comic strip: The autobiographical graphic novel: Chris Ware’s ironically titled Jimmy Corrigan: The Smartest Kid on Earth (2000), a long, drawn-out, formally innovative, eerily desperate autobiographical mosaic, is designed in a haunting rhythm of differently sized and related panel clusters, with Proustian memorial parentheses. It presents a bleak vision of childhood suffering, the pain of…

Television in the United States: The late shows: …launched its own late-night comedy, Jimmy Kimmel Live!, which began airing after Nightline in 2003. The Fox network, which commenced operation in 1986, also tried a late-night talk show, The Late Show (Fox, 1987), which briefly starred Joan Rivers and then introduced Arsenio Hall, TV’s first African American late-night talk…

Michael Curtiz: The breakthrough years: Much better was Jimmy the Gent, the first of several successful collaborations with James Cagney, this time in the role of a charismatic con man who is taught a lesson by Davis. The Key found Powell as a captain in the Black and Tans occupying Ireland during the…

Abby Morton Diaz: Children (1875), Christmas Morning (1880), Jimmyjohns (1881), Polly Cologne (1881), and Bybury to Beacon Street (1887).

jimsonweed, (Datura stramonium), annual herbaceous plant of the nightshade family (Solanaceae). Possibly native to Central America, the plant is considered an invasive species throughout much of the Northern Hemisphere. It was used by Algonquin Indians in eastern North America, among other

Jimson Weed/White Flower No. 1, oil painting created in 1932 by pioneering American artist Georgia O’Keeffe. The painting, which hung for several years in the private dining room at the White House, set a record price for a work by a female artist in 2014 when it was purchased for $44.4 million by

Gulley Jimson, fictional character, the talented but disreputable artist protagonist and narrator of Joyce Cary’s novel The Horse’s Mouth (1944), the third volume in a trilogy about

jimsonweed, (Datura stramonium), annual herbaceous plant of the nightshade family (Solanaceae). Possibly native to Central America, the plant is considered an invasive species throughout much of the Northern Hemisphere. It was used by Algonquin Indians in eastern North America, among other

Japan: Decline of Kamakura society: …senior line centered on the Jimyō Temple in Kyōto and the junior line centered on the Daikaku Temple on the western edge of the city. In the last half of the century, each side sought to win the support of the bakufu. In 1317 Kamakura proposed a compromise that would…

China: The Zhou feudal system: …years, passed to Wengong of Jin (reigned 636–628 bce), the ruler of the mountainous state north of the Huang He. Under Wengong and his capable successors, the overlordship was institutionalized until it took the place of the Zhou monarchy. Interstate meetings were held at first during emergencies caused by challenges…

Shanxi, sheng (province) of northern China. Roughly rectangular in shape, Shanxi is bounded by the provinces of Hebei to the east, Henan to the south and southeast, and Shaanxi to the west and by the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region to the north. The name Shanxi (“West of the Mountains”—i.e., west

Jin dynasty, Chinese dynasty that comprises two distinct phases—the Xi (Western) Jin, ruling China from ad 265 to 316/317, and the Dong (Eastern) Jin, which ruled China from ad 317 to 420. The Dong Jin is considered one of the Six Dynasties. In ad 265 a Sima prince, Sima Yan, deposed the last of

Jin dynasty, (1115–1234), dynasty that ruled an empire formed by the Tungus Juchen (or Jurchen) tribes of Manchuria. The empire covered much of Inner Asia and all of present-day North China. Originally subjects of the Liao, an Inner Asian dynasty created in the 10th century by the Khitan tribes,

Kangxi: Administration of the empire: In 1677 Kangxi appointed Jin Fu superintendent of riparian works; in 1683 Jin finished embanking and dredging to stabilize the flow of the river. At the same time, the Grand Canal, the important arterial waterway that connected the Huang He with the lower Yangtze River (Chang Jiang), was repaired…

Zhang Yimou: …ling shi san chai (2011; The Flowers of War), he told the story of an American mortician (played by Christian Bale) who shelters a group of convent students and prostitutes during the Nanjing Massacre. Gui lai (2014; Coming Home) featured Gong as a woman whose marriage is destroyed when her…

Jin Mao Tower, mixed-use skyscraper in Shanghai, China. Designed by the American architectural firm of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, of Chicago, Illinois, it has 88 stories and reaches a height of 1,380 feet (420.5 metres). At the time of its official opening in January 1999, it was one of the

Fujian: Transportation: The headwaters of the Jin River, a tributary of the Futun River, are navigable for small boats up to the foot of the Wuyi Mountains, despite the river’s rocky channel and many rapids; boats bring downstream the tea grown on the slopes of the mountains. Below Jianning, larger boats…

Wudi was the founder and first emperor (265–290) of the Xi (Western) Jin dynasty (265–316/317), which briefly reunited China during the turbulent period following the dissolution of the Han dynasty (206 bc–ad 220). Sima Yan was the scion of the great Sima clan to which the famous Han historian Sima

Hong Kong literature: In 1955 Jin Yong (Zha Liangyong) started to serialize Shu jian en chou lu (The Book and the Sword) in Xinwanbao (“New Evening Post”), which he followed with 13 additional serialized novels in his own newspaper, Ming Pao. Another significant wuxia novel writer is Liang Yusheng (Chen…

Ha Jin is a Chinese American writer who uses plain, unadorned English prose to explore the tension between the individual and the family, the modern and the traditional, and personal feelings and duty. He won a National Book Award for his novel Waiting (1999). Jin had only a brief, incomplete

Woman, Life, Freedom, protest slogan that affirms that the rights of women are at the centre of life and liberty. The slogan is best known in English-language media for its use within the context of Iran. In September 2022 protesters in Iran and abroad adopted the slogan after Jina Mahsa Amini died

Ha Jin is a Chinese American writer who uses plain, unadorned English prose to explore the tension between the individual and the family, the modern and the traditional, and personal feelings and duty. He won a National Book Award for his novel Waiting (1999). Jin had only a brief, incomplete

Tirthankara, in Jainism, a saviour who has succeeded in crossing over life’s stream of rebirths and has made a path for others to follow. Mahavira (6th century bce) was the last Tirthankara to appear. According to tradition, his predecessor, Parshvanatha, lived about 250 years earlier; the other

Riyadh: Cultural life: Al-Jinādiriyyah, a national heritage and culture festival, is a major event held annually near Riyadh. One of the largest cultural festivals of its kind in the Arab world, Al-Jinādiriyyah hosts Arab, Muslim, and international celebrities participating in panel discussions, intellectual forums, and poetry sessions. In…

Jinan, city and capital, Shandong sheng (province), China. It lies in the northern foothills of the Mount Tai massif, on the high ground just south of the Huang He (Yellow River), which provides the major route along the north side of the Shandong Hills. Pop. (2002 est.) city, 2,345,969; (2007

Arabic literature: The novel: …in the Bustānī family’s journal, Al-Jinān, and this publication mode established a pattern that was to be followed by writers of Arabic fiction for many subsequent decades. Premodern history also came to be frequently invoked in the Arabic novel. This trend found a notable exponent in Jurjī Zaydān, who used…

Jainism: Early medieval developments (500–1100): The monk Jinasena, for example, wrote Sanskrit philosophical treatises and poetry with the support of the Rashtrakuta king Amoghavarsha I. An author in Kannada and Sanskrit, Amoghavarsha apparently renounced his throne and became a disciple of Jinasena in the early 9th century.

jinbi shanshui, style of Chinese landscape painting during the Sui (581–618) and Tang (618–907) dynasties. In this style, a rich decorative effect was achieved by the application of two mineral colours, azurite blue and malachite green, together with gold, to a fine line drawing. Among the early

Shanxi: Cultural life: Jin Memorial Hall (Jinci), some 15 miles (25 km) southwest of Taiyuan, is Shanxi’s best-known temple complex. It was originally built in the 5th century ce, and during subsequent periods it served as a monastery and as the centre for several religious cults. Another major attraction is the…

Jind, city, central Haryana state, northwestern India. It is located about 70 miles (110 km) northwest of Delhi. Jind is said to have been founded by the Pandavas of the Mahabharata epic, who built a temple around which the town of Jaintapuri (Jind) grew. It was formerly one of the princely

Czechoslovak history: The Luxembourg dynasty: Its leader, Jindřich of Lípa, virtually ruled over Bohemia until his death in 1329. Meanwhile, John found satisfaction in tournaments and military expeditions. He succeeded in attaching to Bohemia some adjacent territories; the extension of suzerainty over the Silesian principalities was his most significant achievement. He was…

Jindyworobak movement, brief nationalistic Australian literary movement of the 1930s to mid-1940s that sought to promote native ideas and traditions, especially in literature. The movement was swelled by several circumstances: the economic depression focused attention on comparable hardships of an

Guangdong: Population composition: The Jing were transferred to Guangxi in 1965, when the multinational Dongxing (now Fangcheng) autonomous county in extreme southwestern Guangdong changed its provincial jurisdiction. The so-called Boat People—the Tan (Dan) or Tanka (Danjia in the Cantonese language)—are not officially designated as a national minority. Whereas some…

yangsheng: …by three “treasures,” or principles: jing (“essence”), qi (“vital breath”), and shen (“spirit”). Jing is associated with reproductive energy. Qi is a complex concept referring to air or vapour, breath, and the primordial matter-energy constituting everything in the universe; in the practice of yangsheng it retains these connotations while also…

Liu Yang: …two other crew members, commander Jing Haipeng and operator Liu Wang, aboard Shenzhou 9, which accomplished China’s first crewed space docking when it docked with the space module Tiangong 1. Liu Yang was in charge of medical experiments during the mission.

Jing Hao was an important landscape painter and essayist of the Five Dynasties (907–960) period. Jing spent much of his life in retirement as a farmer in the Taihang Mountains of Shanxi province. In his art, Jing followed the court painters of the Tang dynasty (618–907) in emphasizing the singular

Jing River, river in north-central China, the largest tributary of the Wei River. It rises in the Liupan Mountains of the Hui Autonomous Region of Ningxia and flows about 280 miles (450 km) through Gansu province to central Shaanxi where it empties into the

Jing River, river in north-central China, the largest tributary of the Wei River. It rises in the Liupan Mountains of the Hui Autonomous Region of Ningxia and flows about 280 miles (450 km) through Gansu province to central Shaanxi where it empties into the

Grand Canal, series of waterways in eastern and northern China that link Hangzhou in Zhejiang province with Beijing. Some 1,800 km (1,100 miles) in length, it is the world’s longest constructed waterway, though, strictly speaking, not all of it is a canal. It was built to enable successive Chinese

Matamba: …1630–32 it was conquered by Njinga Mbande (often referred to simply as Njinga, also spelled Nzinga, Jinga, or Ginga; also known by her Christian name, Ana de Sousa), ruler of the neighbouring Ndongo kingdom, when she was expelled from some of her domains by rivals and their Portuguese allies. Matamba…

Janjaweed, Arab militia active in Sudan, particularly in the Darfur region. The militia’s name is thought by many to be derived from the Arabic jinnī (spirit) and jawad (horse), although its etymological origins are not completely clear. The Janjaweed has its origins in the long-running civil war

Jingdezhen, city, northeastern Jiangxi sheng (province), southeastern China. Situated on the south bank of the Chang River, it was originally a market town called Changnanzhen and received its present name in 1004, the first year of the Jingde era during the Song dynasty (960–1279). Throughout the

Jingdi was the posthumous name (shi) of the fifth emperor of the Han dynasty, during whose reign (157–141 bc) an attempt was made to limit the power of the great feudal princes, who had been enfeoffed in separate kingdoms during the tolerant rule of Jingdi’s father, the Wendi emperor (reigned

Guangxu was the reign name (nianhao) of the ninth emperor (reigned 1874/75–1908) of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12), during whose reign the empress dowager Cixi (1835–1908) totally dominated the government and thereby prevented the young emperor from modernizing and reforming the deteriorating

Mao Zedong: The communists and the Nationalists: …to a base in the Jinggang Mountains, on the border between Jiangxi and Hunan provinces, and embarked on a new type of revolutionary warfare in the countryside in which the Red Army (military arm of the CCP), rather than the unarmed masses, would play the central role. But it was…

Genghis Khan was a Mongolian warrior-ruler, one of the most famous conquerors of history, who consolidated tribes into a unified Mongolia and then extended his empire across Asia to the Adriatic Sea. Genghis Khan was a warrior and ruler of genius who, starting from obscure and insignificant

Jinghong, city, southern Yunnan sheng (province), southwestern China. It is situated in a rich basin on the west bank of the Mekong (Lancang) River, near the borders of Myanmar (Burma) and Laos. A military-civilian administration of Cheli Region was set up there during the Yuan dynasty (1206–1368).

Sino-Tibetan languages: Tibeto-Burman languages: Lahu, Lisu, Kachin (Jingpo), Kuki-Chin, the obsolete Xixia (Tangut), and other languages. The Tibetan writing system (which dates from the 7th century) and the Burmese (dating from the 11th century) are derived from the Indo-Aryan (Indic) tradition. The Xixia system (developed in the 11th–13th century in northwestern…

jinghu, Chinese two-stringed fiddle that is the principal melodic instrument in jingxi (Peking opera) ensembles. The smallest (and therefore highest-pitched) of the Chinese spike fiddles (huqin), the jinghu is about 50 cm (20 inches) in length. Its body is a bamboo tube, covered at the playing end

Japan: The ritsuryō system: …the Office of Deities (Jingikan), a parallel bureaucracy for the worship of the deities. Prospective bureaucrats were required to study at a central college and to pass prescribed examinations; during their term of office their performance was subjected to scrutiny once a year, and their rank and position were…

special economic zone (SEZ), any of several localities in which foreign and domestic trade and investment are conducted without the authorization of the Chinese central government in Beijing. Special economic zones are intended to function as zones of rapid economic growth by using tax and business

Jingkang Incident, (December 1126–January 1127). In 1127 Jurchen steppe nomads captured the Chinese capital of Kaifeng and with it the Song emperor. This was a major event in Chinese political history, but it was also a turning point in military technology, being one of the earliest occasions on

jingle shell, any of several marine invertebrates of the class Bivalvia belonging to the family Anomiidae. In most species of these oysterlike bivalves, one shell valve (i.e., half) is closely appressed to a rock surface and has a large hole in its wall through which a calcified byssus (tuft of

jingling Johnny, musical instrument consisting of a pole ornamented with a canopy (pavillon), a crescent, and other shapes hung with bells and metal jingling objects, and often surmounted by horsetails. It possibly originated as the staff of a Central Asian shaman, and it was part of the Turkish

Daoism: Syncretism: …Loyalty and Filial Obedience” (Jingmingzhongxiaodao). This sect preached the Confucian cardinal virtues as being essential for salvation, and consequently won a considerable following in conservative intellectual and official circles. Another highly popular syncretistic movement of Daoist origin was that of the Three Religions (sanjiao). Its composite moral teachings are…

Jingū was a semilegendary empress-regent of Japan who is said to have established Japanese hegemony over Korea. According to the traditional records of ancient Japan, Jingū was the wife of Chūai, the 14th sovereign (reigned 192–200), and the regent for her son Ōjin. Aided by a pair of divine jewels

jingoism, an attitude of belligerent nationalism, or a blind adherence to the rightness or virtue of one’s own nation, society, or group, simply because it is one’s own. The term is the approximate equivalent of chauvinism (in one of its meanings), originally a French word (chauvinisme) denoting

East Asian mathematics: The elaboration of Chinese methods: …mathematical book written in Japan, Jingoki (“Inalterable Treatise”), published in 1627 by Yoshida Mitsuyoshi, seems to be the first book that played an important role in the emerging Japanese tradition. Inspired by the Chinese text “Systematic Treatise on Mathematics,” whose importance is stressed above, it described in Japanese the use…

Yamaga Sokō was a military strategist and Confucian philosopher who set forth the first systematic exposition of the missions and obligations of the samurai (warrior) class and who made major contributions to Japanese military science. Yamaga’s thought became the central core of what later came to

Sino-Tibetan languages: Tibeto-Burman languages: Lahu, Lisu, Kachin (Jingpo), Kuki-Chin, the obsolete Xixia (Tangut), and other languages. The Tibetan writing system (which dates from the 7th century) and the Burmese (dating from the 11th century) are derived from the Indo-Aryan (Indic) tradition. The Xixia system (developed in the 11th–13th century in northwestern…

Sino-Tibetan languages: Tibeto-Burman languages: Lahu, Lisu, Kachin (Jingpo), Kuki-Chin, the obsolete Xixia (Tangut), and other languages. The Tibetan writing system (which dates from the 7th century) and the Burmese (dating from the 11th century) are derived from the Indo-Aryan (Indic) tradition. The Xixia system (developed in the 11th–13th century in northwestern…

Beijing: Recreation: Jingshan (Prospect Hill) Park, also known as Meishan (Coal Hill) Park, is a man-made hill, more than a mile (1.6 km) in circumference, located north of the Forbidden City. The hill, offering a spectacular panorama of Beijing from its summit, has five ridges, with a…

China: Literature of China: …the compilation (1329–33) of the Jingshi dadian, a repository of 800 juan (chapters) of official documents and laws; the text is now lost. Private historiography, especially works on the events of the Song, fared rather poorly under the Yuan because of the adverse political and intellectual climate. The most-distinguished contribution…

Jingtai was the reign name (nianhao) of the seventh emperor of the Ming dynasty. He ascended to the throne after his brother, the Zhengtong emperor, was captured while leading the imperial forces against the Oryat (western Mongol) leader Esen Taiji in 1449. When Esen tried to take advantage of his

well-field system, the communal land organization supposedly in effect throughout China early in the Zhou dynasty (c. 1046–256 bce). The well-field system was first mentioned in the literature of the late Zhou dynasty (c. 4th century bce), especially in the writings of the famous Confucian

Jingū was a semilegendary empress-regent of Japan who is said to have established Japanese hegemony over Korea. According to the traditional records of ancient Japan, Jingū was the wife of Chūai, the 14th sovereign (reigned 192–200), and the regent for her son Ōjin. Aided by a pair of divine jewels

Jingū was a semilegendary empress-regent of Japan who is said to have established Japanese hegemony over Korea. According to the traditional records of ancient Japan, Jingū was the wife of Chūai, the 14th sovereign (reigned 192–200), and the regent for her son Ōjin. Aided by a pair of divine jewels

China: Literature and scholarship: …influence dominate the best-known anthology, Jingu qiguan (“Wonders Old and New”), published in Suzhou in 1624.

jingxi, popular Chinese theatrical form that developed in the mid-19th century. It incorporated elements of huidiao from Anhui, dandiao from Hubei, and kunqu, the traditional opera that had predominated since the 16th century. Sung in Mandarin, the dialect of Beijing and of the traditional elite,

Chinese painting: Three Kingdoms (220–280) and Six Dynasties (220–589): …to kind in applying colours); jingying weizhi (planning and design in placing and positioning); and chuanyi moxie (transmission of ancient models by copying). The last principle seems to refer to the copying of ancient paintings both for technical training and as a means of preserving them and hence the tradition…

Cai Lun was a Chinese court official who is traditionally credited with the invention of paper. Cai Lun was a eunuch who entered the service of the imperial palace in 75 ce and was made chief eunuch under the emperor Hedi (reigned 88–105/106) of the Dong (Eastern) Han dynasty in the year 89. About

Jingzhou, city and river port, southern Hubei sheng (province), south-central China. It is located on the north bank of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) near Lake Chang. The city was established in 1994 by combining what was then the city of Shashi with Jiangling county and the former Jingzhou

Li Yuanhao was the leader of the Tangut (Chinese: Dangxiang) tribes, a people who inhabited the northwestern region of China in what are now parts of Gansu and Shaanxi provinces and the Ningxia Hui and Inner Mongolia autonomous regions. Li founded the Xia (or Daxia) dynasty (1038–1227), usually

ching-tso, meditation technique associated with Neo-Confucianism. Influenced by both Taoist and Ch’an (Zen) Buddhist forms of meditation, it involves sitting in a relaxed fashion with the intent of quieting the flow of discursive thought and the attainment of the original goodness of human nature

Jinhae, former city, on Jinhae Bay, South Gyeongsang do (province), southern South Korea, now a district of Changwon city. Its picturesque natural harbor is protected by Geoje Island and Goseong Peninsula. During the Russo-Japanese War (1904–05) the Japanese navy used it as a base of operation, and

Jinhae, former city, on Jinhae Bay, South Gyeongsang do (province), southern South Korea, now a district of Changwon city. Its picturesque natural harbor is protected by Geoje Island and Goseong Peninsula. During the Russo-Japanese War (1904–05) the Japanese navy used it as a base of operation, and

Jinhua, city, central Zhejiang sheng (province), China. Jinhua is the natural centre of the eastern half of the Jin-Qu (Jinhua-Quzhou) Basin, being situated at the junction of two of the tributaries of the Wu (Jinhua) River—the Dongyang River and the Wuyi River. It is also a junction on the railway

Bill Joy: …and a related technology called Jini, which embedded slivers of tiny Java applications into devices such as printers and cell phones to enable Internet connectivity.

Jining, city, southwestern Shandong sheng (province), China. In early times the seat of the state of Ren, it later became a part of the state of Qi, which flourished in the Zhou period (1046–256 bce). It underwent many changes of name and administrative status. The present name, Jining, first

Jining, former city, south-central Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. In 2003 it became part of the large and newly formed Ulanqab municipality. A town and a minor station named Pingdiquan before 1956, it was a collecting point on the east-west Beijing-Baotou railway. It experienced

Inner Mongolia: Transportation: The Jining and Ulaanbaatar International Railway (completed in 1955) connects China with Mongolia and with Russia. This route shortened the rail distance between Beijing and Moscow by some 700 miles (1,130 km). The most important line constructed since 1949, however, is that from Baotou to Lanzhou…

jinja, in the Shintō religion of Japan, the place where the spirit of a deity is enshrined or to which it is summoned. Historically, jinja were located in places of great natural beauty; in modern times, however, urban shrines have become common. Though they may vary from large complexes of

Jinja, town located in southeastern Uganda where the Nile flows out of Lake Victoria, situated at an elevation of 3,740 feet (1,140 meters) above sea level. Jinja was founded in 1901 as a British administrative center and grew to become one of the larger towns in Uganda. When construction on the

jinja: …in Japan belong to the Jinja Honchō (Association of Shintō Shrines); its membership includes the majority of Japan’s 107,000,000 Shintō worshipers. Each shrine is managed by its own shrine committee, made up of priests and parishioners or their representatives.

Shrine Shintō, form of the Shintō religion of Japan that focusses on worship in public shrines, in contrast to folk and sectarian practices (see Kyōha Shintō); the successor to State Shintō, the nationalistic cult disbanded by decree of the Allied occupation forces at the end of World War II and

Jinji, site of an almost inaccessible fortress constructed by the Hindu rulers of the Vijayanagar empire (c. 1347–1642). It is located about 80 miles (130 km) southwest of Chennai (Madras) in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. In 1638 the fortress was captured from the Maratha chief Shahji by the

Jinju, city, South Gyeongsang do (province), southern South Korea. It is situated west of Changwon along the Nam River, a tributary of the Nakdong River. It was the center of local administration beginning in the Three Kingdoms period (c. 57 bce–668 ce), under various names, and from 1896 to 1925

twenty-five: …to the fourth trick (“jink”), thereby undertaking to win all five. If he then loses a trick, he loses his stake. Jinking is now often omitted from the standard game.

Danshaku Katō Hiroyuki: …taken by Katō in his Jinken shinsetsu (1882; “New Theory on Human Rights”).

Eight Masters of Nanjing, group of Chinese artists who lived and worked during the late 17th century in Nanjing (known as Jinling during the early Tang dynasty, c. 7th century). Although their group identity derives largely from the locale in which they worked, certain aesthetic similarities are

Daoism: The Lingbao scriptures and liturgies: Jinlujai (“Retreat of the Golden Register”), on the other hand, was intended to promote auspicious influences on the living. The Tutanjai (“Mud and Soot Retreat, or Retreat of Misery”) was a ceremony of collective contrition, with the purpose of fending off disease, the punishment of…

Quemoy Island, island under the jurisdiction of Taiwan in the Taiwan Strait at the mouth of mainland China’s Xiamen (Amoy) Bay and about 170 miles (275 km) northwest of Kao-hsiung, Taiwan. Quemoy is the principal island of a group of 12, the Quemoy (Chin-men) Islands, which constitute Chin-men

jinni, in Arabic mythology, a spirit inhabiting the earth but unseen by humans, capable of assuming various forms and exercising extraordinary powers. Belief in jinn was common in pre-Islamic Arabia, where they were thought to inspire poets and soothsayers. Their existence was affirmed in the

Pakistan: The desert areas: …before the construction of the Jinnah Barrage on the Indus River near Kalabagh in 1946. The Thal canal system, which draws water from the barrage, has turned parts of the desert into fertile cultivated land.

Mohammed Ali Jinnah was an Indian Muslim politician, who was the founder and first governor-general (1947–48) of Pakistan. Jinnah was the eldest of seven children of Jinnahbhai Poonja, a prosperous merchant, and his wife, Mithibai. His family was a member of the Khoja caste, Hindus who had

jinni, in Arabic mythology, a spirit inhabiting the earth but unseen by humans, capable of assuming various forms and exercising extraordinary powers. Belief in jinn was common in pre-Islamic Arabia, where they were thought to inspire poets and soothsayers. Their existence was affirmed in the

jinni, in Arabic mythology, a spirit inhabiting the earth but unseen by humans, capable of assuming various forms and exercising extraordinary powers. Belief in jinn was common in pre-Islamic Arabia, where they were thought to inspire poets and soothsayers. Their existence was affirmed in the

Kitabatake Chikafusa: …of the influential politico-historical treatise Jinnō shōtōki (“Record of the Legitimate Succession of the Divine Emperors”), which set forth the mystic and nationalist doctrine that Japan had a unique superiority among nations because of its unbroken succession of divine rulers.

Jinotega, city, north-central Nicaragua. It lies in the central highlands just south of Lake Apanás. The city was a site of rebel incursions during the Contra war, mainly in the Jinotega mountains. The surrounding area is rugged, but its fertile soils produce coffee, tobacco, corn (maize), beans,

Jinotepe, city, southwestern Nicaragua. It is situated in the Diriamba Highlands at an elevation of 1,867 feet (569 m) above sea level. Given city status in 1883, it was a scene of heavy fighting in 1979 between Sandinista guerrillas and government troops. Jinotepe is a major commercial and