Japanese performing arts: Tokugawa period: …same time by the actor Ichikawa Danjūrō I (1660–1704) for bombastic fighting plays. In the play Sukeroku yukari no Edo zakura (Sukeroku: Flower of Edo) written by Tsuuchi Jihei II in 1713, the two styles are blended most successfully. The hero, Sukeroku, is a swaggering young dandy and lover acted…

Japanese performing arts: Tokugawa period: …V, and Mokuami wrote for Ichikawa Danjūrō IX and a remarkable actor of gangster roles, Ichikawa Kodanji IV. Each was a master of Kabuki art, and between them they added new dimensions to Kabuki’s stylized form. Namboku created rhythmic dialogue composed in phrases of seven and five syllables; Mokuami used…

Ichikawa Family: Danjūrō XI (1909–65) was among the top kabuki actors in the post-World War II period. He performed in both traditional and contemporary plays. His performances as Prince Genji in an adaptation of Genji monogatari (The Tale of Genji) constituted a high point in postwar kabuki…

Ichikawa Family, kabuki actors flourishing in Edo (modern Tokyo) from the 17th century to the present. The most famous names are Danjūrō, Ebizō, Danzō, and Ebijūrō, and, according to kabuki convention, these names were assumed by a natural or adopted son of the Ichikawa family when his skill

Japanese performing arts: Tokugawa period: …remarkable actor of gangster roles, Ichikawa Kodanji IV. Each was a master of Kabuki art, and between them they added new dimensions to Kabuki’s stylized form. Namboku created rhythmic dialogue composed in phrases of seven and five syllables; Mokuami used puppet-style music to heighten the pathos of certain scenes and…

Ichikawa Kon was a Japanese motion-picture director who introduced sophisticated Western-style comedy to Japan in the 1950s. Later he became concerned with more-serious subjects such as antiwar sentiment. Ichikawa graduated from the Ichioka Commercial School in Ōsaka. He worked in the animation

Hishikawa Moronobu: …the Kabuki Theatre, the 12 ichimai-e (single-sheet print) series Scenes from the Gay Quarters at Yoshiwara, and the famous ichimai-e Beauty Looking Back. Hishikawa, like his fellow ukiyo-e painters, also drew many pictures of pornographic scenes known as shun-ga.

Ichinomiya, city, northwestern Aichi ken (prefecture), central Honshu, Japan. The city lies on the Nōbi Plain about 20 miles (32 km) northwest of Nagoya. It developed in the 7th century around the principal Shintō shrine of the locality, the Masumida Shrine. During the Edo (Tokugawa) period

Japanese performing arts: Tokugawa period: Ichinotani futaba gunki (1751; Chronicle of the Battle of Ichinotani) contains a migawari (“child substitution”) scene, typical of puppet history plays, which is, if anything, even more tear-provoking: in response to the wishes of his lord Yoshitsune, General Kumagai slays his own son, so that the son’s head may…

Hiroshige was a Japanese artist, one of the last great ukiyo-e (“pictures of the floating world”) masters of the colour woodblock print. His genius for landscape compositions was first recognized in the West by the Impressionists and Post-Impressionists. His print series Fifty-three Stations of the

Tunisia: Plant and animal life: Ichkeul National Park, in the northernmost part of the country, was named a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1980. It is important as a winter sanctuary for such birds as the greylag goose, coot, and wigeon.

mongoose: The largest mongoose is the white-tailed mongoose (Ichneumia albicauda), whose body length measures 48–71 cm (about 19–28 inches) long with a tail that may extend up to an additional 47 cm (18.5 inches).

ichneumon, (family Ichneumonidae), any of a large and widely distributed insect group (order Hymenoptera) of considerable economic importance. The name sometimes refers to any member of the superfamily Ichneumonoidea, which includes the families Stephanidae, Braconidae, and Ichneumonidae. The

mongoose: …Herpestes, among which are the Egyptian mongoose, or ichneumon (H. ichneumon), of Africa and southern Europe and the Indian gray mongoose (H. edwardsi), made famous as Rikki-tikki-tavi in Rudyard Kipling’s The Jungle Books (1894 and 1895). The meerkat (Suricata suricatta) is also a member of the mongoose family. The colloquial…

ichneumon, (family Ichneumonidae), any of a large and widely distributed insect group (order Hymenoptera) of considerable economic importance. The name sometimes refers to any member of the superfamily Ichneumonoidea, which includes the families Stephanidae, Braconidae, and Ichneumonidae. The

Trackers, satyr play by Sophocles. It is based on two stories about the miraculous early deeds of the god Hermes: that the infant, growing to maturity in a few days, stole cattle from Apollo, baffling discovery by reversing the animals’ hoof marks; and that he invented the lyre by fitting strings

ichthyology, scientific study of fishes, including, as is usual with a science that is concerned with a large group of organisms, a number of specialized subdisciplines: e.g., taxonomy, anatomy (or morphology), behavioral science (ethology), ecology, and physiology. Because of the great importance

eagle: Asian species include the gray-headed, or greater, fishing eagle (Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus) and the lesser fishing eagle (I. naga).

eagle: …eagle (Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus) and the lesser fishing eagle (I. naga).

Makran, coastal region of Baluchistan in southeastern Iran and southwestern Pakistan, constituting the Makran Coast, a 600-mi (1,000-km) stretch along the Gulf of Oman from Raʾs (cape) al-Kūh, Iran (west of Jask), to Lasbela District, Pakistan (near Karāchi). The name is applied to a former

Gymnophiona: Annotated classification: Family Ichthyophiidae Cretaceous (145.5–65.5 million years ago) to present; tail present; mouth subterminal (partially recessed); premaxillae not fused with nasals; prefrontals present; squamosal articulating with frontal; aquatic larvae; 3 genera, 50 species; adult size 40–50 cm (16–20 inches); Southeast Asia, peninsular India, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Borneo,…

Gymnophiona: Annotated classification: Family Ichthyophiidae Cretaceous (145.5–65.5 million years ago) to present; tail present; mouth subterminal (partially recessed); premaxillae not fused with nasals; prefrontals present; squamosal articulating with frontal; aquatic larvae; 3 genera, 50 species; adult size 40–50 cm (16–20 inches); Southeast Asia, peninsular India, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Borneo,…

hymenostome: …parasites, such as the genus Ichthyophthirius, which attacks the skin of freshwater and aquarium fishes. The numerous, mostly marine species now known as the scuticociliates are classified here as well.

ich: …caused by the ciliated protozoan Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Ich is one of the most common diseases encountered in tropical-fish aquariums. Its signs include the presence of small white spots resembling a sprinkle of salt grains on the body and gills, frequent scraping of the body against objects in the environment, loss…

vertebrate: Annotated classification: Subclass Ichthyopterygia †Extinct; temporal openings high up on skull; fishlike; spindle-shaped body; high tail fin; triangular dorsal fin; paddlelike legs; marine. Subclass Synapsida †Extinct; mammal-like; lateral temporal opening. Class Aves Warm-blooded;

Ichthyornis, (order Ichthyornithiformes), extinct seabird of the Late Cretaceous Period (99.6 million to 66 million years ago) found as fossils in the U.S. states of Wyoming, Kansas, and Texas. Ichthyornis somewhat resembled present-day gulls and terns and may even have had webbed feet. The

ichthyosaur, any member of an extinct group of aquatic reptiles, most of which were very similar to porpoises in appearance and habits. These distant relatives of lizards and snakes (lepidosaurs) were the most highly specialized aquatic reptiles, but ichthyosaurs were not dinosaurs. Ichthyosaurs

ichthyosaur, any member of an extinct group of aquatic reptiles, most of which were very similar to porpoises in appearance and habits. These distant relatives of lizards and snakes (lepidosaurs) were the most highly specialized aquatic reptiles, but ichthyosaurs were not dinosaurs. Ichthyosaurs

Mary Anning: …brother found the first known Ichthyosaurus specimen; however, she was the one who excavated it, and some sources also give her credit for the discovery. British physician Everard Home described the specimen shortly thereafter in a series of papers. Her most famous find occurred in 1824 when she uncovered the…

ichthyosis, a hereditary condition involving dryness and scaliness of the skin brought about by excessive growth of the horny outermost covering of the skin. The dead cells of this horny layer do not slough off at the normal rate but tend instead to adhere to the skin surface to form scales; horny

keratosis pilaris, benign noncontagious skin condition characterized by the presence of discrete, tiny follicular papules (solid, usually conical elevations) and dry skin. Keratosis pilaris is limited to hair follicles and is most commonly seen on the outer surfaces of arms and thighs. The

Ichthyostega, genus of extinct animals, closely related to tetrapods (four-legged land vertebrates) and found as fossils in rocks in eastern Greenland from the late Devonian Period (about 370 million years ago). Ichthyostega was about one metre (three feet) long and had a small dorsal fin along the

Imperial Chemical Industries PLC (ICI), major British corporation that was founded in 1926 as Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. to amalgamate four major British chemical companies: Brunner, Mond & Co. Ltd., Nobel Industries Ltd., United Alkali Company Ltd., and British Dyestuffs Corporation Ltd.

tamoxifen, synthetic hormone, used primarily in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer, that inhibits the growth-promoting actions of estrogen in breast cancer cells. Tamoxifen was first synthesized in 1962 by scientists at the British pharmaceutical company Imperial Chemical Industries PLC

icicle fish, (Salanx), any of several semitransparent fishes, family Salangidae, found in freshwaters and salt waters of eastern Asia and considered a delicacy by the Chinese. The numerous species are slender and troutlike in form, scaleless or finely scaled, and seldom more than 15 centimetres (6

Panama Papers: Background and disclosure: …which shared them with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ), a U.S.-based global network. The ICIJ then shared the material with 107 media organizations in 80 countries, including such newspapers as France’s Le Monde and the United Kingdom’s The Guardian. A communal database was created for the 11.5 million…

ice hockey: Rules and principles of play: …and for the infraction called icing, which occurs when a team shoots the puck out of its zone past the other team’s goal line. Icing is not called against a team when it is shorthanded; if the teams are evenhanded or if the offending team has more players than the…

ice in lakes and rivers: Ice buildups: These are known as icings, Aufeis (German), or naleds (Russian). Icings may become so thick that they completely block culverts and in some cases overflow onto adjacent roads.

sugar: Crystallization: Powdered icing sugar, or confectioners’ sugar, results when white granulated sugar is finely ground, sieved, and mixed with small quantities (3 percent) of starch or calcium phosphate to keep it dry. Brown sugars (light to dark) are either crystallized from a mixture of brown and yellow…

International Court of Justice (ICJ), the principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN). The idea for the creation of an international court to arbitrate international disputes first arose during the various conferences that produced the Hague Conventions in the late 19th and early 20th

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: Transmission: …transmission are considered forms of iCJD (essentially physician-induced CJD), having been caused by exposure to the prion during medical procedures. Such accidental transmission has occurred in corneal transplants, through the use of contaminated medical or surgical instruments, and through the transfusion of contaminated blood products, including prion-infected plasma. Transmission also…

J.K. Rowling: Writing for adults: …serializing a new children’s book, The Ickabog, for free online; it was published in November. She described the fairy tale, which was unrelated to Harry Potter, as an exploration of “truth and the abuse of power.” She later published The Christmas Pig (2021), about a boy who loses his favourite…

Harold L. Ickes was a U.S. social activist who became a prominent member of the New Deal Democratic administration of Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt. Admitted to the Illinois bar in 1907, Ickes early developed an aroused social conscience; he worked as a volunteer in a settlement house, frequently

Harold L. Ickes was a U.S. social activist who became a prominent member of the New Deal Democratic administration of Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt. Admitted to the Illinois bar in 1907, Ickes early developed an aroused social conscience; he worked as a volunteer in a settlement house, frequently

Icknield Way, famous prehistoric trackway across England from Norfolk to Wiltshire, following dry ground along the East Anglian ridge, the Chiltern Hills, and the Berkshire Downs. In Wiltshire are the great foci of the prehistoric occupation of the county at Stonehenge and Avebury; on the

the White Stripes: … (2005), and the song “Icky Thump,” from their album of the same name (2007), became the band’s first Top 40 hit on the Billboard singles chart. In addition, Icky Thump was the White Stripes’ third recording to earn the Grammy for best alternative music album, and the title song…

the White Stripes: In addition, Icky Thump was the White Stripes’ third recording to earn the Grammy for best alternative music album, and the title song was also awarded a Grammy.

Apple Inc.: 1997–2010: Renaissance and reinvention: In 2011 Apple introduced iCloud, a cloud computing service in which a user’s applications, photographs, documents, calendars, and recently purchased music would be stored on iCloud servers and automatically updated on a user’s devices. Some analysts saw iCloud as Apple’s plan for a future in which users could dispense…

midwifery: Midwifery in the modern era: The International Confederation of Midwives (ICM) maintains standards for midwife education and practice, but lay or informally trained midwives are outside the scope of their regulations. At the beginning of the 21st century, midwifery included the care of women both in childbearing and in routine gynecological…

coronal mass ejection: Observations and appearance: … in the solar wind, called interplanetary CMEs (or ICMEs), are often characterized by twisted magnetic fields (or magnetic flux ropes); such ICMEs are commonly referred to as magnetic clouds.

International Nurses Day: …established in 1974 by the International Council of Nurses (ICN), also serves to highlight the important role nurses fulfill in health care.

museum: Museum cooperation: In that year the International Council of Museums (ICOM) was created, and today this nongovernmental organization provides a world forum for museum professionals through regular meetings and through continuous communication over the Internet. In some countries where there are no separate associations for museum personnel, the national committees of…

Frederick Forsyth: …The Fist of God (1994), Icon (1996; TV movie 2005), Avenger (2003; TV movie 2006), The Kill List (2013), and The Fox (2018). Among his short-story collections were No Comebacks (1982) and The Veteran (2001). Many of his novels and stories were adapted for film and television.

semiotics: …three main types: (1) an icon, which resembles its referent (such as a road sign for falling rocks); (2) an index, which is associated with its referent (as smoke is a sign of fire); and (3) a symbol, which is related to its referent only by convention (as with words…

icon, in Eastern Christian tradition, a representation of sacred personages or events in mural painting, mosaic, or wood. After the Iconoclastic Controversy of the 8th–9th century, which disputed the religious function and meaning of icons, the Eastern Orthodox Church formulated the doctrinal basis

icon, in literature, a description of a person or thing, usually using a figure of speech. To semioticians, icons are signs, verbal or otherwise, with extra-systemic resemblances to the persons or things they denote. The Verbal Icon: Studies in the Meaning of Poetry (1954) by W.K. Wimsatt is an

Barkley L. Hendricks: Early career: In 1969’s Icon for My Man Superman (Superman Never Saved Any Black People—Bobby Seale), Hendricks is the model for the painting of a man, naked from the waist down and sporting a Superman shirt and sunglasses.

William Starling Sullivant: His most important work, Icones Muscorum (1864), dealt with the mosses of eastern North America. His name is commemorated by the genus Sullivantia, discovered by him in Ohio.

Konya, city, central Turkey. The city lies at an elevation of about 3,370 feet (1,027 metres) on the southwest edge of the central Anatolian Plateau and is surrounded by a narrow fertile plain. It is backed by Bozkır Mountain on the west and enclosed by the interior edges of the central ranges of

Christology: Eastern Orthodox Christology: …and a second wave of iconoclasm, veneration was formally restored in 843 by Theodora, the widow of the last Iconoclastic emperor, Theophilos. Tellingly, the Eastern churches celebrate the date (February 19) as the Feast of Orthodoxy. Eastern Orthodoxy maintains the divinity of the icon of Christ; there is no essential…

Iconoclastic Controversy, a dispute over the use of religious images (icons) in the Byzantine Empire in the 8th and 9th centuries. The Iconoclasts (those who rejected images) objected to icon veneration for several reasons, including the Old Testament prohibition against images in the Ten

Christianity: Theology of icons: The decisive contrast between the iconodules (image lovers) and the iconoclasts (image destroyers) is found in their understanding of Christology. The iconodules based their theology upon the view of Athanasius—who reflected Alexandrian Christology—that Christ, the God become human, is the visible, earthly, and corporeal icon of the heavenly Father, created…

May Swenson: …demonstrated her visual inventiveness in Iconographs (1970), a book of verse arranged in typographical forms whose shapes reflect the subject matter of the poems (see example).

Anthony van Dyck: Career in Antwerp and Italy: …popularly known as van Dyck’s Iconography, was first published in 1645–46.

iconography, the science of identification, description, classification, and interpretation of symbols, themes, and subject matter in the visual arts. The term can also refer to the artist’s use of this imagery in a particular work. The earliest iconographical studies, published in the 16th

iconography: …these works is Cesare Ripa’s Iconologia (1593). Extensive iconographical study did not begin in Europe until the 18th century, however, when, as a companion to archaeology, it consisted of the classification of subjects and motifs in ancient monuments.

television: Electron tubes: Zworykin (the Iconoscope) in 1924 and by Philo T. Farnsworth (the Image Dissector) in 1927. These early inventions were soon succeeded by a series of improved tubes such as the Orthicon, the Image Orthicon, and the Vidicon. The operation of the camera tube is based on the…

iconostasis, in Eastern Christian churches of Byzantine tradition, a solid screen of stone, wood, or metal, usually separating the sanctuary from the nave. The iconostasis had originally been some sort of simple partition between the altar and the congregation; it then became a row of columns, and

virion: Many virions are spheroidal—actually icosahedral—the capsid having 20 triangular faces, with regularly arranged units called capsomeres, two to five or more along each side; and the nucleic acid is densely coiled within. Other virions have a capsid consisting of an irregular number of surface spikes and the nucleic acid…

cluster: Clusters with icosahedral structures: …needed to form a regular icosahedron. The first three clusters in this series have, respectively, 13, 55, and 147 atoms. These are shown in Figure 3. In the 13-atom cluster, all but one of the atoms occupy equivalent sites. The 55-atom cluster in this series consists of a core—which is…

Algiers, capital and chief seaport of Algeria. It is the political, economic, and cultural centre of the country. Algiers is built on the slopes of the Sahel Hills, which parallel the Mediterranean Sea coast, and it extends for some 10 miles (16 km) along the Bay of Algiers. The city faces east and

ragfish, (genus Icosteus aenigmaticus), marine fish, the single species in the family Icosteidae (order Perciformes). The ragfish is found throughout the North Pacific. The name refers to their floppy, limp bodies, which are considered flexible as a rag. Ragfishes have a cartilaginous skeleton that

Iraq: Iraqi foreign policy, 1958–68: …because Qāsim recruited among the Iraqi Communist Party for support and because he moved far closer to the Soviet Union diplomatically, the United States grew to see in him a would-be communist. However, despite a growing dispute with the Western oil companies over their investments in Iraq (stemming from Qāsim’s…

Earth sciences: Radiometric dating: Another technological development is the ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer), which is able to provide the isotopic age of the minerals zircon, titanite, rutile, and monazite. These minerals are common to many igneous and metamorphic rocks.

Earth sciences: Radiometric dating: Another technological development is the ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer), which is able to provide the isotopic age of the minerals zircon, titanite, rutile, and monazite. These minerals are common to many igneous and metamorphic rocks.

ICQ, Internet instant messaging software popular in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. ICQ was created in 1996 by Mirabilis, an Israeli software company, which was acquired in 1998 by America Online, Inc. (AOL). Software developers Yair Goldfinger, Arik Vardi, Sefi Vigiser, and Amnon Amir

Intergovernmental Committee on Refugees (IGCR or ICR), agency created in 1938 on the initiative of U.S. Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt to administer intergovernmental efforts to resettle refugees from Nazi Germany and to prepare for the resettlement of future German emigrants, thus originating planned

International Committee of the Red Cross , international nongovernmental organization headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, that seeks to aid victims of war and to ensure the observance of humanitarian law by all parties in conflict. The work of the ICRC in both World Wars was recognized by the

Tertiary Period: Major subdivisions of the Tertiary System: In 2005 the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) decided to recommend keeping the Tertiary and Quaternary periods as units in the geologic time scale but only as sub-eras within the Cenozoic Era. By 2009 the larger intervals (periods and epochs) of the Cenozoic had been formalized by the…

British Empire: Dominance and dominions: …tried, ranging from the sophisticated Indian Civil Service, with its largely effective adoption of native practices in civil law and administration, to the very loose and indirect supervision exercised in a number of African territories, where settlers and commercial interests were left much to themselves while native Africans were segregated…

luteinizing hormone (LH), one of two gonadotropic hormones (i.e., hormones concerned with the regulation of the gonads, or sex glands) that is produced by the pituitary gland. LH is a glycoprotein and operates in conjunction with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Following the release of the egg

infertility: Treatment options: Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is a treatment for men with very low sperm counts or with sperm that for some other reason are unable to fertilize an egg. The first child conceived by this method was born in 1992. ICSI involves the direct injection of…

World Bank: Origins: …Guarantee Agency (MIGA), and the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). The IBRD provides loans at market rates of interest to middle-income developing countries and creditworthy lower-income countries. The IDA, founded in 1960, provides interest-free long-term loans, technical assistance, and policy advice to low-income developing countries in areas…

Antarctica: The development of IGY: …Unions (ICSU; known as the International Science Council [ISC] as of July 2018) adopted the proposal, and in 1952 ICSU appointed a committee that was to become known as the Comité Spécial de l’Année Géophysique Internationale (CSAGI) to coordinate IGY planning. Plans widened to include the scientific study of the…

International Council on Social Welfare (ICSW), nongovernmental organization that represents international, national, and local organizations dedicated to social welfare, social development, and social justice. It was founded in Paris in 1928. Its international headquarters are in Utrecht, Neth.,

ictalurid, any fish of the family Ictaluridae, which includes about 50 species of North and Central American freshwater catfishes. Ictalurids are “typical” catfishes, with large, wide heads, tapering, scaleless bodies, and eight prominent mouth barbels. The family includes the channel and other

ictalurid, any fish of the family Ictaluridae, which includes about 50 species of North and Central American freshwater catfishes. Ictalurids are “typical” catfishes, with large, wide heads, tapering, scaleless bodies, and eight prominent mouth barbels. The family includes the channel and other

bullhead, any of several North American freshwater catfishes of the genus Ameiurus (Ictalurus of some authorities) and the family Ictaluridae. Bullheads are related to the channel catfish (I. punctatus) and other large North American species but have squared, rather than forked, tails and are

catfish: The brown bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus), for example, builds and guards a nest and protects its young, while male sea catfishes (Ariidae) carry the marble-sized eggs, and later the young, in their mouths.

ostariophysan: Importance: Culture of the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) is an important industry in the southern United States. Numerous ostariophysans provide sport fishers with recreation and food; several, such as the mahseers (several species of Tor) of Asia and the dorado (Salminus maxillosus) of South America, rank among the world’s…

chat: The yellow-breasted chat (Icteria virens) of North America is, at 19 cm (7.5 inches), the largest member of the wood-warbler family Parulidae—if in fact it belongs there. Greenish-gray above and bright yellow below, with white “spectacles” (sexes alike), it skulks in thickets but may perch in…

leptospirosis: …of the illness known as Weil disease or icteric (associated with jaundice) leptospirosis, the infected person turns yellow as a result of the destruction of red blood cells and liver disease. The death rate is approximately 30 percent of the severely ill and jaundiced patients.

Icteridae, songbird family, order Passeriformes, consisting of about 100 species of great diversity in size, habits, and diet, found throughout the Americas. Members range in size from 16 to 54 cm (6 to 21 inches) long. They have conical bills, strong feet, and long, pointed wings. Most show black

oriole: …America is the closely related Bullock’s oriole (I. bullockii). The orchard oriole (I. spurius), black and chestnut, occurs over the eastern United States and Mexico. Among the tropical forms of icterids are the epaulet oriole (I. cayanensis) and the troupial (I. icterus).

oriole: …forms of icterids are the epaulet oriole (I. cayanensis) and the troupial (I. icterus).

oriole: …the icterids is the well-known Baltimore oriole (I. galbula), which breeds in North America east of the Rockies; it is black, white, and golden orange. In western North America is the closely related Bullock’s oriole (I. bullockii). The orchard oriole (I. spurius), black and chestnut, occurs over the eastern United…

passeriform: Nesting: …nests are often appropriated by troupials (Icterus icterus), which evict the owners, even destroying the eggs and young in the process. a few other species also take over nests for their own use, notably the piratic flycatcher (Legatus leucophaius, a tyrannid) and the bay-winged cowbird (Molothrus badius).

oriole: The orchard oriole (I. spurius), black and chestnut, occurs over the eastern United States and Mexico. Among the tropical forms of icterids are the epaulet oriole (I. cayanensis) and the troupial (I. icterus).

Ictinus was a Greek architect, one of the most celebrated of Athens, known for his work on the Parthenon on the Acropolis, the Temple of the Mysteries at Eleusis, and the Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae. According to Vitruvius (Ten Books on Architecture, preface to Book VII), Ictinus designed

sucker: …(10 inches) long, and the bigmouth buffalo fish (Ictiobus cyprinellus), a large sucker, measures up to 90 cm in length and 33 kg (73 pounds) in weight. Suckers are bony but are fished commercially and to some extent for sport. The various genera are known by such names as hog…