international payment and exchange: The Group of Ten: Per Jacobssen, then managing director of the IMF, persuaded a group of countries to provide standby credits amounting to $6,000,000,000 in all, so that supplementary supplies of their currencies would be available. The plan was not confined to the countries that happened to be in…

Jacobus De Voragine was the archbishop of Genoa, a chronicler, and the author of the Golden Legend. Jacobus became a Dominican in 1244. After gaining a reputation throughout northern Italy as a preacher and theologian, he was provincial of Lombardy (1267–78 and 1281–86) and archbishop of the

memory: Aging: Johnson and Larry L. Jacoby demonstrated that, whereas older adults are able to remember the gist of an action or event just as well as younger adults, they are unable to recollect the specific details that were involved. Older adults also have particular difficulty remembering the source…

Oswald Jacoby was a U.S. Bridge player and authority, actuary, and skilled player of backgammon and of games generally. Jacoby began to play Whist at the age of six and Poker at the age of eight. By lying about his age, he enlisted in the Army in World War I at the age of 15 but spent most of his

Giacomo Torelli was an Italian stage designer and engineer whose innovative theatre machinery provided the basis for many modern stage devices. Nothing is known of Torelli’s early life. In 1641 he was a military engineer at Venice. Already known as an architect, he built two churches there. Having

Jacopo della Quercia was one of the most original Italian sculptors of the early 15th century. His innovative work influenced Italian artists such as Francesco di Giorgio, Niccolò dell’Arca, and Michelangelo. Jacopo della Quercia came from a family of craftsman; his father, Piero d’Angelo, was also

Andrea Orcagna: Nardo (died 1365/66), Matteo, and Jacopo (died after 1398) di Cione. He matriculated in the Arte dei Medici e degli Speziali in 1343–44 and was admitted to the guild of stonemasons in 1352. In 1354 he contracted to paint an altarpiece for the Strozzi Chapel in the left transept of…

Titian: Portraits: …latest and most dramatic was Jacopo Strada, in which this brilliant antiquarian, writer, and art collector is shown presenting to the spectator a small statue, a Roman copy of an Aphrodite of Praxiteles. Here again, the scope and variety of Titian’s invention is astonishing in this new composition, so notable…

Venetian school: …were Giorgione (1477–1510), Titian (1488/90–1576), Jacopo Vecchio (c. 1480–1528), and Sebastiano del Piombo (c. 1485–1547). In short, he instructed the painters of the High Renaissance in Venice. Giovanni Bellini, as well as being the foremost painter in the Republic, was one of the most inventive and original. He was receptive…

Rosso Fiorentino was an Italian painter and decorator, an exponent of the expressive style that is often called early, or Florentine, Mannerism, and one of the founders of the Fontainebleau school. Rosso received his early training in the studio of Andrea del Sarto, alongside his contemporary

Jacopone Da Todi was an Italian religious poet, author of more than 100 mystical poems of great power and originality, and probable author of the Latin poem Stabat mater dolorosa. Born of a noble family and trained for the law, Jacopone practiced until his wife’s sudden death at a party about 1268

Jean-Joseph Jacotot was a French pedagogue and innovator of a universal method of education. Jacotot began his career as a teacher and mathematician and was appointed subdirector of the Polytechnic School in Dijon (1795), where he became, in succession, professor of the method of sciences, of Latin

Christian Jacq is a French Egyptologist and writer known as the author of popular novels set in ancient Egypt. Jacq became fascinated with Egyptology as a teenager after reading Jacques Pirenne’s Histoire de la civilisation de l’Egypte ancienne (1961–63; History of Ancient Egyptian Civilization).

Jacquard loom, in weaving, device incorporated in special looms to control individual warp yarns. It enabled looms to produce fabrics having intricate woven patterns such as tapestry, brocade, and damask, and it has also been adapted to the production of patterned knitted fabrics. The Jacquard

Jacquard loom, in weaving, device incorporated in special looms to control individual warp yarns. It enabled looms to produce fabrics having intricate woven patterns such as tapestry, brocade, and damask, and it has also been adapted to the production of patterned knitted fabrics. The Jacquard

Jacquard loom, in weaving, device incorporated in special looms to control individual warp yarns. It enabled looms to produce fabrics having intricate woven patterns such as tapestry, brocade, and damask, and it has also been adapted to the production of patterned knitted fabrics. The Jacquard

weaving: Jacquard weaves, produced on a special loom, are characterized by complex woven-in designs, often with large design repeats or tapestry effects. Fabrics made by this method include brocade, damask, and brocatelle. Dobby weaves, requiring a special loom attachment, have small, geometric, textured, frequently repeated woven-in…

Joseph-Marie Jacquard was a French inventor of the Jacquard loom, which served as the impetus for the technological revolution of the textile industry and is the basis of the modern automatic loom. Jacquard first formed the idea for his loom in 1790, but his work was cut short by the French

Barbizon school: de La Peña, Jules Dupré, Charles Jacque, and Constant Troyon, all of whom had had indifferent success in Paris.

Jacoba Of Bavaria was the duchess of Bavaria, countess of Holland, Zeeland, and Hainaut. Her forced cession of sovereignty in the three counties to Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy, in 1428, consolidated Burgundian dominion in the Low Countries. Jacoba, the only daughter and heiress of William,

Jacquerie, insurrection of peasants against the nobility in northeastern France in 1358—so named from the nobles’ habit of referring contemptuously to any peasant as Jacques, or Jacques Bonhomme. The Jacquerie occurred at a critical moment of the Hundred Years’ War. The Battle of Poitiers

Mount Jacques Cartier, mountain on the north side of the Gaspé Peninsula in Gaspesian Provincial Park, eastern Quebec province, Canada. The highest peak in the well-forested Monts Chic-Choc (Shickshock Mountains), an extension of the Appalachians, is Mount Jacques Cartier, which has an elevation of

Albert II, prince of Monaco: The couple had twins, Jacques Honoré Rainier and Gabriella Thérèse Marie, on December 10, 2014. Although Gabriella was born first, Jacques was made crown prince in accordance with Monaco’s rules of succession.

Jean-Jacques Dessalines was the emperor of Haiti who proclaimed his country’s independence in 1804. Dessalines was brought to the French West Indian colony of Saint-Domingue (Haiti) as a slave. He worked as a field hand for a black master until 1791, when he joined the slave rebellion that broke

Denis Diderot: Novels, dialogues, and plays of Denis Diderot: …1796; The Nun); the novel Jacques le fataliste et son maître (written 1773, published 1796; Jacques the Fatalist); Le Neveu de Rameau (written between 1761 and 1774, published in German 1805; Rameau’s Nephew), a character sketch in dialogue form; and Supplément au voyage de Bougainville (written 1772, published 1796; “Supplement…

Denis Diderot: Novels, dialogues, and plays of Denis Diderot: …1796; The Nun); the novel Jacques le fataliste et son maître (written 1773, published 1796; Jacques the Fatalist); Le Neveu de Rameau (written between 1761 and 1774, published in German 1805; Rameau’s Nephew), a character sketch in dialogue form; and Supplément au voyage de Bougainville (written 1772, published 1796; “Supplement…

Eric Sykes: …which he also cowrote, was Hattie Jacques, an actress with whom he would work closely until her death in 1980. They reunited on the small screen for Sykes (1972–79), where Sykes originated a slapstick comedy bit called “The Plank,” which he later expanded into a 1979 short film of the…

Elisabeth-Claude Jacquet de la Guerre was a French composer, harpsichordist, and organist, who was the first woman to compose an opera in France. Elisabeth Jacquet was born into a family of artisans that included both musicians and instrument builders. She emerged as a musical prodigy and made her

Elisabeth-Claude Jacquet de la Guerre was a French composer, harpsichordist, and organist, who was the first woman to compose an opera in France. Elisabeth Jacquet was born into a family of artisans that included both musicians and instrument builders. She emerged as a musical prodigy and made her

Elisabeth-Claude Jacquet de la Guerre was a French composer, harpsichordist, and organist, who was the first woman to compose an opera in France. Elisabeth Jacquet was born into a family of artisans that included both musicians and instrument builders. She emerged as a musical prodigy and made her

Luc Jacquet is a French documentary filmmaker, who earned the Academy Award for best documentary feature for La Marche de l’empereur (2005; March of the Penguins). Jacquet’s early interests in nature and animal life led him to obtain a master’s degree in animal biology and ecology from the

Yvonne Jacquette was an American painter best known for depicting urban landscapes from an aerial perspective. Jacquette grew up in Stamford, Connecticut, and attended the Rhode Island School of Design. After graduating in 1955, she moved to New York City. A painter and a printmaker, Jacquette

Yvonne Jacquette was an American painter best known for depicting urban landscapes from an aerial perspective. Jacquette grew up in Stamford, Connecticut, and attended the Rhode Island School of Design. After graduating in 1955, she moved to New York City. A painter and a printmaker, Jacquette

Agnès Varda: …films from this period were Jacquot de Nantes (1991), which was based on Demy’s childhood, and Les Cent et une nuits de Simon Cinéma (1995; One Hundred and One Nights), about an old man with a love for movies. Many of her later credits were documentaries, notably Les Glaneurs et…

Jacuí River, river, Rio Grande do Sul estado (“state”), southern Brazil. It rises in the hills east of Passo Fundo and flows southward and eastward for 280 miles (450 km), receiving the Taquari, Caí, Sinos, and Gravataí rivers near its mouth. There, at Porto Alegre, the state capital, on the

mineral deposit: Carbonatite deposits: …gold, silver, and other metals; Jacupiranga, Brazil, a major resource of rare earths; Oka, Quebec, Canada, a niobium-rich body; and the Kola Peninsula of Russia, mined for apatite, magnetite, and rare earths.

information system: Internal information systems development: …developers and users, such as joint applications development (JAD), have been introduced by some firms. Sometimes RAD and life-cycle development are combined: a prototype is produced to determine user requirements during the initial system analysis stage, after which life-cycle development takes over. A version of RAD known as agile development…

Kolkata: Education: Jadavpur University (1955) has faculties in the arts (humanities), science, and engineering. Although the university has a small number of colleges affiliated with it, its main focus is on graduate and postgraduate instruction on a single campus. Rabindra Bharati University (1962), founded in honour of…

jade, either of two tough, compact, typically green gemstones that take a high polish. Both minerals have been carved into jewelry, ornaments, small sculptures, and utilitarian objects from earliest recorded times. The more highly prized of the two jadestones is jadeite; the other is nephrite.

William Friedkin: However, his next film, Jade (1995), was almost universally panned. The over-the-top erotic thriller starred David Caruso as an assistant district attorney whose investigation into a high-profile murder begins to point toward his ex-girlfriend (Linda Fiorentino). Friedkin returned to television for 12 Angry Men (1997), a remake of the…

Yudi, in Chinese religion, the most revered and popular of Chinese Daoist deities. In the official Daoist pantheon, he is an impassive sage-deity, but he is popularly viewed as a celestial sovereign who guides human affairs and rules an enormous heavenly bureaucracy analogous to the Chinese Empire.

Jade Bay, bay, Lower Saxony Land (state), northwestern Germany. It is a broad inlet of the North Sea that covers an area of 73 square miles (190 square km). Formed for the most part by storm floods that occurred in 1219 and 1511, the generally shallow bay is fed by several small streams, including

art market: East Asia: >jade carvings and inkstones began to be valued. This period also saw developments in porcelain technology—new glazes such as celadon, as well as the ability to create forms echoing the shapes of archaic bronzes—that enabled less-wealthy consumers to purchase pieces that simulated genuine jade and…

Yudi, in Chinese religion, the most revered and popular of Chinese Daoist deities. In the official Daoist pantheon, he is an impassive sage-deity, but he is popularly viewed as a celestial sovereign who guides human affairs and rules an enormous heavenly bureaucracy analogous to the Chinese Empire.

Saxifragales: Major families: …commonly cultivated Crassula ovata (jade plant) is native to South Africa. Sedum (420 species) contains many favourite rock-garden plants, and other species are grown as pot plants. Surprisingly, some species of Crassula have evolved into aquatic plants.

Jade Bay, bay, Lower Saxony Land (state), northwestern Germany. It is a broad inlet of the North Sea that covers an area of 73 square miles (190 square km). Formed for the most part by storm floods that occurred in 1219 and 1511, the generally shallow bay is fed by several small streams, including

jadeite, gem-quality silicate mineral in the pyroxene family that is one of the two forms of jade (q.v.). The more prized of the two types of jade, jadeite (imperial jade) is usually found as transparent-to-opaque, compact, cryptocrystalline lenses, veins, or nodules. It may be distinguished from

levonorgestrel: …system has been replaced by Norplant II (Jadelle), which uses a different synthetic progestogen, called etonogestrel, implanted under the skin in specially designed rods the size of matchsticks.

Zadar, picturesque historical town in southwestern Croatia, the former capital of Dalmatia. It is located on the end of a low-lying peninsula that is separated by the Zadar Channel from the islands of Ugljan and Pašman. The inlet between the peninsula and the mainland creates a natural deepwater

Activities of the Jadid Reformers: Jadids organized New Method schools at the primary and secondary level, teaching pupils by modern pedagogical methods rather than by the rote learning that had been used in traditional schools. For the literate, Jadids published numerous short-lived newspapers and lithographed or printed many booklets. To…

Tajikistan: Education: … reformist movement had installed its New Method schools received the rudiments of a modern, though still Muslim, education. The educational establishment was dominated until the 1920s by the standard network of Muslim maktabs and madrasahs, however. Soviet efforts eventually brought secular education to the entire population, and levels of Tajik…

El Jadida, Atlantic port city, north-central Morocco, lying about 55 miles (90 km) southwest of Casablanca. The settlement developed after 1502 around a Portuguese fort and, as Mazagan, became the centre of Portuguese settlement and their last stronghold (1769) against the Filālī (Alaouite)

El Jadida, Atlantic port city, north-central Morocco, lying about 55 miles (90 km) southwest of Casablanca. The settlement developed after 1502 around a Portuguese fort and, as Mazagan, became the centre of Portuguese settlement and their last stronghold (1769) against the Filālī (Alaouite)

Activities of the Jadid Reformers: Jadids organized New Method schools at the primary and secondary level, teaching pupils by modern pedagogical methods rather than by the rote learning that had been used in traditional schools. For the literate, Jadids published numerous short-lived newspapers and lithographed or printed many booklets. To…

Paul Verlaine: Life.: Jadis et naguère (“Yesteryear and Yesterday”) consists mostly of pieces like “Art poétique,” written years before but not fitting into previous carefully grouped collections. Similarly, Parallèlement comprises bohemian and erotic pieces often contemporary with, and technically equal to, his “respectable” ones. Verlaine frankly acknowledged the…

Likasi, city, southeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. It lies along the Likasi River, 86 miles (138 km) northwest of Lubumbashi, to which it is connected by road and rail. In 1892 Belgians discovered copper deposits at Likasi and at Kambove, 15 miles (24 km) northwest. Likasi was founded in

Adriatic Sea, arm of the Mediterranean Sea, lying between the Italian and Balkan peninsulas. The Strait of Otranto at its southeasterly limit links it with the Ionian Sea. It is about 500 miles (800 km) long with an average width of 100 miles, a maximum depth of 4,035 feet (1,324 metres), and an

Anthony Of Novgorod was a monk and archbishop of Novgorod, Russia (1211–c. 1231), noted for his political and commercial diplomacy with the West and for the earliest cultural and architectural chronicle of Constantinople (modern Istanbul) and a résumé of the Greek Orthodox liturgy at the basilica

Jadwiga ; canonized June 8, 1997; feast day February 28) was the queen of Poland (1384–99) whose marriage to Jogaila, grand duke of Lithuania (Władysław II Jagiełło of Poland), founded the centuries-long union of Lithuania and Poland. Jadwiga was the daughter of Louis I, king of both Hungary and

jaeger, any of three species of seabirds belonging to the genus Stercorarius of the family Stercorariidae. They are rapacious birds resembling a dark gull with a forward-set black cap and projecting central tail feathers. Jaegers are called skuas in Britain, along with the great skua, a larger bird

Coco Gauff: Professional career: …Tracy Austin, Jennifer Capriati, and Andrea Jaeger. Tennis commentators have remarked on Gauff’s poise under pressure and the sheer power of her physical skills—her serves sometimes travel at 120 miles (193 km) per hour. Yet her professional career has not been without its setbacks. Since defeating Williams in the first…

Hans Henrik Jæger was a novelist, ultranaturalist, and leader of the Norwegian “Bohème,” a group of urban artists and writers in revolt against conventional morality. His role in Norwegian literature stems in part from the police suppression of his first novel. Jæger went to sea in his youth and

eurypterid: …eurypterids were small animals, although Jaekelopterus rhenaniae (also called Pterygotus rhenanius or P. buffaloenis), a species from the Silurian Period (about 444 to 416 million years ago) in North America, was the largest arthropod ever known; it reached a length of about 2.5 metres (8 feet). Similar in body plan…

biblical literature: Judith: …of the 12th-century-bce Kenite woman Jael (Judg. 5:24–27), who killed the Canaanite general Sisera by driving a tent peg through his head.

Jaén, provincia (province) in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Andalusia, south-central Spain. It is surrounded by the Sierra Morena to the north, the Segura and Cazorla ranges to the east, and the Parapanda, Lucena, and Segura mountains to the south. The western part of the

Jaén, city, capital of Jaén provincia (province) in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Andalusia, southern Spain. It lies on the northern side of the Sierra Jabalecuz and north of Granada. Known to the Romans as Aurinx, the city was the centre of the Moorish principality of Jayyán and

Rudolf Jaenisch is a German biologist known for his development of the first transgenic animal (an organism that has had genes from another species inserted into its genome) and for his research on epigenetic mechanisms, the means by which environmental factors surrounding the cell alter gene

Jæren, lowland plain area, southwestern Norway. Extending approximately 25 miles (40 km) northward from Eigersund and 10 to 15 miles (16 to 24 km) inland from the North Sea, the plain is bounded on the southeast by the Dalane Plateau. Unlike most of the Norwegian coast, the plain is not protected

mechanics of solids: The general theory of elasticity: …Lamb and the Prussian physicist Paul Jaerisch derived the equations of general vibration of an elastic sphere in the 1880s, an effort that was continued by many seismologists in the 1900s to describe the vibrations of the Earth. In 1863 Kelvin had derived the basic form of the solution of…

Tel Aviv–Yafo: …the ancient Mediterranean port of Jaffa (now Yafo), with which it was joined in 1950. By the beginning of the 21st century, the modern city of Tel Aviv had developed into a major economic and cultural centre. Tel Aviv is headquarters for a number of government ministries, including the Ministry…

Jerusalem: Architecture: …to the south, and the Jaffa Gate to the west. An eighth gate, the Golden Gate, to the east, remains sealed, however, for it is through this portal that Jewish legend states that the messiah will enter the city. The Jaffa and Damascus gates are still the main entrances. The…

orange: …the sweet orange include the Jaffa, from Israel, the seedless navel, and the Maltese, or blood, orange.

Battle of Jaffa, (5 August 1192). The final battle of the Third Crusade led directly to a peace deal between England’s King Richard the Lionheart and Muslim leader Saladin that restricted the Christian presence in the Holy Land to a thin coastal strip, but ensured its survival for another century.

diplomatics: Post-Renaissance scholarship: …down to 1198, published by Philipp Jaffé in 1851, gave a decisive momentum to the study of the papal chancery, while August Potthast covered the period from 1198 to 1304. Prominent scholars in the research of papal records in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century were Michael Tangl,…

Asphalt Jungle, The: …prison, “Doc” Riedenschneider (played by Sam Jaffe) teams with corrupt lawyer “Lon” Emmerich (Louis Calhern) to rob a jewelry store. They recruit several criminal experts to carry out the robbery, but, despite careful planning, things quickly go awry.

Irving Jaffee was an American speed skater who won two Olympic gold medals (1932). His first Winter Games title (1928) was unofficial, though many recognize him as the winner. Jaffee began his Olympic career at the 1928 Games in Saint Moritz, Switzerland. In the 10,000-metre contest he held the

Kurdish rug: Jaffi Kurdish rugs and saddlebag faces, from the Turko-Iranian borderland, show diamond grids, each lozenge containing a latch-hooked figure. Bījār carpets are Kurdish products, as are the surprisingly delicate rugs of Sanandaj (Senneh).

Jaffna, historical monarchy in northern Sri Lanka (Ceylon), populated largely by Tamil-speaking people of South Indian origin. It existed—with occasional interruptions—from the early 14th to the early 17th century. Almost from the beginning of Sri Lanka’s recorded history, there had been sporadic

Jaffna, port, northern Sri Lanka. It is situated on a flat, dry peninsula at the island’s northern tip. The trading centre for the agricultural produce of the peninsula and nearby islands, it is linked with the rest of the country by road and a railway. Jaffna is no longer a major port but conducts

Sri Lanka: Ethnic composition: …Lankan Tamils lies in the Jaffna Peninsula and in the adjacent districts of the northern lowlands. Smaller agglomerations of this group are also found along the eastern littoral where their settlements are juxtaposed with those of the Muslims. The main Muslim concentrations occur in the eastern lowlands. In other areas,…

Sri Lanka: Education: …University of Ruhuna (1978); the University of Jaffna (1974); and the University of Kelaniya and the University of Sri Jayewardenepura, both of which were centres of Buddhist learning until they were elevated to university status in 1959.

Ghassanid dynasty, Arab dynasty prominent as a Byzantine ally (symmachos) in the 6th century. From its strategic location in portions of modern Syria, Jordan, and Israel, it protected the spice trade route from the south of the Arabian Peninsula and acted as a buffer against the desert Bedouins.

ʿAlī: Sufism: …hidden or occult sciences as jafr, the science of the symbolic significance of the letters of the Arabic alphabet, are said to have been established by ʿAlī.

Arabia: The Rubʿ al-Khali: …extension of the Rubʿ al-Khali, Al-Jāfūrah, is regarded by the Arabs as an independent desert. Southeast of Qatar the sands give way before the vast salt flat of the Maṭṭi salt marsh, which runs north about 60 miles to the Persian Gulf coast. East of the Maṭṭi the oasis hamlets…

Jagdalpur, city, southeastern Chhattisgarh state, east-central India. It is situated in an upland region just south of the Indravati River at an elevation of about 1,820 feet (555 meters). Jagdalpur is surrounded by dense forests. It is connected by road with Raipur and Kanker to the north and is

Indian philosophy: The new school: 1570), Jagadisha Tarkalankara (flourished c. 1625), and Gadadhara Bhattacharya (flourished c. 1650).

Cheddi Jagan was a politician and union activist who in 1953 became the first popularly elected prime minister of British Guiana (now Guyana). He headed the country’s government again from 1957 to 1964 and from 1992 to 1997. The son of a foreman on a sugarcane plantation, Jagan studied dentistry in

Cheddi Jagan was a politician and union activist who in 1953 became the first popularly elected prime minister of British Guiana (now Guyana). He headed the country’s government again from 1957 to 1964 and from 1992 to 1997. The son of a foreman on a sugarcane plantation, Jagan studied dentistry in

Janet Jagan was an American-born Guyanese politician who was the first white president of Guyana (1997–99) and the first elected female president in South America. She was born into a middle-class Jewish family. In 1942, while working as a student nurse in Chicago, she met Cheddi Jagan, a dentistry

Jagannatha, form under which the Hindu god Krishna is worshipped at Puri, Odisha (Orissa), and at Ballabhpur, a suburb of Shrirampur, West Bengal state, India. The 12th-century temple of Jagannatha in Puri towers above the town. In its sanctuary, wooden images represent Jagannatha, his brother

South Asian arts: Oriya: …known medieval Oriya poet is Jagannātha Dās (whose name means Servant of Jagannātha), a 16th-century disciple of the Bengali Vaiṣṇava saint Caitanya, who spent the better part of his life in Puri. Among the many works of Jagannātha Dās is a version of the Sanskrit Bhāgavata-Purāṇa that is still popular…

Odisha: Festivals: … is the site of the Jagannatha temple, perhaps the most famous Hindu shrine in India, and of the temple’s annual Chariot Festival, which attracts hundreds of thousands of people; the English word juggernaut, derived from the temple’s name, was inspired by the massive, nearly unstoppable wagons used in the festival.…

Dwarka, town, southwestern Gujarat state, west-central India. It lies on the western shore of the Okhamandal Peninsula, a small western extension of the Kathiawar Peninsula. Dwarka was the legendary capital of the god Krishna, who founded it after his flight from Mathura. Its consequent sanctity

Chagatai was the second son of Genghis Khan who, at his father’s death, received Kashgaria (now the southern part of Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang, China) and most of Transoxania between the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya (ancient Oxus and Jaxartes rivers, respectively) as his vassal kingdom.

Johann Adam Hiller: …“Love of the Land”) and Die Jagd (1770; “The Hunt”) rank among the finest of his many works in the form. He also wrote numerous songs and church music.

Jagdalpur, city, southeastern Chhattisgarh state, east-central India. It is situated in an upland region just south of the Indravati River at an elevation of about 1,820 feet (555 meters). Jagdalpur is surrounded by dense forests. It is connected by road with Raipur and Kanker to the north and is

Guyana: Independence of Guyana: Bharrat Jagdeo of the PPP was appointed president; he was reelected in 2001 and again in 2006.

tank: World War II: …purpose, such as the 128-mm-gun Jagdtiger and the 122-mm-gun ISU, which in effect were turretless tanks. In addition, all armies developed lightly armoured self-propelled antitank guns. The U.S. Army developed a specialized category of tank destroyers that resembled self-propelled guns in being relatively lightly armoured but that, like tanks, had

Władysław II Jagiełło was the grand duke of Lithuania (as Jogaila, 1377–1401) and king of Poland (1386–1434), who joined two states that became the leading power of eastern Europe. He was the founder of Poland’s Jagiellon dynasty. Jogaila (Jagiełło in Polish) was one of the 12 sons of Algirdas