for the old general to be identical with the small boy, it is not required that the general remember experiences and actions of the boy…

memory disorder, any of various conditions, including certain diseases, that affect the ability to remember. Disorders of memory must have been known to the ancients and are mentioned in several early medical texts, but it was not until the closing decades of the 19th century that serious attempts

false memory syndrome, the experience, usually in the context of adult psychotherapy, of seeming to remember events that never actually occurred. These pseudomemories are often quite vivid and emotionally charged, especially those representing acts of abuse or violence committed against the subject

battery: Alkaline storage batteries: …cells may exhibit a so-called memory effect, in which they behave as if they had lower capacity than was built into the battery pack. Larger nickel-cadmium batteries are used for starting aircraft engines and in emergency power systems. They also have found application in other backup power systems where very…

computer memory: Memory hierarchy: Although the main/auxiliary memory distinction is broadly useful, memory organization in a computer forms a hierarchy of levels, arranged from very small, fast, and expensive registers in the CPU to small, fast cache memory; larger DRAM; very large hard disks; and slow and…

Janelle Monáe: Identity and The Memory Librarian and Other Stories of Dirty Computer: …literary debut, the short-story collection The Memory Librarian and Other Stories of Dirty Computer (2022).

Abdulrazak Gurnah: His first novel, Memory of Departure (1987), was initially completed about 1973, but he was unable to find a publisher for it for 12 years and revised it continually during that time. The story, set in coastal East Africa, is told from the perspective of 15-year-old Hassan, who…

Henri Dunant: …Un Souvenir de Solférino (1862; A Memory of Solferino), he proposed the formation in all countries of voluntary relief societies for the prevention and alleviation of suffering in war and peacetime, without distinction of race or creed; he also proposed an international agreement covering the war wounded. In 1863 he…

Arthur Miller: A Memory of Two Mondays and another short play, A View from the Bridge, about an Italian-American longshoreman whose passion for his niece destroys him, were staged on the same bill in 1955. (A year later A View from the Bridge was performed in a…

radiation measurement: Memory phosphors: A memory phosphor consists of a thin layer of material with properties that resemble those of TLD crystals in the sense that charges created by incident radiation remain trapped for an indefinite period of time. The material is formed as a screen covering…

Maurice Gee: Gee later published the memoir Memory Pieces (2018).

memristor, one of the four fundamental passive electrical components (those that do not produce energy), the others being the resistor, the capacitor, and the inductor. The memristor, which is a nonlinear component with properties that cannot be replicated with any combination of the other

USB flash drive, small portable data storage device that uses flash memory and has an integrated universal serial bus (USB) interface. Most flash drives have between 2 and 64 gigabytes (GB) of memory, but some drives can store as much as 2 terabytes (TB). A flash drive consists of a small printed

lymphocyte: Types and functions of lymphocytes: …cytotoxic T cells or become memory T cells. They are then seeded to peripheral tissues or circulate in the blood or lymphatic system. Once stimulated by the appropriate antigen, helper T cells secrete chemical messengers called cytokines, which stimulate the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells, thereby promoting antibody…

hallucination: The nature of hallucinations: >engrams. Ideas and images are held to derive from the incorporation and activation of these engrams in complex circuits involving nerve cells. Such circuits in the cortex (outer layers) of the brain appear to subserve the neurophysiology of memory, thought, imagination, and fantasy

computer memory, device that is used to store data or programs (sequences of instructions) on a temporary or permanent basis for use in an electronic digital computer. Computers represent information in binary code, written as sequences of 0s and 1s. Each binary digit (or “bit”) may be stored by