Lee “Scratch” Perry: Jamaican E.T. (2002) won the Grammy Award for best reggae album, and The End of an American Dream (2007), Repentance (2008), Revelation (2010), and Back on the Controls (2014) were all nominated in that category.

Jamaican fruit bat, (Artibeus jamaicensis), a common and widespread bat of Central and South America with a fleshy nose leaf resembling a third ear positioned on the muzzle. The Jamaican fruit bat has gray-brown fur and indistinct, whitish facial stripes. It has no tail, and the membrane stretching

allspice, (Pimenta dioica), tropical evergreen tree of the myrtle family (Myrtaceae) and its berries, the source of a highly aromatic spice. The plant is native to the West Indies and Central America. Allspice was so named because the flavour of the dried berry resembles a combination of cloves,

roselle, (Hibiscus sabdariffa), plant of the hibiscus, or mallow, family (Malvaceae) and its fibre, one of the bast fibre group. Roselle is probably native to West Africa and includes Hibiscus sabdariffa, variety altissima, grown for fibre, and H. sabdariffa, variety sabdariffa, cultivated for the

al-Ḥillī was a theologian and expounder of doctrines of the Shīʿī, one of the two main systems of Islam, the other being the Sunnī, which is the larger. Al-Ḥillī studied law, theology, and the uṣūl, or principles of the faith, in the city of Ḥillah, an important centre for Shīʿī learning in the

Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī was a Muslim politician, political agitator, and journalist whose belief in the potency of a revived Islamic civilization in the face of European domination significantly influenced the development of Muslim thought in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Very little is known

Muhammad ʿAli Jamalzadah was an Iranian prose writer who became one of the most important figures in 20th-century Persian literature. Although his father was a Muslim cleric, Jamalzadah was educated by Jesuits in Beirut, Lebanon. After earning his law degree at the University of Dijon in France, he

Jamalpur, city, central Bihar state, northeastern India. It is situated just south of Munger near the Ganges (Ganga) River. Jamalpur was established in 1862 as a railway settlement and contains large locomotive engineering workshops as well as major iron and steel foundries. Slate quarries are

Jamalpur, city, north-central Bangladesh. It lies on the west bank of the Old Brahmaputra River. An important trade centre, especially for agricultural products, it is connected by rail with Mymensingh, Jagannathganj Ghat, and Bahadurabad Ghat and by road with Mymensingh, Tangail, and Meghalaya

Muhammad ʿAli Jamalzadah was an Iranian prose writer who became one of the most important figures in 20th-century Persian literature. Although his father was a Muslim cleric, Jamalzadah was educated by Jesuits in Beirut, Lebanon. After earning his law degree at the University of Dijon in France, he

Muhammad ʿAli Jamalzadah was an Iranian prose writer who became one of the most important figures in 20th-century Persian literature. Although his father was a Muslim cleric, Jamalzadah was educated by Jesuits in Beirut, Lebanon. After earning his law degree at the University of Dijon in France, he

Muhammad ʿAli Jamalzadah was an Iranian prose writer who became one of the most important figures in 20th-century Persian literature. Although his father was a Muslim cleric, Jamalzadah was educated by Jesuits in Beirut, Lebanon. After earning his law degree at the University of Dijon in France, he

Jamaame, town, southern Somalia, eastern Africa. Jamaame is situated on the eastern bank of the lower Jubba River, in the southeastern coastal lowlands near the Indian Ocean. The town is an important agricultural, commercial, and industrial centre. Bananas, the major crop, are exported through

Aruba: Land: Its highest point is Mount Jamanota, which rises to 620 feet (189 metres) above sea level. Among the isolated steep-sided hills that characterize the landscape is the mountain known as Hooiberg (“Haystack”), which reaches 560 feet (171 metres). In some places immense monolithic boulders of diorite are peculiarly piled…

Kavadh I: …in favour of a brother, Jamasp.

Berber: …a council of elders, the jamāʿah, who kept the peace by adjudication, rulings on compensation, and determination of punishments. In fact the various societies were not egalitarian. The village and the clan regularly admitted newcomers as inferiors, and the ruling elders came from leading families. If villages or clans went…

Egyptian Islamic Jihad: …EIJ was largely overshadowed by al-Jamāʿah al-Islāmiyyah, which waged a far-bloodier campaign inside Egypt, killing numerous officials, civilians, and foreign tourists.

Boko Haram, Islamic sectarian movement, founded in 2002 by Muhammed Yusuf in northeastern Nigeria, that since 2009 has carried out assassinations and large-scale acts of violence in that country. The group’s initial proclaimed intent was to uproot the corruption and injustice in Nigeria, which it

Arabic literature: The short story: …writers who became known as Jamāʿat al-Madrasah Ḥadīthah (“New School Group”). The pioneer figure of the school, Muḥammad Taymūr, died at an early age, but the other members of the group elaborated on his efforts and brought the genre to a level of real maturity: if Muḥammad’s brother Maḥmūd Taymūr…

Islam: Ismāʿīlīs: …still have not mosques but jamāʿat khānahs (“gathering houses”), and their mode of worship bears little resemblance to that of the Muslims generally.

Jamaʿat-i Islami, religious party founded in British-controlled India (now Pakistan) in 1941 by Mawlana Abū al-Aʿlā al-Mawdūdī (1903–79). The party was established to reform society in accordance with the faith and drew its inspiration from the model of the prophet Muhammad’s original Muslim

Jamaʿat-i Islami, religious party founded in British-controlled India (now Pakistan) in 1941 by Mawlana Abū al-Aʿlā al-Mawdūdī (1903–79). The party was established to reform society in accordance with the faith and drew its inspiration from the model of the prophet Muhammad’s original Muslim

jambalaya, a savory dish, popularly associated with the U.S. state of Louisiana, consisting of meat (pork, chicken, or even rabbit), seafood (shrimp, crab, crawfish), or both (often including andouille either way) and cooked with vegetables, stock, rice, and various seasonings. While an assortment

Kubera, in Hindu mythology, the king of the yakshas (nature spirits) and the god of wealth. He is associated with the earth, mountains, all treasures such as minerals and jewels that lie underground, and riches in general. According to most accounts, he first lived in Lanka (Sri Lanka), but his

Jambi, kotamadya (municipality) and propinsi (or provinsi; province), southeastern Sumatra, Indonesia. The province is bounded by the province of Riau to the north, by the Strait of Berhala to the east, and by the provinces of South Sumatra (Sumatera Selatan) and Bengkulu to the south and West

Indonesia: The maritime influence: …the neighbouring estuary town of Jambi, on the Batanghari River, which was probably controlled by the Minangkabau people of the island’s west-central interior. With the decline of the tributary trade with China, a number of harbours in the region became centres of international trade. Malayu-Jambi never had the opportunity to…

Yambol, town, east-central Bulgaria, on the Tundzha (Tundja) River. North of the present town are the ruins of Kabyle (or Cabyle), which originated as a Bronze Age settlement in the 2nd millennium bce and was conquered by the Macedonians under Philip II in 342–341 bce. Taken by Rome in 72 bce,

jamdani, type of figured muslin characterized by an intricate, elaborate design that constitutes one of the greatest accomplishments of Bangladeshi weavers. The origins of figured muslin are not clear; it is mentioned in Sanskrit literature of the Gupta period (4th–6th century ce). It is known,

Ur: Foundation of the city: …the succeeding “Jamdat Nasr” (Late Protoliterate) phase, a large cemetery produced valuable remains allied to more sensational discoveries made at Erech.

Motown: …Uriel Jones on drums, and James Jamerson on bass. They played a huge role in the development of the Motown sound, a branch of soul music that featured more sophisticated arrangements and orchestration than the grittier Southern soul that contemporaneously flourished at as the Memphis Sound. Motown brought together rhythm-and-blues,…

Roald Dahl: James and the Giant Peach (1961; film 1996), written for his own children, was a popular success, as was Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (1964), which was made into the films Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory (1971) and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005).…

Joanna Lumley: …appeared in such films as James and the Giant Peach (1996), Ella Enchanted (2004), The Wolf of Wall Street (2013), Paddington 2 (2017), Finding Your Feet (2017), and The Picture of Dorian Gray (2021). In addition, she lent her voice to various projects, including Corpse Bride (2005).

clipper ship: …record 89 days, and the James Baines set the transatlantic sailing record of 12 days 6 h from Boston to Liverpool, Eng. The Lightning set the all-time record for a single day’s sail, covering 436 nautical miles in 24 h. The Lightning and the James Baines (both launched in 1854…

Saint Helena: Land: …the island’s northwestern side at James Bay, from which a narrow valley extends 1.5 miles (2.4 km) inland. In this valley is nestled the town and port of Jamestown.

James Bay, shallow southern extension of Hudson Bay, located between northern Ontario and Quebec, Canada. Generally less than 200 feet (60 m) deep, the bay is 275 miles (443 km) long and 135 miles (217 km) wide and contains numerous islands, all of which are administered by the Northwest

James Beard: In 1986 the James Beard Foundation was established; its scholarship program played an important role in helping culinary students and professionals continue American culinary traditions. The James Beard Foundation Awards, given out annually (with the exception of 2021), recognize individuals who have made outstanding contributions to the restaurant…

Jamestown Colony, first permanent English settlement in North America, located near present-day Williamsburg, Virginia. Established on May 14, 1607, the colony gave England its first foothold in the European competition for the New World, which had been dominated by the Spanish since the voyages of

radio telescope: Filled-aperture telescopes: The largest of these, the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope at the Mauna Kea Observatory, has a diameter of 15 metres (49 feet).

Mark Rydell: Rydell had more success with James Dean (2001), a television film in which James Franco effectively embodied the iconic actor; Rydell cast himself as Jack Warner, an executive at Warner Brothers. His final film as a director was the gambling drama Even Money (2006), which featured Kim Basinger,

Robert Altman: Early years: …cartoonist Rube Goldberg), the documentary The James Dean Story (1957). That film, released two years after the actor’s death, brought Altman to the attention of the television industry, in which he would work for years, directing episodes of Combat, Bonanza, and Alfred Hitchcock Presents, among many other programs.

Amateur Athletic Union of the United States: The James E. Sullivan Memorial Trophy, named for an early AAU official, is awarded annually to the nation’s outstanding amateur athlete. Publications include Amateur Athlete (monthly) and sports guides and rule books. Its headquarters is in Indianapolis, Ind.

Amateur Athletic Union of the United States: The James E. Sullivan Memorial Trophy, named for an early AAU official, is awarded annually to the nation’s outstanding amateur athlete. Publications include Amateur Athlete (monthly) and sports guides and rule books. Its headquarters is in Indianapolis, Ind.

James Edward, the Old Pretender , also known as the Old Pretender, was the son of the deposed Roman Catholic monarch James II of England and claimant to the English and Scottish thrones. Styled James III of England and James VIII of Scotland by his supporters, he made several halfhearted efforts to

Jamestown Colony, first permanent English settlement in North America, located near present-day Williamsburg, Virginia. Established on May 14, 1607, the colony gave England its first foothold in the European competition for the New World, which had been dominated by the Spanish since the voyages of

Jesse James and Frank James: …year, Cole Younger joined the gang, with the other Younger brothers following his lead one by one during the next few years. The James gang robbed banks from Iowa to Alabama and Texas and began holding up trains in 1873. The bandits also preyed upon stagecoaches, stores, and individuals. Throughout…

the Guess Who: Post-Bachman years: …with Ronnie Hawkins and the James Gang, replaced Winter and McDougall and became Cummings’s songwriting partner for Flavours and Power in the Music (both 1975). Cummings then left the band after becoming disenchanted with the more progressive rock direction he saw the Guess Who taking with Troiano. The band continued…

James Gregory: …appreciated since the publication of James Gregory: Tercentenary Memorial Volume (ed. by H.W. Turnbull; 1939), which contains most of his letters and posthumous manuscripts.

James II was the king of Aragon from 1295 to 1327 and king of Sicily (as James I) from 1285 to 1295. At the death of his father, Peter III, on Nov. 11, 1285, James inherited Sicily, and his elder brother became Alfonso III of Aragon, Catalonia, and Valencia. When his brother died (1291) he

James I was the king of Scots from 1406 to 1437. During the 13 years (1424–37) in which he had control of the government, he established the first strong monarchy the Scots had known in nearly a century. James was the son and heir of King Robert III (reigned 1390–1406). In 1406 Robert decided to

James I was the king of Scotland (as James VI) from 1567 to 1625 and first Stuart king of England from 1603 to 1625, who styled himself “king of Great Britain.” James was a strong advocate of royal absolutism, and his conflicts with an increasingly self-assertive Parliament set the stage for the

James I was the most renowned of the medieval kings of Aragon (1213–76), who added the Balearic Islands and Valencia to his realm and thus initiated the Catalan-Aragonese expansion in the Mediterranean that was to reach its zenith in the last decades of the 14th century. James was the son of Peter

Caterina Cornaro: …queen of Cyprus by marrying James II, king of Cyprus, Jerusalem, and Armenia, supplying him with a much-needed alliance with Venice.

James II was the king of Scots from 1437 to 1460. He survived the civil strife of the first half of his reign and eventually emerged as a masterful ruler who consolidated his power throughout the kingdom. The only surviving son of King James I, he succeeded to the throne at the age of six upon his

James II was the king of Aragon from 1295 to 1327 and king of Sicily (as James I) from 1285 to 1295. At the death of his father, Peter III, on Nov. 11, 1285, James inherited Sicily, and his elder brother became Alfonso III of Aragon, Catalonia, and Valencia. When his brother died (1291) he

James II was the king of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1685 to 1688, and the last Stuart monarch in the direct male line. He was deposed in the Glorious Revolution (1688–89) and replaced by William III and Mary II. That revolution, engendered by James’s Roman Catholicism, permanently

Peter IV: Having picked a quarrel with James III of Majorca, he reincorporated the possessions of the Majorcan crown, namely the Balearic Islands and Roussillon, by force into his own dominions (1343–44). He next crushed the long-standing pretensions of the Aragonese nobles by defeating the armies of the Unión Aragonesa at Epila…

James III was the king of Scots from 1460 to 1488. A weak monarch, he was confronted with two major rebellions because he failed to win the respect of the nobility. James received the crown at the age of eight upon the death of his father, King James II. Scotland was governed first by James’s

Caterina Cornaro: …when she bore a son, James III (August 1473), Cyprus was seized by the archbishop of Nicosia and his Neapolitan allies. Imprisoned briefly, Caterina was restored by the intervention of Venice.

San Salvador Island, one of the Galapagos Islands, in the eastern Pacific Ocean about 600 miles (965 km) west of mainland Ecuador. Its relief is dominated by two volcanoes, the larger rising to 1,700 feet (520 m), that form the mass of the island’s area of 203 square miles (526 square km).

James IV was the king of Scotland from 1488 to 1513. An energetic and popular ruler, he unified Scotland under royal control, strengthened royal finances, and improved Scotland’s position in European politics. James succeeded to the throne after his father, James III, was killed in a battle against

English literature: Professional playwrights: …and Friar Bungay (1594) and James IV (1598), the antics of vulgar characters complement but also criticize the follies of their betters. Only Lyly, writing for the choristers, endeavored to achieve a courtly refinement. His Gallathea (1584) and Endimion (1591) are fantastic comedies in which courtiers, nymphs, and goddesses make…

Richard Ellmann: Ellmann’s definitive biography of James Joyce (1959; new and rev. ed., 1982) explored in detail aspects of Joyce’s life and thought; his work on this biography led to his editing Joyce’s letters (1966) and other works on Joyce. His later works include The Artist as Critic: Critical Writings of…

Edna O’Brien: In 1999 her short study James Joyce was published to critical acclaim. She chronicled the frenetic passions of Lord Byron in Byron in Love (2009).

Library of Congress: The James Madison Memorial Building, modern in style, was dedicated in 1980. (That same year the Main Building was designated the Thomas Jefferson Building.) The Madison Building more than doubled the library’s available Capitol Hill space. The continued growth of the collection in a wide variety…

Throwing a ball into half-bushel peach baskets was what Canadian-American educator James Naismith, at the YMCA Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts, suggested in December 1891 when asked to devise an indoor game that could keep men physically fit during the winter. His invention,

ice hockey: The National Hockey League: …the most valuable player; the James Norris Memorial Trophy, for the outstanding defenseman; the Art Ross Trophy, for the top point scorer; the Lady Byng Memorial Trophy, for the player best combining clean play with a high degree of skill; the Conn Smythe Trophy, for the play-offs’ outstanding performer; the…

Jacob of Edessa was a distinguished Christian theologian, historian, philosopher, exegete, and grammarian, who became bishop of Edessa (c. 684). His strict episcopal discipline giving offense to the patriarch Athanasius II of Antioch, he retired and devoted himself to study and teaching. He is

Italy: The war in northern Italy: …appointed the strongly anti-imperial Cardinal James of Palestrina as his new legate in northern Italy and blocked Frederick’s planned diet. In his propaganda Frederick portrayed himself as the champion of orthodoxy working to prevent the spread of heresy in Lombardy, thus building on the theme of the cooperation between him…

Aristotelianism: The discovery of Aristotle’s works in the Latin West: …and first of these was James of Venice, who was in Constantinople and translated the Posterior Analytics, Physics, De Anima (On the Soul), Metaphysics, and several minor texts before or about 1150; other scholars translated anew or for the first time works on ethics, natural philosophy, and logic before 1200.…

James Patterson: The memoir James Patterson by James Patterson: The Stories of My Life was published in 2022.

glassware: Great Britain: …at the London glassworks of James Powell & Sons. From about 1880 this glassworks was under the control of Harry J. Powell who, working until World War I, developed a simple, dignified style of handmade blown glass, which was subsequently continued in designs by Barnaby Powell, James Hogan, and others.

Fort Worth Zoological Park: The James R. Record Aquarium was opened in 1954 as an extension of the zoo; it closed in 2002, and a new herpetarium was slated for the site.

Helmut Jahn: …Illinois Center (1985; renamed the James R. Thompson Center in 1993 to honour the former Illinois governor who commissioned the building) in Chicago. Its plan refers to the American tradition of centrally planned domed state capitols. At the same time, its dramatic blue-and-pink glass-and-steel appearance and spectacular (if noisy and…

planation surface: …bevels sandstone cuestas in the James Range in central Australia. Clearly an erosive process cut across rocks of varying resistance. The rock structure would never have developed such a flat surface unless a lateral erosive process had been at work in the past at a particular base level. Where many…

James River, river in central Virginia, U.S., formed by the junction of the Jackson and Cowpasture rivers and cutting across the Great Appalachian Valley in northern Botetourt county. It flows in an easterly direction, crossing the Blue Ridge Mountains through a series of gorges near Lynchburg and

James River, river rising in Wells county, central North Dakota, U.S., and flowing in a generally south-southeasterly direction across South Dakota, to join the Missouri River about 5 miles (8 km) below Yankton after a course of 710 miles (1,140 km). Major cities along the river are Jamestown,

James I was the most renowned of the medieval kings of Aragon (1213–76), who added the Balearic Islands and Valencia to his realm and thus initiated the Catalan-Aragonese expansion in the Mediterranean that was to reach its zenith in the last decades of the 14th century. James was the son of Peter

St. James ; feast day July 25) was one of the Twelve Apostles, distinguished as being in Jesus’ innermost circle and the only apostle whose martyrdom is recorded in the New Testament (Acts 12:2). James and his younger brother, St. John the Apostle, are designated Boanerges (from the Greek

James II was the king of Aragon from 1295 to 1327 and king of Sicily (as James I) from 1285 to 1295. At the death of his father, Peter III, on Nov. 11, 1285, James inherited Sicily, and his elder brother became Alfonso III of Aragon, Catalonia, and Valencia. When his brother died (1291) he

Saint James ; Western feast day May 3) was a Christian apostle, according to St. Paul, although not one of the original Twelve Apostles. He was leader of the Jerusalem Christians, who with Saints Peter and John the Evangelist is one of “the pillars of the church.” Confusion has arisen over his

St. James the Less ; Western feast day May 3; Eastern feast day October 9) was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. James may be he whose mother, Mary (not the mother of Jesus), is mentioned among the women at Jesus’ crucifixion and tomb (Mark 15:40, 16:1; Matthew 27:56). He is not to be confused

St. James the Less ; Western feast day May 3; Eastern feast day October 9) was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. James may be he whose mother, Mary (not the mother of Jesus), is mentioned among the women at Jesus’ crucifixion and tomb (Mark 15:40, 16:1; Matthew 27:56). He is not to be confused

Jamestown Colony, first permanent English settlement in North America, located near present-day Williamsburg, Virginia. Established on May 14, 1607, the colony gave England its first foothold in the European competition for the New World, which had been dominated by the Spanish since the voyages of

James V was the king of Scotland from 1513 to 1542. During the period of his minority, which lasted throughout the first half of his reign, James was a pawn in the struggle between pro-French and pro-English factions; after he assumed personal control of the government, he upheld Roman Catholicism

James I was the king of Scotland (as James VI) from 1567 to 1625 and first Stuart king of England from 1603 to 1625, who styled himself “king of Great Britain.” James was a strong advocate of royal absolutism, and his conflicts with an increasingly self-assertive Parliament set the stage for the

Among the pleasures to be derived from venturing through the early editions of Britannica is the one we think of as “being present at the creation.” Steam engines had been around as novelties for centuries, but the first practical ones were invented by the Englishmen Thomas Savery in 1698 and

James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), U.S.–European Space Agency–Canadian satellite observatory designed as the successor to the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and launched by an Ariane 5 rocket from Kourou, French Guiana, on December 25, 2021. The JWST has a mirror 6.5 metres (21.3 feet) in diameter,

flamingo: …andinus) and the puna, or James’s, flamingo (Phoenicoparrus jamesi). The former has a pink band on each of its yellow legs, and the latter was thought extinct until a remote population was discovered in 1956.

curly mesquite: …curly mesquite (Hilaria belangeri) and James’s galleta (H. jamesii) are particularly palatable to livestock when fresh and green.

Jesse James and Frank James: …a Missouri farm, Jesse and Frank shared their family’s sympathy with the Southern cause when the American Civil War broke out in 1861. Frank joined William C. Quantrill’s Confederate guerrillas, becoming friends with Cole Younger, a fellow member. Jesse followed suit by joining “Bloody” Bill Anderson’s guerrilla band. At the…

A.J.P. Martin: In 1953 Martin and A.T. James helped perfect gas chromatography, the separation of chemical vapours by differential absorption on a porous solid.

sabermetrics: Bill James and the advent of sabermetrics: The first of those amateurs to make a real name for himself was a young Kansan named Bill James. In 1977 James self-published his first Baseball Abstract, which was filled with original studies based on information James had…

C.L.R. James was a West Indian-born cultural historian, cricket writer, and political activist who was a leading figure in the Pan-African movement. James was certified as a teacher at Queen’s Royal College in Port of Spain, Trinidad (1918). In 1932 he moved to England, where he published The Life

C.L.R. James was a West Indian-born cultural historian, cricket writer, and political activist who was a leading figure in the Pan-African movement. James was certified as a teacher at Queen’s Royal College in Port of Spain, Trinidad (1918). In 1932 he moved to England, where he published The Life

E.L. James is a British author best known for the Fifty Shades series of erotic novels. James was the daughter of a Chilean mother and a Scottish father. She studied history at the University of Kent before taking a job as a studio manager’s assistant at the National Film and Television School in

Elmore James was an American blues singer-guitarist noted for the urgent intensity of his singing and guitar playing. Known as the “King of the Slide Guitar,” he was a significant influence on the development of rock music. Born into a sharecropping family, James played guitar in his teens and

Etta James was a popular American rhythm-and-blues entertainer who in time became a successful ballad singer. James was reared by foster parents until her mother (who was 14 when James was born) took her 12-year-old daughter to San Francisco. There James formed a girl doo-wop trio called the

Jesse James and Frank James: …a Missouri farm, Jesse and Frank shared their family’s sympathy with the Southern cause when the American Civil War broke out in 1861. Frank joined William C. Quantrill’s Confederate guerrillas, becoming friends with Cole Younger, a fellow member. Jesse followed suit by joining “Bloody” Bill Anderson’s guerrilla band. At the…

Fred Allen was an American humorist whose laconic style, dry wit, and superb timing influenced a generation of radio and television performers. While working as a stack boy in the Boston Public Library, the young Sullivan came across a book on juggling from which he picked up that craft. He began

Harry James was an American jazz musician and bandleader, and one of the most popular and dynamic trumpet players of the big band era. The son of circus performers, James learned to play drums at age 4 and the trumpet at 8; when he was 12 he led one of the circus bands. As a young man he played