Calah, ancient Assyrian city situated south of Mosul in northern Iraq. The city was first excavated by A.H. (later Sir Austen) Layard during 1845–51 and afterward principally by M.E.L. (later Sir Max) Mallowan (1949–58). Founded in the 13th century bce by Shalmaneser I, Calah remained unimportant

Kali, in Hinduism, goddess of time, doomsday, and death, or the black goddess (the feminine form of Sanskrit kala, “time-doomsday-death” or “black”). Kali’s origins can be traced to the deities of the village, tribal, and mountain cultures of South Asia who were gradually appropriated and

Kalibangan, ancient site of the Indus valley civilization, in northern Rajasthan state, northwestern India. The site contains both pre-Harappan and Harappan remains, and therein can be seen the transition between the two cultures. Although the pre-Harappan culture worked copper and produced

valley: …valley is that of the Kāli Gandaki River in Nepal. Lying between two 8,000-metre (26,000-foot) Himalayan peaks, Dhaulāgiri and Annapūrna, the valley has a total relief of six kilometres (four miles). Because the Himalayas are one of the Earth’s most active areas of tectonic uplift, this valley well illustrates the…

Sarda River, river of northern India and western Nepal. It rises as the Kali River in far northern Uttarakhand state in the Great Himalayas on the eastern slopes of the Nanda Devi massif. The river then flows generally south-southwest, where it constitutes the border between Uttarakhand state and

chronology: Eras based on astronomical speculation: …others, the Tretā, Dvāpara, and Kali yugas. The respective durations of these four yugas were 1,728,000, 1,296,000, 864,000, and 432,000 years. According to the astronomer Aryabhata, however, the duration of each of the four yugas was the same—i.e., 1,080,000 years. The basic figures in these calculations were derived from the…

Kalibangan, ancient site of the Indus valley civilization, in northern Rajasthan state, northwestern India. The site contains both pre-Harappan and Harappan remains, and therein can be seen the transition between the two cultures. Although the pre-Harappan culture worked copper and produced

Madang: Kalibobo lighthouse at the harbour entrance commemorates New Guinea coast watchers who aided the Allies during World War II. Madang is connected by a coastal road to Bogia in the northwest and to Lae and other points southeast. Pop. (2004 est.) 36,000.

Kalidasa was a Sanskrit poet and dramatist, probably the greatest Indian writer of any epoch. The six works identified as genuine are the dramas Abhijnanashakuntala (“The Recognition of Shakuntala”), Vikramorvashi (“Urvashi Won by Valour”), and Malavikagnimitra (“Malavika and Agnimitra”); the epic

Kalidasa was a Sanskrit poet and dramatist, probably the greatest Indian writer of any epoch. The six works identified as genuine are the dramas Abhijnanashakuntala (“The Recognition of Shakuntala”), Vikramorvashi (“Urvashi Won by Valour”), and Malavikagnimitra (“Malavika and Agnimitra”); the epic

Kālīghāṭ painting, short-lived style of watercolour painting produced in the 19th century in India by artists in the Calcutta marketplace for sale to pilgrims visiting the Kālīghāṭ temple. The style is characterized by broad sweeping brush lines, bold colours, and simplification of forms suitable

Mongolian alphabet, writing system of the Mongolian people of north-central Asia, derived from the Uyghur alphabet c. 1310 (see Uyghur language), and somewhat influenced by the Tibetan script. Both the Uyghur and the Tibetan scripts had been in use by the Mongolians prior to the development of the

Kolkata, city, capital of West Bengal state, and former capital (1772–1911) of British India. It is one of India’s largest cities and one of its major ports. The city is centred on the east bank of the Hugli (Hooghly) River, once the main channel of the Ganges (Ganga) River, about 96 miles (154 km)

Spanish literature: The beginnings of prose: …(1251) of the beast fable Kalīlah wa Dimnah exemplifies early storytelling in Spanish. A romance of the Seven Sages, the Sendebar, was translated likewise through Arabic, with other collections of Eastern stories.

comic strip: Comics in Latin America: …Mexicans were more attracted to Kalimán, an asexual superhero known throughout Latin America. The story of Kalimán started in 1963 as a radio serial, and two years later it was made into a comic book, reaching 1.5 to 3.5 million copies, or 3 to 7 percent of the Mexican public,…

Kalimantan, southern three-fourths of the island of Borneo that is politically part of Indonesia; the rest of the island is divided between the Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak and, between them, the sultanate of Brunei. Indonesians, however, use the word as a geographic term for the entire

West Kalimantan, propinsi (or provinsi; province), western Borneo, Indonesia. It is bounded by the East Malaysian state of Sarawak to the north, by the Indonesian provinces of East Kalimantan (Kalimantan Timur) to the northeast and Central Kalimantan (Kalimantan Tengah) to the southeast, and by the

South Kalimantan, propinsi (or provinsi; province), southeastern Borneo, Indonesia. It is bounded by the Makassar Strait on the east, the Java Sea on the south, and the provinces of Central Kalimantan (Kalimantan Tengah) on the west and East Kalimantan (Kalimantan Timur) on the north. It includes

Central Kalimantan, propinsi (or provinsi; province), south-central Borneo, Indonesia, bounded by the provinces of East Kalimantan (Kalimantan Timur) to the north and northeast and South Kalimantan (Kalimantan Selatan) to the southeast, by the Java Sea to the south, and by the province of West

East Kalimantan, propinsi (or provinsi; province), east-central Borneo, Indonesia. It is bounded by the East Malaysian state of Sarawak to the northwest, by the Celebes Sea to the northeast and the Makassar Strait to the southeast, and by the Indonesian provinces of North Kalimantan (Kalimantan

North Kalimantan, propinsi (or provinsi; province), northeast Borneo, Indonesia. It is bounded by the East Malaysian states of Sarawak to the west and Sabah to the north, by the Celebes Sea to the east, and by the Indonesian province of East Kalimantan (Kalimantan Timur) to the south. North

mbira, plucked idiophone (instrument whose sounding parts are resonant solids belonging to the body of the instrument itself)—or more specifically, a lamellaphone—that is unique to Africa and widely distributed throughout the continent. The mbira consists of a series of tuned metal or bamboo

Kálymnos, mountainous Greek island and dímos (municipality) in the Aegean Sea, part of the Dodecanese (Modern Greek: Dodekánisa) group, 42 square miles (111 square km) in area. Along with other islands, it constitutes the perifereiakí enótita (regional unit) of Kálymnos in the South Aegean (Nótio

Kalimpong, town, extreme northern West Bengal state, northeastern India. It lies in a valley amid rugged mountains, just east of the Tista River. The town, a hill station in the Siwalik (Shiwalik) Range, is linked by road with Darjiling (Darjeeling), Siliguri, and Baghdogra and is the terminus of

Native American music: Circum-Caribbean: Kalina, Waiwai, Patamona, and Wapishana. The little information available on their musics suggests that they differ in significant ways from other South American Indians. In particular, women from the circum-Caribbean area perform in collective rituals alongside men, sing their own repertories of ceremonial songs, and…

Al Kaline was an American professional baseball player, an outfielder who was a preeminent fielder and hitter, batting and throwing right-handed. Kaline started playing sandlot baseball before he went to school. Many in his family had been in semiprofessional baseball. At first he wanted to be a

Al Kaline was an American professional baseball player, an outfielder who was a preeminent fielder and hitter, batting and throwing right-handed. Kaline started playing sandlot baseball before he went to school. Many in his family had been in semiprofessional baseball. At first he wanted to be a

Mindy Kaling is an American actress, comedian, and author who was known for her offbeat humour, which was on display in such projects as the television show The Mindy Project (2012–17). Kaling was the daughter of Indian immigrants. Her father, an architect, and her mother, an

Kalinga, ancient territorial subdivision of east-central India. It corresponds to present-day northern Telangana, northeastern Andhra Pradesh, most of Odisha, and a portion of Madhya Pradesh states. Strictly, Kalinga stretched no farther south than the Godavari River, thus excluding Vengi (the

Tver, city and administrative centre of Tver oblast (region), western Russia. The city lies at the confluence of the upper Volga and Tvertsa rivers. The first mention of Tver dates from 1134–35, when it was subject to Novgorod. It became part of the Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal in 1209, and in

Tver, oblast (region), western Russia. It extends from the morainic Valdai Hills in the southwest, across the broad, swampy plain of the upper Volga River, to the shore of the huge Rybinsk Reservoir in the northeast. The Valdai Hills have scores of lakes and many areas of swamp. The chief cities in

Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin was a communist leader and statesman who was the formal head of the Soviet state from 1919 until 1946. A peasant by birth, Kalinin became an industrial worker in the city of St. Petersburg in 1893, joined the Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party in 1898, and became one

Moscow: The inner city: …1960s a new radial street, Kalinina, was built through an area of older housing westward from the Kremlin to the Moscow River; it is lined by high-rise office and apartment buildings, linked at street and second-floor levels by a shopping mall. At its outer end rises a lofty three-winged building…

Kaliningrad, city, seaport, and administrative centre of Kaliningrad oblast (region), Russia. Detached from the rest of the country, the city is an exclave of the Russian Federation. Kaliningrad lies on the Pregolya River just upstream from Frisches Lagoon. Formerly the capital of the dukes of

Korolyov, city, Moscow oblast (region), Central federal district, western Russia. It lies just northeast of the city of Moscow. The area, known as Kalininsky, developed after 1928 as an industrial satellite, particularly for weapons manufacture, and dormitory town of the capital. It achieved city

Kaliningrad, oblast (region), extreme western Russia. Most of the oblast is in the basin of the Pregolya River and its tributaries. Centred on Kaliningrad city, it was formed in 1945 from the northern half of German East Prussia, which was ceded to the U.S.S.R. by the Potsdam agreement of that

kaliophilite, variety of the mineral nepheline

mahzor: …such celebrated medieval poets as Eleazar Kalir abound in the Ashkenazi mahzor but do not appear in Sephardic festive liturgies, which draw on the compositions of the great Spanish poets. Local ritual differences have given rise to somewhat different mahzorim within both the Ashkenazi and the Sephardic rites.

Johann Yorck, count von Wartenburg: …Frederick William III signed the Treaty of Kalisch (Feb. 28, 1813), which justified Yorck’s action and brought Prussia into the Allied camp. In the subsequent campaigns, Yorck distinguished himself again and was created Graf von Wartenburg in 1814. He remained in the army after the conclusion of peace.

Sophie Tucker was an American singer whose 62-year stage career included American burlesque, vaudeville, and nightclub and English music hall appearances. Born somewhere in Russia as her mother was on her way to join her father in the United States, Sophie Kalish grew up in Boston and then in

René Kalisky was a Belgian writer of Polish descent who is best known for the plays he wrote in the last 12 years of his life. Kalisky, whose father was killed at Auschwitz, was himself hidden from harm during World War II. These wartime experiences enabled him to write powerfully on Jewish

Plateau Indian: Language: Nespelim, Spokan, Kalispel, Pend d’Oreille, Coeur d’Alene, and Flathead peoples. Some early works incorrectly denote all Salishan groups as “Flathead.”

Kalispell, city, seat (1894) of Flathead county, northwestern Montana, U.S. The city lies in the Flathead Valley near the head of Flathead Lake. It is the western gateway to Glacier National Park and headquarters of the Flathead National Forest. Named for the Kalispel Indians, a Salishan group, it

Kalisz, city, Wielkopolskie województwo (province), west-central Poland, situated on the Prosna River. The excavations of a prehistoric village and mention of the settlement as Calisia by the astronomer-geographer Ptolemy in the 2nd century ce are evidence of the town’s antiquity. A powerful castle

Poland: Social and economic developments: … granted to the Jews the Kalisz Privilege (1264), which provided personal freedom, some legal autonomy, and safeguards against forcible baptism.

Poland: Casimir the Great: …acquiring a larger part of Halicz, or Red, Ruthenia (the future eastern Galicia), which Hungary and Lithuania also coveted. That acquisition marked an expansion beyond ethnic Polish territory. Casimir’s international prestige was evidenced by his acting as arbiter between the Luxembourgs, the Angevins, and the Habsburgs and subsequently hosting an…

potassium (K), chemical element of Group 1 (Ia) of the periodic table, the alkali metal group, indispensable for both plant and animal life. Potassium was the first metal to be isolated by electrolysis, by the English chemist Sir Humphry Davy, when he obtained the element (1807) by decomposing

Sedom: …the Palestine Potash Company at Kāliyā, at the northern end of the Dead Sea. There was no road connection to Sedom, and communication was by small boats on the Dead Sea. Early in the Arab-Israeli war of 1948–49, isolated Kāliyā fell to Transjordan’s Arab Legion, and Sedom was cut off…

eschatology: Religions of Asia: …disorder, decadence, and degeneration, the kaliyuga will, according to Hinduism, be brought to a close in a great conflagration. The consummation of the age will be accomplished by Kalki, the final avatar, or incarnation, of Vishnu, and will be followed by the creation of a new age, the Krita yuga,…

Toomas Hendrik Ilves: …president, Ilves was succeeded by Kersti Kaljulaid in October 2016.

Battle of the Kalka River, (31 May 1223). During the first Mongol invasion of Russia, an army led by Jebei and Subedei defeated an alliance of Russian princes and the Cuman tribal group along the Kalka River (probably the modern Kalchik River in southeastern Ukraine). The victory, part of a

history of Central Asia: Creation of the Mongol empire: …at the battle of the Kalka, the Mongols did not make a definite thrust into eastern Europe until the winter of 1236–37. The fall of Kiev in December 1240—with incalculable consequences for Russian history—was followed by a Mongol invasion of Hungary in 1241–42. Although victorious against the forces of King…

encyclopaedia: The Arab world: A third Egyptian, al-Qalqashandī (1355/56–1418), compiled a more important and well-organized encyclopaedia, Ṣubḥ al-aʿshā (“The Dawn for the Blind”), that covered geography, political history, natural history, zoology, mineralogy, cosmography, and time measurement. Al-Ibshīhī (1388–c. 1446) compiled a very individual encyclopaedia, the Mustaṭraf fī kull fann mustaẓraf (“A

Friedrich Kalkbrenner was a German-born French pianist, composer, and teacher whose compositions, mainly for piano, exhibit an emphasis on virtuosity. Educated at the Paris Conservatory from 1799 to 1801, Kalkbrenner went on to Vienna, studying with J.G. Albrechtsberger and Joseph Haydn between

South Asian arts: Tamil: …half of the 20th century, R. Krishnamurthy was an immensely popular writer. Under the pseudonym Kalki, he was an influential journalist who wrote voluminous historical romances.

Kalkin, final avatar (incarnation) of the Hindu god Vishnu, who is yet to appear. At the end of the present Kali yuga (age), when virtue and dharma have disappeared and the world is ruled by the unjust, Kalkin will appear to destroy the wicked and to usher in a new age. He will be seated on a white

Kalkin, final avatar (incarnation) of the Hindu god Vishnu, who is yet to appear. At the end of the present Kali yuga (age), when virtue and dharma have disappeared and the world is ruled by the unjust, Kalkin will appear to destroy the wicked and to usher in a new age. He will be seated on a white

Shāhi Family: …his minister, a Brahman named Kallar. Kallar then usurped the throne and founded a new dynasty, the Hindu Shāhi, which ruled the area at the time of Maḥmūd’s invasion of India from Ghazna (modern Ghaznī, Afg.) in 1001. The Shāhis maintained a hopeless resistance against Maḥmūd’s forces but fell in…

Bolivia: Education, health, and welfare: …rural areas, such as the Kallawaya Indian communities of the Apolobamba range.

Benjamin Kállay was an Austro-Hungarian statesman who was concurrently imperial minister of finance and chief secretary for Bosnia for more than two decades (1882–1903). A lifelong student of the Balkans, Kállay first held office as consul general at Belgrade (1867). Several years later, he

Miklós Kállay was a politician who, as prime minister of Hungary in World War II, unsuccessfully attempted to extricate his country from the German alliance. Born of an old and influential family of local gentry, Kállay served first as lord lieutenant of his county (1921–29), moving later to the

basketball: The early years: At Iowa, H.F. Kallenberg, who had attended Springfield in 1890, wrote Naismith for a copy of the rules and also presented the game to his students. At Springfield, Kallenberg met Amos Alonzo Stagg, who became athletic director at the new University of Chicago in 1892. The first…

Dimítrios Kallérgis was a statesman prominent in the early years of Greek independence. In September 1843, antagonistic to the rule of King Otto I, Kallérgis, then a colonel, led a revolt that caused Otto to dismiss his Bavarian administration and to adopt a new, more liberal constitution (1844).

South Asian arts: Medieval temple architecture: South Indian style of Karnataka: The Kalleśvara temple at Kukkanūr (late 10th century) and a large Jaina temple at Lakkundi (c. 1050–1100) clearly demonstrate the transition. The superstructures, though basically of the South Indian type, have offsets and recesses that tend to emphasize a vertical, upward movement. The Lakkundi temple is…

Callicrates was an Athenian architect who designed the Temple of Athena Nike on the Athenian Acropolis and, with Ictinus, the Parthenon. It is known from an inscription of 449 bc (the year of the signing of peace with Persia) that the Senate commissioned Callicrates to construct a temple to Athena

renal system: The role of hormones in renal function: …of blood vessels, the enzyme kallikrein, may also exert an influence on renal blood flow. Kallikrein is secreted by renal tubules and is added to the urine in the distal tubules. It activates the conversion of kininogen to bradykinin, which is also a powerful vasodilator. Bradykinin is inactivated by a…

Callinicus Of Heliopolis was an architect who is credited with the invention of Greek fire, a highly incendiary liquid that was projected from “siphons” to enemy ships or troops and was almost impossible to extinguish. Born in Syria, Callinicus was a Jewish refugee who was forced to flee the Arabs

Calliope, in Greek mythology, according to Hesiod’s Theogony, foremost of the nine Muses; she was later called the patron of epic poetry. At the behest of Zeus, the king of the gods, she judged the dispute between the goddesses Aphrodite and Persephone over Adonis. In most accounts she and King

W. H. Auden: Life: With Chester Kallman, an American poet and close friend who lived with him for more than 20 years, he rehabilitated the art of the opera libretto. Their best-known collaborations are The Rake’s Progress (1951), for Igor Stravinsky; Elegy for Young Lovers (1961) and The Bassarids (1966),…

gonadotropin-releasing hormone: This disorder is called Kallmann syndrome and is usually caused by a mutation in a gene that directs the formation of the olfactory (sense of smell) system and the formation of parts of the hypothalamus. Abnormalities in the pulsatile secretion of GnRH result in subnormal fertility and abnormal or…

Karin Boye: …to accept her lesbianism, and Kallocain (1940; Eng. trans.,1940), which describes the insupportable oppression of a totalitarian society of the future. During World War II Karin Boye committed suicide.

Utpal Dutt: …Party feared that his play Kallol was provoking antigovernment protests in West Bengal. During the 1970s three of his plays drew crowds despite being officially banned.

Zygophyllales: Zygophyllaceae: In Kallstroemia the petals and stamens spread horizontally from the pistil when the flower opens in the morning. The stigma is receptive to pollen carried in by insects (bees, wasps, butterflies, and flies) visiting the open flower for its nectar. By early afternoon the flowers begin…

kalma, in Finno-Ugric religion, Finnish term referring to the dead and used in compound words with concepts associated with the dead. Related words are similarly used in other Uralic languages, such as kalmo (“grave”) among the Mordvin and halmer (“corpse”) among the Samoyed. In Finnish, kalmanväki

Frisian literature: In 1915 Douwe Kalma launched the Young Frisian Movement, which challenged younger writers to break radically with the provincialism and didacticism of past Frisian literature. This break had been anticipated in the lyrical poetry and fiction of Simke Kloosterman and in the psychological narratives of Reinder Brolsma.…

dead reckoning: …reckoning is also embedded in Kalman filtering techniques, which mathematically combine a sequence of navigation solutions to obtain the best estimate of the navigator’s current position, velocity, attitude angles, and so forth.

Emmerich Kálmán was a Hungarian composer, one of the leading exponents of the last era of Viennese operetta. Kálmán was born to a lower middle-class Jewish family. He studied composition at the Academy of Music in Budapest under János Koessler; for a time his fellow students included Béla Bartók

Emmerich Kálmán was a Hungarian composer, one of the leading exponents of the last era of Viennese operetta. Kálmán was born to a lower middle-class Jewish family. He studied composition at the Academy of Music in Budapest under János Koessler; for a time his fellow students included Béla Bartók

Coloman was the king of Hungary from 1095 who pursued expansionist policies and stabilized and improved the internal order of Hungary. Coloman was the natural son of King Géza I by a Greek concubine. King Ladislas (László), his uncle, would have made him a monk, but Coloman refused and eventually

kalma: In Finnish, kalmanväki means both the spirits of the dead and the collective power inherent in them that can be used by a shaman to work sorcery against other people. Kalmanväki are believed to be ruled by the ghost of the first person buried in a cemetery,…

Kalmar, län (county) of southeastern Sweden, in Götaland region, on the Baltic Sea. It has two distinct parts: the mainland, forming the eastern part of the traditional landskap (province) of Småland, and the island landskap of Öland (q.v.). Between Öland and the mainland is the long, narrow Kalmar

Kalmar, city, port, and capital of the län (county) of Kalmar, southeastern Sweden. Built partly on two small islands, it lies on Kalmar Sound, which separates mainland Sweden from the island of Öland. Founded in the 12th century in a strategic coastal position, the city gave its name in 1397 to

Kalmar: The 13th-century Kalmar Castle has served as fortress, distillery, granary, and prison and now houses the county museum.

Kalmar Union, Scandinavian union formed at Kalmar, Sweden, in June 1397 that brought the kingdoms of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark together under a single monarch until 1523. When Margaret I became ruler of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden (1387–88), it was understood that she should, at the first

Kalmar War, (1611–13), the war between Denmark and Sweden for control of the northern Norwegian coast and hinterland, which resulted in Sweden’s acceptance of Denmark-Norway’s sovereignty over the area. Denmark’s king Christian IV declared war on Sweden in April 1611 after the Swedish king Charles

kalmia, any of about seven species of evergreen shrubs constituting a genus (Kalmia) in the heath family (Ericaceae). All the species occur in North America and the West Indies, and one species is more widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. The leaves, which are borne on short stalks, are

kalmia, any of about seven species of evergreen shrubs constituting a genus (Kalmia) in the heath family (Ericaceae). All the species occur in North America and the West Indies, and one species is more widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. The leaves, which are borne on short stalks, are

lambkill, (species Kalmia angustifolia), an open upright woody shrub of the heath family (Ericaceae). Lambkill is 0.3–1.2 m (1–4 feet) tall and has glossy, leathery, evergreen leaves and showy pink to rose flowers. It contains andromedotoxin, a poison also common to other Kalmia species (including

Darlington: Kalmia Gardens, the Coker College arboretum, contains a virtually complete cross section of South Carolina terrain, along with hundreds of varieties of flora native to the Atlantic seaboard. H.B. Robinson Unit 2, the state’s oldest operating nuclear power plant, is located near Hartsville. Darlington is…

mountain laurel, (Kalmia latifolia), Flowering evergreen shrub of the heath family, occurring in most mountainous regions of eastern North America. It grows to about 3–18 feet (1–6 metres) in height and has oval leaves. The rosy, pink, or white flowers appear in large clusters above the foliage.

kalmia: …pale laurel, bog laurel, or bog kalmia.

Neustadt an der Weinstrasse: …setting at the foot of Mount Kalmit (2,208 feet [673 m]) make it a favourite tourist base. Its other economic activities include food processing and light manufacturing. Pop. (2005) 53,628.

Mariupol, city, southeastern Ukraine. It lies along the estuary of the Kalmius and Kalchik rivers, 6 miles (10 km) from the Sea of Azov. The city was founded in 1778 as Pavlovsk, on the site of a former Cossack encampment. It was renamed Mariupol in 1779 to honour Maria Fyodorovna, the second wife

Kalmyk, Mongol people residing chiefly in Kalmykiya republic, in southwestern Russia. Their language belongs to the Oirat, or western, branch of the Mongolian language group. The Oirat dialects are also spoken in western Mongolia, and in Xinjiang and neighbouring provinces of China. The home of the

history of film: Introduction of colour: …a two-colour one introduced by Herbert Kalmus’s Technicolor Corporation in 1922. It used a special camera and a complex procedure to produce two separate positive prints that were then cemented together into a single print. The final print needed careful handling but could be projected by means of ordinary equipment.…

Kalmyk, Mongol people residing chiefly in Kalmykiya republic, in southwestern Russia. Their language belongs to the Oirat, or western, branch of the Mongolian language group. The Oirat dialects are also spoken in western Mongolia, and in Xinjiang and neighbouring provinces of China. The home of the

Kalmykiya, republic in southwestern Russia, lying northwest of the Caspian Sea and west of the lower Volga River. On the east it reaches the Caspian shore, and in the northeast it touches the Volga. Most of the republic lies in the vast lowland of the northern Caspian Depression, the greater part

Altaic languages: The Mongolian languages: Buryat and Kalmyk are also literary languages written in Cyrillic script. As the result of divergent spelling conventions and differences in vocabulary, written Khalkha and Buryat differ from one another much more than do the closely related spoken dialects on which they are based. That condition also…

Kalmykiya, republic in southwestern Russia, lying northwest of the Caspian Sea and west of the lower Volga River. On the east it reaches the Caspian shore, and in the northeast it touches the Volga. Most of the republic lies in the vast lowland of the northern Caspian Depression, the greater part

Kalmykiya, republic in southwestern Russia, lying northwest of the Caspian Sea and west of the lower Volga River. On the east it reaches the Caspian shore, and in the northeast it touches the Volga. Most of the republic lies in the vast lowland of the northern Caspian Depression, the greater part