jacaranda, any plant of the genus Jacaranda (family Bignoniaceae), especially the two ornamental trees J. mimosifolia and J. cuspidifolia. They are widely grown in warm parts of the world and in greenhouses for their showy blue or violet flowers and attractive, oppositely paired, compound leaves.

jacaranda: mimosifolia and J. cuspidifolia. They are widely grown in warm parts of the world and in greenhouses for their showy blue or violet flowers and attractive, oppositely paired, compound leaves. The genus includes about 50 species native to Central and South America and to the West Indies.

jacaranda: …especially the two ornamental trees J. mimosifolia and J. cuspidifolia. They are widely grown in warm parts of the world and in greenhouses for their showy blue or violet flowers and attractive, oppositely paired, compound leaves. The genus includes about 50 species native to Central and South America and to…

São Francisco River: Physiography: Verde Grande, Paramirim, and Jacaré.

caiman: crocodilus), and yacaré (C. yacare) caimans; Melanosuchus, with the black caiman (M. niger); and Paleosuchus, with two species (P. trigonatus and P. palpebrosus) known as smooth-fronted caimans.

Jacareí, city, eastern São Paulo estado (state), Brazil. It lies along the Paraíba do Sul River, 45 miles (70 km) northeast of São Paulo city. The settlement was granted town status in 1653 and was made the seat of a municipality in 1849. Local agriculture depends upon dairying, but coffee, rice,

South America: Tropical and subtropical rainforests: Characteristic trees are, among others, jacareúbas (Calophyllum brasiliense), which is a tall tree with hard reddish brown wood used for heavy construction, araparis (Macrolobium acaciaefolium), abiuranas (Lucuma species), piranheiras (Piranhea trifoliata), and louros-do-igapo (Nectandra amazonum). Undergrowth is dense.

Ourinhos, city, south-central São Paulo estado (state), Brazil. It lies at 1,568 feet (478 metres) above sea level along the Paranapanema River, near the border of Paraná state. Once called Jacarezinho, the city was made the seat of a municipality in 1948. Principal crops of the region include

Jakarta, largest city and capital of Indonesia. Jakarta lies on the northwest coast of Java at the mouth of the Ciliwung (Liwung River), on Jakarta Bay (an embayment of the Java Sea). It is coextensive with the metropolitan district of Greater Jakarta (Jakarta Raya) and nearly coextensive with the

Jáchymov, spa town, western Czech Republic. It lies at the foot of Mount Klínovec, the highest summit in the Ore Mountains (Krušné hory), just north of Karlovy Vary and near the border with Germany. A silver-mining centre for the Holy Roman Empire, the town reached its peak in the 16th century,

hyacinth, a red, orange, or yellow variety of the gemstone zircon

Marguerite Taos Amrouche: Amrouche’s first novel, Jacinthe noire (1947; “Black Hyacinth”), recounts the story of an “uncivilized” young Tunisian girl who is sent to a French pension for studies. Differences in life-style, attitudes, and experiences set her apart, and exile, prejudice, and rupture are themes of the novel, which is one…

António Jacinto was a white Angolan poet, short-story writer, and cabinet minister in his country’s first postwar government. The son of Portuguese settlers in Angola, Jacinto became associated with militant movements against Portuguese colonial rule and was arrested in 1961. He was sent to São

Alphonse Daudet: Legacy: …evident in his later novels: Jack (1876) presents a woman torn between physical and maternal love; Numa Roumestan (1881), the antagonism between the northern and the southern character in man and woman; L’Évangéliste (1883), filial affection struggling against religious fanaticism; and La Petite Paroisse (1895), the contrarieties of jealousy. In…

all fours: …owes its modern name of jack to this game. Originally, all fours was regarded as a lower-class game—it was much played by African Americans on slave plantations—but in the 19th century it broadened its social horizons and gave rise to more-elaborate games such as cinch (see below), pitch, smear, and…

Francis Ford Coppola: The 1990s: In Jack (1996), Robin Williams starred as a 10-year-old boy whose cells age him four times as fast as a normal person’s, making his interactions with other children extremely difficult. Based on a best-selling novel by John Grisham, The Rainmaker (1997) starred Matt Damon as a…

A.M. Homes: Homes’s debut novel—Jack (1989; television film 2004), written while she was still a student—concerns a teenager whose father reveals that he is homosexual. The story, lauded for its acutely realized characterizations and humane treatment of its subject matter, was widely translated and used in high-school curricula. In…

keyboard instrument: Invention: …piano would be called a jack and should not be confused with the jack in a harpsichord) lifts an intermediate lever when the key is depressed. The lever, in turn, pushes upward on the hammer shaft near its pivot in a rail fixed above the keys. When the key is…

gill: …Charles I scaled down the jack or jackpot (sometimes known as a double jigger) in order to collect higher sales taxes. The jill, by definition twice the size of the jack, was automatically reduced also and “came tumbling after.”

jack, in practical mechanics, portable hand-operated device for raising heavy weights through short distances, exerting great pressures, or holding assembled work firmly in position, as in jacking up a building to prevent settling or keeping it in position while replacing a foundation. The jack’s

jack, any of numerous species of fishes belonging to the family Carangidae (order Perciformes). The name jack is also applied collectively to the family. Representatives can be found in temperate and tropical portions of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans and occasionally in fresh or brackish

bowls: …smaller stationary ball, called a jack. The object is to roll one’s bowls so that they come to rest nearer to the jack than those of an opponent; this is sometimes achieved by knocking aside an opponent’s bowl or the jack. A form of bowls was played in ancient Egypt,…

harpsichord: …mechanism consists of sets of jacks, thin vertical strips of wood that rest on the far ends of the keys and pass through a lower fixed guide and an upper slide, or movable guide; the slide moves a given set of jacks either slightly toward or slightly away from its…

ice hockey: The National Hockey League: …the best defensive forward; the Jack Adams Award, for the coach of the year; the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy, for the player who best exemplifies sportsmanship, perseverance, and dedication to hockey; and the Lester Patrick Trophy, for outstanding service to U.S. hockey.

John Mellencamp: …“Hurts So Good” and “Jack and Diane,” the album American Fool (1982) made Mellencamp a star. Although criticized by some at this stage of his career as a humourless self-important Bruce Springsteen manqué—patronizing his working-class subjects rather than celebrating them—Mellencamp suddenly matured as a songwriter. His lyrics grew more…

gill: …in the nursery rhyme “Jack and Jill.” Soon after ascending to the throne of England in 1625, King Charles I scaled down the jack or jackpot (sometimes known as a double jigger) in order to collect higher sales taxes. The jill, by definition twice the size of the jack,…

Al Pacino: Academy Award and later films: …in the Adam Sandler comedy Jack and Jill (2011), Pacino played an aging gangster in Stand Up Guys (2012). He evinced the isolation of a small-town locksmith in Manglehorn (2014) and the late-life epiphany of a rock star in Danny Collins (2015). After a series of roles in unremarkable movies,…

Jack and Jill of America, Inc., nonprofit philanthropic organization established in 1938 to address the needs of African American mothers and children. It is the oldest family organization of its kind in the United States. Jack and Jill of America was founded in Philadelphia by a group of 20

history of film: Méliès and Porter: …electrical illumination, and the 10-scene Jack and the Beanstalk (1902), a narrative that simulates the sequencing of lantern slides to achieve a logical, if elliptical, spatial continuity.

cichlid: …its throat and chest; the Jack Dempsey (C. biocellatum), a rather large dark fish spotted with blue-green; the oscar (Astronotus ocellatus), an attractive fish with an orange-ringed black spot on its tail base; and the discus (Symphysodon discus), a very deep-bodied fish streaked with blue. Another popular aquarium fish of…

Philip Seymour Hoffman: The Master and The Hunger Games: …his cinematic directorial debut with Jack Goes Boating (2010), in which he starred as a lonely limo driver who finds love on a blind date. Hoffman later took supporting roles in the baseball drama Moneyball (2011) and the political thriller The Ides of March (2011) before appearing in A Late…

Precambrian: Age and correlation of granulite-gneiss belts: …zircons at Mount Narryer and Jack Hills in Western Australia that are more than 4 billion years old. Several regions have a history that began in the period dating from 3.9 to 3.6 billion years ago—western Greenland, Labrador, the Limpopo belt, Enderby Land, the North China craton, and the Aldan…

Edmund White: … (2007), Hotel de Dream (2007), Jack Holmes and His Friend (2012), Our Young Man (2016), A Saint from Texas (2020), and A Previous Life (2022). White also wrote several plays, notably Terre Haute (2006), about an imagined encounter between characters based on Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh and writer

Allen Ginsberg: …with Kerouac was published as Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg: The Letters in 2010. Wait Till I’m Dead: Uncollected Poems (2016) compiled verse that Ginsberg had submitted to various publications and selected from his correspondence.

Jack Kerouac: Later work: Jack Kerouac: Collected Poems (2012) gathered all of his published poetry collections along with poems that appeared in his fiction and elsewhere. The volume also contained six previously unpublished poems.

Jack LaLanne: …1951, with the debut of The Jack LaLanne Show, LaLanne became the first host of a televised exercise program. When the show went into syndication in the late 1950s, LaLanne became the face of fitness for viewers across the United States. The program ran for decades, its popularity aided by…

Peter Carey: …Life of Tristan Smith (1994), Jack Maggs (1997), and True History of the Kelly Gang (2000; film 2019), a fictional account of the Australian outlaw Ned Kelly. My Life as a Fake (2003) and Theft (2006) explore issues of authenticity in literature and art. His Illegal Self (2008)

pin oak: The northern pin oak, or jack oak (Q. ellipsoidalis), also has pinlike branchlets but usually occurs on upland sites that are dry. Its ellipse-shaped acorns are nearly half enclosed in a scaly cup. The leaves become yellow or pale brown in autumn, often with purple blotches.

Jack of Diamonds, group of artists founded in Moscow in 1910 whose members were for the next few years the leading exponents of avant-garde art in Russia. The group’s first exhibition, held in December 1910, included works by the French Cubists Albert Gleizes, Henri Le Fauconnier, and André Lhote;

Joyce Carol Oates: Love (2013), Carthage (2014), Jack of Spades (2015), The Man Without a Shadow (2016), and Night. Sleep. Death. The Stars. (2020). Her forays into young adult fiction included Big Mouth & Ugly Girl (2002) and Two or Three Things I Forgot to Tell You (2012).

Bert Jansch: …songs, including the highly regarded Jack Orion (1966). In 1967 he cofounded Pentangle, a folk-rock quintet that included another gifted guitarist, John Renbourn (with whom Jansch also collaborated outside the group), along with vocalist Jacqui McShee, bassist Danny Thompson, and drummer Terry Cox. Incorporating elements of jazz, blues, art rock,…

conservation: Fire control: …shrubs below living branches of jack pines (Pinus banksiana) that are between 5 and 20 years old. The region’s natural wildfires originally maintained a sufficient area of young jack pines. As elsewhere, modern practices suppressed fires, and the habitat declined. The birds are also susceptible to cowbirds, which are parasitic…

Tom Cruise: …Knight and Day (2010) and Jack Reacher (2012). In the latter he played a former army investigator, a role he reprised in Jack Reacher: Never Go Back (2016). After appearing as a 1980s rock idol in the musical Rock of Ages (2012), he was cast as an apocalypse survivor in…

Jack Russell Terrier, breed of terrier developed in England in the 19th century for hunting foxes both above- and belowground. It was named for the Rev. John Russell, an avid hunter who created the breed. Though it is not known which dogs he crossbred, it is believed that Bull Terriers and Beagles

Kenneth Branagh: …he helmed the action thriller Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit, in which he also appeared as a vicious Russian banker.

walleyed pike, fish that is a type of pikeperch

Julia Louis-Dreyfus: TV stardom: Seinfeld, The New Adventures of Old Christine, and Veep: …films during that period, including Jack the Bear (1993) and Deconstructing Harry (1997).

Jack the Rapper: Jack the Rapper (Jack Gibson) helped open the first African-American-owned radio station in the United States, WERD in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1949. Gibson learned about radio while working as a gofer for deejay Al Benson in Chicago. He learned even more while at WERD, where…

Jack the Rapper (Jack Gibson) helped open the first African-American-owned radio station in the United States, WERD in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1949. Gibson learned about radio while working as a gofer for deejay Al Benson in Chicago. He learned even more while at WERD, where he discovered that a white

Jack the Ripper, pseudonymous murderer of at least five women in or near the Whitechapel district of London’s East End between August and November 1888. The case is one of the most famous unsolved mysteries of English crime. Some dozen murders between 1888 and 1892 have been speculatively

Eleanor J. Gibson was an American psychologist whose work focused on perceptual learning and reading development. Gibson received a B.A. (1931) and an M.S. (1933) from Smith College and a Ph.D. (1938) from Yale University. She taught and did research primarily at Smith (1931–49) and Cornell

jack-in-the-pulpit, (species Arisaema triphyllum), a North American plant of the arum family (Araceae), noted for the unusual shape of its flower. The plant is native to wet woodlands and thickets from Nova Scotia to Minnesota and southward to Florida and Texas. It is a stoutish perennial, 1 to 2.5

jack-o’-lantern, in meteorology, a mysterious light seen at night flickering over marshes; when approached, it advances, always out of reach. The phenomenon is also known as will-o’-the-wisp and ignis fatuus (Latin: “foolish fire”). In popular legend it is considered ominous and is often purported

jack-o’-lantern, in American holiday custom, a hollowed-out-pumpkin lantern that is displayed on Halloween. The surface of the pumpkin is carved to resemble a face. Light from a candle inserted inside can be seen flickering through the jack-o’-lantern’s cutout eyes, nose, and usually grotesquely

bioluminescence: The range and variety of bioluminescent organisms: …lampas) of Australia and the jack-o’-lantern (O. olearius, also known as Clitocybe illudens) of the United States, which reach approximately 13 cm (about 5 inches) in diameter.

petroleum production: Deep and ultradeep water: …fixed platform is called a jack-up rig. This is a floating (but not self-propelled) platform with legs that can be lifted high off the seafloor while the platform is towed to the drilling site. There the legs are cranked downward by a rack-and-pinion gearing system until they encounter the seafloor…

jackal, any of several species of wolflike carnivores of the dog genus, Canis, family Canidae, sharing with the hyena an exaggerated reputation for cowardice. Four species are usually recognized: the golden, or Asiatic, jackal (C. aureus), found from eastern Europe to Southeast Asia, the African

Sidney Poitier: Return to acting: …films include Sneakers (1992) and The Jackal (1997), but most of his later credits were made-for-television movies, notably Separate but Equal (1991) and Mandela and de Klerk (1997), in which he played Thurgood Marshall and Nelson Mandela, respectively. His final role was in The Last Brickmaker in America (2001), a…

Spike Jonze: …producer of the television show Jackass (2000–02) and the subsequent films Jackass: The Movie (2002) and Jackass: Number Two (2006). The series consisted of short videos of people, including skateboarder and cocreator Johnny Knoxville, performing dangerous stunts and unpleasant feats and often injuring themselves. While a huge commercial success, Jackass…

Norman Z. McLeod: Middle years: Next was Jackass Mail (1942), a humorous western starring Wallace Beery and Marjorie Main. McLeod then directed a series of forgettable musicals—Panama Hattie (1942), The Powers Girl (1943), and Swing Shift Maisie (1943)—that finished his career at MGM.

African penguin, (Spheniscus demersus), species of penguin (order Sphenisciformes) characterized by a single band of black feathers cutting across the breast and a circle of featherless skin that completely surrounds each eye. The species is so named because it inhabits several locations along the

dress: Colonial America: After 1660 the jackboot, a shiny black leather boot large enough to pull over shoe or slipper, replaced the French falls; oxfords of black leather were worn by schoolchildren.

jackdaw, (species Corvus monedula), crowlike black bird with gray nape and pearly eyes of the family Corvidae (q.v.; order Passeriformes). Jackdaws, which are 33 cm (13 inches) long, breed in colonies in tree holes, cliffs, and tall buildings: their flocks fly in formation around the site. They lay

philosophy of mind: Consciousness: …related vein, the American linguist Ray Jackendoff proposed that one is never directly conscious of abstract ideas, such as goodness and justice—they are not items in the stream of consciousness. At best, one is aware of the perceptual qualities one might associate with such ideas—for example, an image of someone…

jackfruit, (Artocarpus heterophyllus), evergreen tree (family Moraceae) native to tropical Asia and widely grown throughout the wetland tropics for its large fruits and durable wood. The greenish unripe fruit is cooked as a vegetable, and the brown ripened fruit is eaten fresh for the sweetly acid

Greta Gerwig: …first lady’s social secretary in Jackie and had a supporting role in the well-received 20th Century Women.

Quentin Tarantino: For Jackie Brown (1997), he adapted an Elmore Leonard novel about a flight attendant entangled in criminal activities.

James Hong: Career: …in the animated TV series Jackie Chan Adventures. In 2007 he portrayed table tennis maven Master Wong in the sports comedy film Balls of Fury. In the Kung Fu Panda films (2008, 2011, and 2016), Hong voiced the character of Mr. Ping, the main character’s adoptive father. In 2022 he…

Television in the United States: Sitcoms: …became a recurring segment of The Jackie Gleason Show (CBS, 1952–55; 1957–59; and 1964–70). The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show (CBS, 1950–58) had one foot planted firmly in both the variety and sitcom genres. Like a variety show, it had a curtain, direct addresses to the audience, and guest…

Jackie Robinson: Jackie Robinson Day: …would thenceforth be recognized as Jackie Robinson Day. Three years later star slugger Ken Griffey, Jr., received permission from the commissioner of baseball to wear the number 42 on Jackie Robinson Day, and the yearly “unretiring” of Robinson’s number gained more adherents until in 2009 Major League Baseball decided that…

Alfred E. Green: …pictures, the most notable was The Jackie Robinson Story (1950), a low-budget but well-mounted biography starring the legendary African American ballplayer himself. Invasion USA (1952) has some historical value as an example of red-baiting during the Joseph McCarthy era.

stagecraft: Horizontal drives: …rolled onstage and offstage; the jackknife stage, similar to the wagon except that it is anchored at one corner from which it pivots onstage and offstage; and the revolve, or turntable, in which several settings are built on a huge circular platform that is turned so that only the appropriate…

Daniel Cowan Jackling was an American mining engineer and metallurgist who developed methods for profitable exploitation of low-grade porphyry copper ores and thus revolutionized copper mining. In particular, Jackling opened the famed Bingham Canyon copper mine in Utah. Jackling typifies America’s

Hugh Jackman is an Australian performer who was considered a “triple threat”—a successful actor, dancer, and singer. He is perhaps best known for his action movies and stage musicals. Jackman grew up in Sydney, and he made his acting debut as King Arthur in a production of Camelot when he was just

Hugh Jackman is an Australian performer who was considered a “triple threat”—a successful actor, dancer, and singer. He is perhaps best known for his action movies and stage musicals. Jackman grew up in Sydney, and he made his acting debut as King Arthur in a production of Camelot when he was just

Thomas Keneally: …of the Inner Sea (1992), Jacko (1993), Homebush Boy (1995), Bettany’s Book (2000), The Tyrant’s Novel (2003), The Widow and Her Hero (2007), The Daughters of Mars (2012), and Crimes of the Father (2017). The Dickens Boy

slot machine: …Company also invented the “jackpot” in 1916, whereby certain combinations of symbols on the reels regurgitated all the coins in the machine.

jackrabbit, any of several North American species of hare (genus

Susan Musgrave: Marriage to Stephen Reid: …would eventually be published as Jackrabbit Parole (1986), by Stephen Reid, a convicted bank robber and member of the Stopwatch Gang serving an 18-year sentence in Millhaven Institution in Bath, Ontario. Musgrave and Reid were married in the prison on October 12, 1986. The following year Reid was granted full…

jacks, game of great antiquity and worldwide distribution, now played with stones, bones, seeds, filled cloth bags, or metal or plastic counters (the jacks), with or without a ball. The name derives from “chackstones”—stones to be tossed. The knuckle, wrist, or ankle bones (astragals) of goats,

June Carter Cash: …Award for their duet “Jackson” (1967). Carter encouraged Cash to seek treatment for his drug addiction, and the couple married in 1968. June continued to record popular duets with Cash as well as perform as a solo artist—she earned her first Grammy as a solo artist for Press On…

Jackson, city, seat (1832) of Jackson county, south-central Michigan, U.S. It lies along the Grand River, about 75 miles (120 km) west of Detroit. Settled in 1829 at the meeting point of several Indian trails, it was named for U.S. Pres. Andrew Jackson and was known successively as Jacksonburgh,

Jackson, city, seat (1821) of Madison county, western Tennessee, U.S. It lies about 80 miles (130 km) northeast of Memphis. The area was settled about 1819 as a port on the Forked Deer River and developed as a cotton depot and railroad junction. First called Alexandria, the community was renamed in

Jackson, town, seat (1921) of Teton county, northwestern Wyoming, U.S. The town lies at the southern end of Jackson Hole, a fertile valley from which the Teton Range rises steeply to the west. The Snake River skirts the town about 4 miles (6 km) to the west. Jackson is a major destination for

Jackson, city, capital of Mississippi, U.S. It lies along the Pearl River, in the west-central part of the state, about 180 miles (290 km) north of New Orleans. Jackson is also the coseat (with nearby Raymond) of Hinds county. Settled (1792) by Louis LeFleur, a French-Canadian trader, and known as

the Jackson 5, American pop-soul vocal group that was massively popular in the 1970s, launching the career of singer, songwriter, and dancer Michael Jackson, who was the most popular entertainer in the world in the early to mid-1980s. The members of the group were Jackie Jackson (byname of Sigmund

the Jackson 5, American pop-soul vocal group that was massively popular in the 1970s, launching the career of singer, songwriter, and dancer Michael Jackson, who was the most popular entertainer in the world in the early to mid-1980s. The members of the group were Jackie Jackson (byname of Sigmund

Jackson State University, public historically Black university located in Jackson, Mississippi, U.S. It was founded in 1877 as Natchez Seminary in Natchez, Mississippi, by the American Baptist Home Mission Society of New York for “the moral, religious and intellectual improvement of Christian

Jackson State University, public historically Black university located in Jackson, Mississippi, U.S. It was founded in 1877 as Natchez Seminary in Natchez, Mississippi, by the American Baptist Home Mission Society of New York for “the moral, religious and intellectual improvement of Christian

Teton Range: …7,000 feet (2,130 metres) above Jackson Hole, a fertile valley and noted ski resort area at its eastern base. The range is the source of Teton Creek (one of the main source streams of the Teton River), which flows on the western slope of the range, and much of it…

Jackson Hole National Monument, fertile mountain valley and wildlife reserve mostly in Grand Teton National Park (q.v.), northwestern Wyoming,

Newton: The Jackson Homestead (1809) houses a museum and the offices of Historic Newton, a nonprofit organization dedicated to preserving Newton’s history. Recreational sites include the Charles River Reservation and the Webster Conservation Area. Inc. city, 1873. Pop. (2000) 83,829; Cambridge-Newton-Framingham Metro Division, 1,465,396; (2010) 85,146; Cambridge-Newton-Framingham…

Kentucky: Relief: The Purchase, also called Jackson Purchase, encompasses only about 2,570 square miles (6,650 square km) in the extreme western part of the state. It is bounded on the north by the Ohio River, on the east by the impounded Tennessee River, and on the west…

Jackson State University, public historically Black university located in Jackson, Mississippi, U.S. It was founded in 1877 as Natchez Seminary in Natchez, Mississippi, by the American Baptist Home Mission Society of New York for “the moral, religious and intellectual improvement of Christian

Jackson State University, public historically Black university located in Jackson, Mississippi, U.S. It was founded in 1877 as Natchez Seminary in Natchez, Mississippi, by the American Baptist Home Mission Society of New York for “the moral, religious and intellectual improvement of Christian

Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education, case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on March 29, 2005, ruled (5–4) that an athletic coach who was removed from his position allegedly because he had complained about sexual discrimination in his school’s athletic program could file suit under Title IX of

Iris Murdoch: Murdoch’s last novel, Jackson’s Dilemma (1995), was not well received; some critics attributed the novel’s flaws to the Alzheimer’s disease with which she had been diagnosed in 1994. Murdoch’s husband, the novelist John Bayley, chronicled her struggle with the disease in his memoir, Elegy for Iris (1999; adapted…

Shenandoah Valley campaigns, (July 1861–March 1865), in the American Civil War, important military campaigns in a four-year struggle for control of the strategic Shenandoah Valley in Virginia, running roughly north and south between the Blue Ridge and the Allegheny Mountains. The South used the

A.V. Williams Jackson was an American scholar of the Indo-Iranian languages whose grammar of Avestan, the language of the sacred literature of Zoroastrianism, and Avesta Reader (1893) have served generations of students. Jackson became an instructor at Columbia University soon after receiving his

A.Y. Jackson was a Canadian landscape painter. He traveled to every region of Canada, including the Arctic; from 1921 on, he returned every spring to a favourite spot on the St. Lawrence River, where he produced sketches that he later executed in paint. Over a long career he became a leading