George Lyman Kittredge was an American literary scholar and teacher, one of the foremost authorities of his time on the writings of Shakespeare, Chaucer, and Sir Thomas Malory. As a teacher, Kittredge was both the terror and delight of undergraduate students, conducting his year-long course in

Montana: Cultural life: …author Wallace Stegner, Annick Smith, William Kittredge, Rick Bass, Deirdre McNamer, Norman Maclean, Richard Hugo, David Quammen, Jim Harrison, Thomas McGuane, and James Welch.

Mitchell Leisen: Films of the 1940s of Mitchell Leisen: …much less notice than did Kitty (1945), in which Milland and Paulette Goddard were the leads in a Pygmalion-like tale set in 18th-century London. Masquerade in Mexico (1945) was Leisen’s musical remake of his own Midnight. To Each His Own (1946), one of Leisen’s most highly regarded films, earned the…

Helmut Käutner: …1939 with the lighthearted comedy Kitty und die Weltkonferenz (“Kitty and the World Conference”). The film, which gently satirized German-Italian relations and portrayed a British cleric in a sympathetic manner, did not sit well with Joseph Goebbels, Hitler’s minister of propaganda, and it was soon withdrawn from circulation. As a…

Sam Wood: Wood’s heyday: Kitty Foyle (1940), however, was a huge hit. The sentimental soap opera, which was based on Christopher Morley’s best seller, centres on a working-class girl (Ginger Rogers) who must choose between her wealthy boss and an idealistic doctor. The dramatic role made erstwhile dancer Rogers…

Christopher Morley: …luxury, and the sentimental best-seller Kitty Foyle (1939), about an office girl and a socialite youth. The Old Mandarin (1947) is a collection of witty free verse. Morley also edited Bartlett’s Familiar Quotations (1937, 1948).

Wright flyer of 1903, first powered airplane to demonstrate sustained flight under the full control of the pilot. Designed and built by Wilbur and Orville Wright in Dayton, Ohio, it was assembled in the autumn of 1903 at a camp at the base of the Kill Devil Hills, near Kitty Hawk, a village on the

Kitty Hawk, town, Dare county, northeastern North Carolina, U.S. It lies on Bodie Island, a narrow sand barrier (one of the Outer Banks) facing the Atlantic Ocean opposite Albemarle Sound. Immediately south at Kill Devil Hills is Wright Brothers National Memorial (1927; see photograph),

Helmut Käutner: …1939 with the lighthearted comedy Kitty und die Weltkonferenz (“Kitty and the World Conference”). The film, which gently satirized German-Italian relations and portrayed a British cleric in a sympathetic manner, did not sit well with Joseph Goebbels, Hitler’s minister of propaganda, and it was soon withdrawn from circulation. As a…

Hello Kitty, cartoon character whose likeness adorns hundreds of products for children and adults throughout the world. Created in 1974 by the Japanese merchandising company Sanrio and known internationally as Hello Kitty, Kitty White is a small, round-faced, cartoon catlike girl with black eyes, a

Kikongo-Kituba, according to some linguists, a creole language of Central Africa that evolved out of the contact between Kikongo-Kimanyanga and other Bantu languages in western Democratic Republic of the Congo and southern Republic of the Congo. Kimanyanga is the Kikongo dialect of Manyanga, which

Kitwe, city, northern Zambia, south-central Africa. It is the second largest city in Zambia and is the main industrial and commercial centre of the copper-belt region. Founded in 1936, Kitwe grew with the rapid development of copper mining, though secondary industries have also been established.

Kitzbühel, town, western Austria, in the Kitzbühel Alps, at the southern foot of the Kitzbüheler Horn (6,548 feet [1,998 metres]). First mentioned in 1165 and chartered in 1271, it was held by the bishops of Regensburg and Bamberg under the dukes of Bavaria until it passed to Tirol in 1504. Silver

Kitzbühel Alps, range of the Eastern Alps in western Austria extending for 40 mi (65 km) between the Ziller (west) and Saalach (east) rivers. The highest points in the range are the Kreuzjoch (8,392 ft [2,558 m]) in the west and the Gaisstein (7,753 ft) in the east. Overlooking the Pinzgau (valley

Kitzbühel Alps, range of the Eastern Alps in western Austria extending for 40 mi (65 km) between the Ziller (west) and Saalach (east) rivers. The highest points in the range are the Kreuzjoch (8,392 ft [2,558 m]) in the west and the Gaisstein (7,753 ft) in the east. Overlooking the Pinzgau (valley

Jiuquan, city, western Gansu sheng (province), China. An important staging post on the ancient Silk Road to Central Asia, Jiuquan was founded in 111 bce as a military outpost. From 602 ce onward it was the seat of Suzhou prefecture, and under the Tang dynasty (618–907) it was given its present

Qiongshan, former city, Hainan sheng (province), China. It is situated some 3 miles (5 km) south of central Haikou on the northern coast of Hainan Island; in 2003 it became a district of Haikou. A county town was first established there in the early years of the 1st century bce, and after 25 ce its

Swahili language: …three most important dialects are kiUnguja (or Kiunguja), spoken on Zanzibar and in the mainland areas of Tanzania; kiMvita (or Kimvita), spoken in Mombasa and other areas of Kenya; and kiAmu (or Kiamu), spoken on the island of Lamu and adjoining parts of the coast. Standard Swahili is based on…

kiva, subterranean ceremonial and social chamber built by the Pueblo Indians of the southwestern United States, particularly notable for the colourful mural paintings decorating the walls. The traditional round shape of the earliest kivas contrasts with square and rectangular forms common in

metallurgy: Reduction smelting: …the QSL (Queneau-Schuhmann-Lurgi) and the KIVCET (a Russian acronym for “flash-cyclone-oxygen-electric smelting”). In the QSL reactor a submerged injection of shielded oxygen oxidizes lead sulfide to lead metal, while the KIVCET is a type of flash-smelting furnace in which fine, dried lead sulfide concentrate combines with oxygen in a shaft…

Thomas Osborne, 1st duke of Leeds was an English statesman who, while chief minister to King Charles II, organized the Tories in Parliament. In addition, he played a key role in bringing William and Mary to the English throne in 1689. The son of a Royalist Yorkshire landowner, Osborne did not

Aleksis Kivi was the father of the Finnish novel and drama and the creator of Finland’s modern literary language. Though Kivi grew up in rural poverty, he entered the University of Helsinki in 1857. In 1860 he won the Finnish Literary Society’s drama competition with his tragedy Kullervo, based on

Zsigmond Móricz: Kivilágos kivirradtig (1924; “Until the Small Hours of Morning”) and Rokonok (1930; “Relatives”) deal with the life of the decaying provincial nobility. In Móricz’s world, marriage and family life are fraught with bitter conflicts; but he also evokes pure, even idyllic, love as in Légy…

Finland: Domestic affairs: …2010 and was replaced by Mari Kiviniemi, who had already succeeded him as Centre Party leader. She became the second woman to hold the post of Finnish prime minister. In parliamentary elections in April 2011 the Centre Party dropped from 51 to 35 seats, tumbling to fourth place and out…

Lake Kivu, one of the great lakes of East Africa, situated between Congo (Kinshasa) to the west and Rwanda to the east. Lying at 4,790 feet (1,460 metres) above sea level, it occupies 1,040 square miles (2,700 square km) and is 55 miles (90 km) long (north-south) and 30 miles (50 km) wide

Oceanic art and architecture: The lower Fly River: On Kiwai, the large island at the mouth of the Fly River, initiation was marked by the display of naturalistic, almost life-size figures of ancestral men and women. Their heads were virtually identical with the masks made on Saibai Island in the Torres Strait. Small pendant…

Kamehameha I: …was divided between his son, Kiwalao, and his nephew, Kamehameha. Despite jealousy between the two cousins, relations were peaceful until July 1782, when a dispute between their chiefs at Keomo led to the outbreak of war. In the ensuing battle at Mokuohai, Kiwalao was slain. Kamehameha then embarked upon a…

Kiwanis International, worldwide community-service organization for men and women that was founded in Detroit, Mich., in 1915. In the late 20th century it had more than 300,000 members in about 8,000 clubs and 70 countries. The members of Kiwanis International seek to provide assistance to the

Uganda: The Republic of Uganda: Benedicto Kiwanuka, a Roman Catholic Ganda who was formerly chief minister, became the first prime minister, but in the elections in April 1962 he was displaced by Milton Obote, a Lango (Langi) who headed the Uganda Peoples Congress (UPC) party. At further discussions in London…

Martyrs of Uganda: Ambrose Kibuka, Anatole Kiriggwajjo, Achilles Kiwanuka, Mugagga, Mukasa Kiriwawanvu, Adolphus Mukasa Ludigo, Gyavira, and Kizito. The soldiers and officials Bruno Serunkuma, James Buzabaliawo, and Luke Banabakintu were martyred with them.

kiwi, any of five species of flightless birds belonging to the genus Apteryx and found in New Zealand. The name is a Maori word referring to the shrill call of the male. Kiwis are grayish brown birds the size of a chicken. They are related to the extinct moas. Kiwis are unusual in many respects:

kiwi, (Actinidia deliciosa), woody vine and edible fruit of the family Actinidiaceae. The plant is native to mainland China and Taiwan and is also grown commercially in New Zealand and California. The fruit has a slightly acid taste and can be eaten raw or cooked. The juice is sometimes used as a

kiwi, (Actinidia deliciosa), woody vine and edible fruit of the family Actinidiaceae. The plant is native to mainland China and Taiwan and is also grown commercially in New Zealand and California. The fruit has a slightly acid taste and can be eaten raw or cooked. The juice is sometimes used as a

New Zealand: Transportation and telecommunications: …a state-owned enterprise known as KiwiRail (New Zealand Railways Corporation). The railway network comprises a main trunk line spanning both islands via roll-on, roll-off ferries and branch lines linking most towns. Rail travel is notoriously slow, which discourages passenger travel, but service is efficient for large-scale movement of goods over…

Kyiv: Origins and foundation: …by three brothers, Kyi (Kiy), Shchek, and Khoryv (Khoriv), leaders of the Polyanian tribe of the East Slavs. Each established his own settlement on a hill, and these settlements became the town of Kyiv, named for the eldest brother, Kyi; a small stream nearby was named for their sister…

Akhenaten: Move to Akhetaton: …secondary wife of Akhenaten, called Kiya, who bears a distinctive epithet, quite different from Nefertiti’s, incorporating the phrase “the (king’s) greatly beloved wife.” While Tiy seems to have died during her son’s reign, the fate of Kiya is unclear, although her name at the Maru-Aton was usurped by that of…

Kyiv, chief city and capital of Ukraine. A port on the Dnieper (Dnipro) River and a large railroad junction, it is a city with an ancient and proud history. As the centre of Kyivan (Kievan) Rus, the first eastern Slavic state, 1,000 years ago, it acquired the title “Mother of Rus Cities.” It was

Jōchō: …who developed and perfected so-called kiyosehō, or joined-wood techniques.

asteroid: Later advances: In 1918 the Japanese astronomer Hirayama Kiyotsugu recognized clustering in three of the orbital elements (semimajor axis, eccentricity, and inclination) of various asteroids. He speculated that objects sharing those elements had been formed by explosions of larger parent asteroids, and he called such groups of asteroids “families.”

Minamoto Yoshiie: …years after this war, the Kiyowara family, which had aided the Minamoto family in the Earlier Nine Years’ War, began to challenge Minamoto rule in northern Japan. In a series of battles lasting from 1083 to 1087, Yoshiie’s reputation for ferocity in battle was not diminished. He eliminated the Kiyowaras…

Kizel, city, Perm oblast (region), west-central Russia. It lies on the western slope of the Ural Mountains, along the Kizel River. Founded in 1788, it developed in the 1890s following the construction of the railway to Perm and became a city in 1926. The present-day city serves as an industrial

Shintō: Shintō reaction against Buddhism: Konton (chaos), or Kizen (non-being), was the basic kami of the universe for Watarai Shintō and was regarded as the basis of all beings, including the buddhas and bodhisattvas. Purification, which had been practiced since the time of ancient Shintō, was given much deeper spiritual meanings. Shōjiki (defined…

Carolyn Kizer was an American poet whose biting satirical work reflects her involvement in feminist and human rights activities. She was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for poetry in 1985 for her collection Yin: New Poems (1984). After attending Sarah Lawrence College (B.A., 1945), Kizer did graduate

Carolyn Kizer was an American poet whose biting satirical work reflects her involvement in feminist and human rights activities. She was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for poetry in 1985 for her collection Yin: New Poems (1984). After attending Sarah Lawrence College (B.A., 1945), Kizer did graduate

Japanese performing arts: Tokugawa period: …a new type of play, kizewamono, or gangster play, which Namboku created and Mokuami developed. They wrote for the talents of star actors: Namboku wrote for the finest onnagata (female impersonator) of his time, Iwai Hanshirō V, and Mokuami wrote for Ichikawa Danjūrō IX and a remarkable actor of gangster…

Kizhi Island, island in Lake Onega, Karelia republic, northwestern Russia. The island, whose name originates from kizharsuari (“island of games”), was located on the important 14th-century trade route from the town of Novgorod to the White Sea. The settlement grew around the Spasskiy Church that

Kızıl Adalar, group of nine islands (adalar) in the Sea of Marmara a few miles southeast of Istanbul; they are part of Turkey. There are permanent inhabitants on the smallest island, Sedef Adası (ancient Antirobethos), and on the four larger islands, Büyükada (Prinkipo, ancient Pityoussa), Heybeli

Ziya Gökalp: …works include the verse collection Kızıl Elma (1915; “The Red Apple”). The title poem deals with an ancient Turkish myth in which universal sovereignty, symbolized in the apple, devolves on the Turks.

Kızıl River, river, the longest wholly within Turkey. It rises in the Kızıl Mountains (kızıl, “red”) in north-central Anatolia at an elevation of about 6,500 feet (1,980 m) and flows southwest, past the towns of Zara and Sivas. It then turns northward in a great crescent-shaped bend, where it

Kızıl River, river, the longest wholly within Turkey. It rises in the Kızıl Mountains (kızıl, “red”) in north-central Anatolia at an elevation of about 6,500 feet (1,980 m) and flows southwest, past the towns of Zara and Sivas. It then turns northward in a great crescent-shaped bend, where it

Kizilbash, any member of the seven Turkmen tribes who supported the Safavid dynasty (1501–1736) in Iran. As warriors, they were instrumental in the rise of the Safavid empire and became established as the empire’s military aristocracy. The name Kizilbash was given to them by Sunni Ottoman Turks in

Kizilbash, any member of the seven Turkmen tribes who supported the Safavid dynasty (1501–1736) in Iran. As warriors, they were instrumental in the rise of the Safavid empire and became established as the empire’s military aristocracy. The name Kizilbash was given to them by Sunni Ottoman Turks in

Mir: On March 13, 1986, cosmonauts Leonid Kizim and Vladimir Solovyov were sent aloft aboard a Soyuz T spacecraft to rendezvous with Mir and become its first occupants. Between March 1987 and April 1996, five expansion modules were added to the core unit—Kvant 1 (1987), an astrophysics observatory; Kvant 2 (1989),…

Martyrs of Uganda: Adolphus Mukasa Ludigo, Gyavira, and Kizito. The soldiers and officials Bruno Serunkuma, James Buzabaliawo, and Luke Banabakintu were martyred with them.

pre-Columbian civilizations: Civil war on the eve of the Spanish conquest: …led by the able generals Quisquis (Kizkiz) and Challcuchima (Challku-chima), marched south and won a series of decisive victories at Cajamarca, Bombon, and Ayacucho. As they moved southward, Huascar formed another army to defend Cuzco from the invaders. His forces were defeated, and he was captured a few miles from…

Diet: The upper house, the House of Peers (Kizokuin), was almost wholly appointive. Initially, its membership was slightly less than 300, but it was subsequently increased to approximately 400. The peers were intended to represent the top rank and quality of the nation and to serve as a check upon…

Kizzuwadna, Hurrian kingdom of southeastern Anatolia near the Gulf of Iskenderun in present-day Turkey. Kizzuwadna concluded a treaty with the Hittite kingdom in the late 16th century bc and remained a major independent power until after 1340 bc, when it was reduced to a Hittite vassal state by

Kizzuwadna, Hurrian kingdom of southeastern Anatolia near the Gulf of Iskenderun in present-day Turkey. Kizzuwadna concluded a treaty with the Hittite kingdom in the late 16th century bc and remained a major independent power until after 1340 bc, when it was reduced to a Hittite vassal state by

Henrik Ibsen: First plays and directing: Kjaerlighedens komedie (1862; Love’s Comedy), a satire on romantic illusions, was violently unpopular, but it expressed an authentic theme of anti-idealism that Ibsen would soon make his own, and in Kongsemnerne (1863; The Pretenders) he dramatized the mysterious inner authority that makes a man a man, a king,…

20th-century Norwegian literature: After World War II: Jan Kjærstad’s breakthrough novel Homo Falsus; eller, det perfekte mord (1984; “Homo Falsus; or, The Perfect Murder”) exhibits postmodern features; his three-part “biography” of a fictional television celebrity, Jonas Wergeland, demonstrates how a skillful application of postmodernist strategies could lead to an exciting, multidimensional portrait…

Iceland: The arts of Iceland: …in number, these painters—such as Jóhannes Sveinsson Kjarval, famed for his portraits of Icelandic village life—highlighted the character and beauty of their country. Painting continues to thrive in Iceland, where artists have fused foreign influences with local heritage. The work of 20th-century sculptor Ásmundur Sveinsson is also a source of…

Kjeldahl method, in analytical chemistry, procedure widely used for estimating the nitrogen content of foodstuffs, fertilizers, and other substances, invented in 1883 by a Danish chemist, Johan G.C.T. Kjeldahl. The method consists essentially of transforming all nitrogen in a weighed sample into

Rudolf Kjellén was a Swedish political scientist and politician whose conservative theory of the state was influential beyond the borders of Sweden. Kjellén was educated at the University of Uppsala, and he taught at Gothenburg (1901–16) and Uppsala (from 1916). Kjellén is best known for the

Rudolf Kjellén was a Swedish political scientist and politician whose conservative theory of the state was influential beyond the borders of Sweden. Kjellén was educated at the University of Uppsala, and he taught at Gothenburg (1901–16) and Uppsala (from 1916). Kjellén is best known for the

Søren Kierkegaard: Three dimensions of the religious life of Søren Kierkegaard: …most notably Kjerlighedens gjerninger (1847; Works of Love), Training in Christianity, Til selvprøvelse (1851; For Self-Examination), and Dømmer selv! (1851; Judge for Yourselves!), go beyond Religiousness B to what might be called “Religiousness C.” The focus is still on Christianity, but now Christ is no longer just the paradox to…

Johan Ludvig Heiberg: …1830, and, under the name Interimsblade, from 1834 to 1837. In this journal he carried on many literary feuds but also featured many new talents, including Søren Kierkegaard and Hans Christian Andersen. Even such exponents of modern realism as Georg Brandes and Henrik Ibsen acknowledged debts of inspiration owed to…

Herman Wildenvey: …as in collections such as Kjærtegn (1916; “Caresses”), Høstens lyre (1931; “The Lyre of Autumn”), and many others. He was able to extract fresh effects from language and give new life to the most hackneyed phrases. Owls to Athens, a selection of his poems in English translation, was published in…

Lapland: …the northern part of the Kolen Mountains, which reach elevations of more than 6,500 feet (2,000 metres). On its Norwegian (western) side this range slopes abruptly and is deeply eroded into fjords and headlands and fractured into archipelagoes. The eastern flank of the range, which is situated in Swedish Lapland…

Lasse Kjus is a Norwegian Alpine skier who overcame a series of medical problems to become one of the world’s most consistent skiers in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Kjus took up skiing at age seven, and his first coach was Finn Aamodt, the father of his friend Kjetil Andre Aamodt. In 1990 either

Kyustendil, town, southwestern Bulgaria. It lies on the margin of a small alluvial basin in the Struma River valley at the foot of the Osogov Mountains. It was known in Roman times as Pautalia, or Ulpia Pautalia. Located on the site of a Thracian fortified settlement, it became an important town

Markos Vafiades: …insurgent, founding member of the Greek Communist Party, and commander of the communist-led Democratic Army in the civil war against the Greek government (1946–49).

Ku Klux Klan, either of two distinct U.S. hate organizations that employed terror in pursuit of their white supremacist agenda. One group was founded immediately after the Civil War and lasted until the 1870s. The other began in 1915 and has continued to the present. The 19th-century Klan was

Korean literature: Oral literature: …two puppet-show texts are extant, Kkoktukaksi nori (also called Pak Ch’ŏmjikuk; “Old Pak’s Play”) and Mansŏk chung nori. Both titles are derived from names of characters in the plays. No theory has been formulated as to the origin and development of these plays. The plots of the puppet plays, like…

RJR Nabisco, Inc.: …was merged into investment firm Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. Nabisco and Reynolds became independent with the 1999 spin-off of R.J. Reynolds shares. See Nabisco; R.J. Reynolds Tobacco.

Klyuchevskaya Volcano, active volcano on the Kamchatka Peninsula, far eastern Russia. It is one of the highest active volcanoes in the world, rising to a height of 15,584 feet (4,750 meters), the highest point on the peninsula. The volcano consists of a truncated cone with a central crater, with

Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), ethnic Albanian Kosovar militant group active during the 1990s that sought Kosovo’s independence from Serbia, a republic in the federation of Yugoslavia. Kosovo, which borders Albania, was a province of Serbia, which itself was a part of Yugoslavia (1929–2003). Kosovo

puppetry: Styles of puppet theatre: …Germany Kasperl, in the Netherlands Jan Klaassen, in Spain Christovita, and so on. All these characters are glove puppets; many speak through a squeaker in the mouth of the performer that gives a piercing and unhuman timbre to their voices; and all indulge in the fights and other business typical…

North Sulawesi: Geography: Mount Klabat on the Minahasa Peninsula rises to an elevation of 6,634 feet (2,022 metres). The coastal lowlands are narrow, the soils are fertile, and there are coral reefs offshore. The uplands are drained by many fast-flowing streams, including the Milango and the Marsa. The…

klaberjass, two-player trick-taking card game, of Dutch origin but especially popular in Hungary (as klob) and in Jewish communities throughout the world. From it derives belote, the French national card game. Klaberjass is played with a 32-card pack. In nontrump suits the trick-taking power of

klaberjass, two-player trick-taking card game, of Dutch origin but especially popular in Hungary (as klob) and in Jewish communities throughout the world. From it derives belote, the French national card game. Klaberjass is played with a 32-card pack. In nontrump suits the trick-taking power of

Klabund was an Expressionist poet, playwright, and novelist who adapted and translated works from Chinese, Japanese, Persian, and other non-Western literatures into German. His free, imaginative renderings include Der Kreidekreis (1924; The Circle of Chalk), a drama that inspired the German

Kladno, mining city, north-central Czech Republic, northwest of Prague. The two original forest villages of Kladno and Buštěhrad developed after 1842 as the industrial centre of the Kladno hard-coal basin. There are local deposits of iron, but most is imported. The town has blast furnaces and a

borane: Structure and bonding of boranes: … + 3)-cornered closo-polyhedron; and (5) klado- (Greek, meaning “branch”), n vertices of an n + 4-vertex closo-polyhedron occupied by n boron atoms. Members of the hypho- and klado- series are currently known only as borane derivatives. Linkage between two or more of these polyhedral borane clusters is indicated by the…

Katharina Klafsky was a Hungarian dramatic soprano known for her interpretations of roles in Richard Wagner’s operas. Klafsky was a chorus singer in Vienna in 1874 and later studied with the singer and teacher Mathilde Marchesi. She sang the part of Brangäne in the first Leipzig performance of

Klagenfurt, city, capital of Kärnten Bundesland (federal state), southern Austria. It lies along the Glan River in a basin east of Wörther Lake and north of the Karawanken Mountains. Founded in the 12th century and chartered in 1279, it passed to the Habsburgs in 1335. As it was largely destroyed

Ludwig Klages was a German psychologist and philosopher, distinguished in the field of characterology. He was also a founder of modern graphology (handwriting analysis). Educated in chemistry, physics, and philosophy at the University of Munich, where he also taught, Klages was a leader in the

Lars Wivallius: …och kalla vår” [1642; “Dirge over This Dry and Cold Spring”], in which the poet laments the season that he encountered upon his release from Kajaneborg).

Klaipėda, city and port, Lithuania. It lies on the narrow channel by which the Curonian Lagoon and the Neman River connect with the Baltic Sea. Beside a small earlier settlement, the local population constructed a fortress in the early 13th century. In 1252 this fort was seized and destroyed by the

Memel dispute, post-World War I dispute regarding sovereignty over the former German Prussian territory of Memelland. Its seizure by Lithuania was eventually approved by the great powers. Before World War I, Memelland, an area on the Baltic Sea located to the north of the Neman (Memel) River,

Johann Klaj was a German poet who helped make mid-17th-century Nürnberg a centre of German literature. Klaj studied theology at the University of Wittenberg and then went to Nürnberg, where, with Georg Philipp Harsdörfer, he founded in 1644 the literary society known as the Pegnesischer Blumenorden

Modoc and Klamath: Klamath, two neighbouring North American Indian tribes who lived in what are now south-central Oregon and northern California, spoke related dialects of a language called Klamath-Modoc (which may be related to Sahaptin), and shared many cultural traits. Their traditional territory lay in the southern Cascade…

Klamath Falls, city, seat (1882) of Klamath county, southern Oregon, U.S. It lies at the southern end of Upper Klamath Lake, in the foothills of the Cascade Range. Once the territory of Klamath, Pit River, and Warm Springs Indians, the area was settled in 1867 at the falls of Link River by George

Klamath Mountains, segment of the Pacific mountain systemof western North America. The range extends southward for about 250 miles (400 km) from the foothills south of the Willamette Valley in southwestern Oregon, U.S., to the northwestern side of the Central Valley of California. The mountains

Klamath River, river rising in Upper Klamath Lake just above Klamath Falls, Ore., U.S. It flows south for 1.25 miles (2 km) as the Link River to Lake Ewauna, where it emerges as the Klamath River, and continues generally southwesterly 250 miles (400 km) through the Klamath Mountains in California

Penutian languages: …languages), and Maiduan (four languages)—plus Klamath-Modoc, Cayuse (extinct), Molale (extinct), Coos, Takelma (extinct), Kalapuya, Chinook (not to be confused with Chinook Jargon, a trade language or lingua franca), Tsimshian, and

Franz Klammer is an Austrian Alpine skier who specialized in the downhill event, winning 25 World Cup downhill races in his career. He won the gold medal in the downhill event at the 1976 Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria. Winner of eight of the nine downhill races on the World Cup tour in 1975,

Karlheinz Stockhausen: …parts of another ambitious series, KLANG (“Sound”)—in segments that correspond to the 24 hours in a day—were premiered.

Klang, city and port, west-central Peninsular (West) Malaysia. It lies on the Kelang River and the 40-mile (64-km) Kuala Lumpur–Port Kelang railway. The city is an administrative centre of a rubber- and fruit-growing district. During the 19th-century tin rush, Klang served as a port of entry to the

Tomas Tranströmer: … (1962; “The Half-Finished Heaven”), and Klanger och spår (1966; “Resonances and Tracks”), are composed in a more-personal style, with plainer diction and personal perspective more in evidence. In those and later books, Tranströmer’s poetic observations of nature combine richness of meaning with the utmost simplicity of style. As one critic…

scale: Other uses of the term scale: An example is the term Klangfarbenmelodie, used in some music to denote a carefully arranged succession of different tone colours.