Peace of Lodi: …maintain existing boundaries, and an Italian League (Lega Italica) was set up. The states of the league promised to defend one another in the event of attack and to support a contingent of soldiers to provide military aid. The league, officially proclaimed by Pope Nicholas V on March 2, 1455,…

Italian Liberal Party, moderately conservative Italian political party that dominated Italian political life in the decades after unification (1861) and was a minor party in the period after World War II. The Liberal Party was first formed as a parliamentary group within the Piedmont assembly in

Italian literature, the body of written works produced in the Italian language that had its beginnings in the 13th century. Until that time nearly all literary work composed in Europe during the Middle Ages was written in Latin. Moreover, it was predominantly practical in nature and produced by

arum: Major species: …is the Italian lords-and-ladies, or Italian arum (A. italicum), with an attractive white spathe and showy red fruits. It is native to the Mediterranean region and has naturalized in many places.

Western painting: Italian Mannerism and Late Renaissance: The first reaction against Leonardo, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Andrea del Sarto occurred in Florence between 1515 and 1524, during which time the painters Giovanni Battista (called Rosso Fiorentino) and Jacopo Carrucci Pontormo

Giovanni Morelli: His Italian Masters in German Galleries (1880; Eng. trans., 1883) marks an epoch in 19th-century art criticism. The so-called Morellian method was explored in this and his Italian Painters: Critical Studies of Their Work (1890; Eng. trans., 1892). Essentially 19th century in its scientific rigorousness, his…

Young Italy: …replaced Young Italy with the Italian National Committee (Associazione Nazionale Italiana). After 1850, with Piedmont leading the struggle for unification, Mazzini’s influence declined.

Italy: The war of 1859: …Italian nationalists founded the monarchist-unionist Italian National Society, which supported the policies of Cavour. Under the presidency of Manin and the vice presidency of Garibaldi, the society achieved wider appeal than it would have achieved under the exclusive leadership of moderates. Although he did not outlaw conspiratorial movements, Cavour was…

oak: Major species and uses: ilex), Italian oak (Q. frainetto), Lebanon oak (Q. libani), Macedonian oak (Q. trojana), and Portuguese oak (Q. lusitanica). Popular Asian ornamentals include the blue Japanese oak (Q. glauca), daimyo oak (Q. dentata),

onion: Onion products, varieties, and cultivars: Italian onions, or cipollini onions, are flat and are red, white, or yellow in colour and often have a mild, sweet flavour. They are used raw for salads and sandwiches, and their outer rings make an attractive garnish. Shallots are a small, angular variety of…

man orchid: The naked man orchid (O. italica), sometimes called Italian orchid, is native to the Mediterranean region. The pink, purple, or white flowers are densely clustered on a single thick stalk and resemble a hatted naked man. The petals and sepals that constitute the “hat” are often…

Italian Peninsula, one of the three great peninsulas of southern Europe, the other two being the Balkan (to the east) and the Iberian (to the west). The Italian Peninsula extends from the region of the Po River southward for some 600 miles (960 km); it has a maximum width of 150 miles (240 km). To

Italian Popular Party, former centrist Italian political party whose several factions were united by their Roman Catholicism and anticommunism. They advocated programs ranging from social reform to the defense of free enterprise. The DC usually dominated Italian politics from World War II until the

quillwort: Major species: Italian quillwort (I. malinverniana) has longer spiraling leaves that float on the water surface. Sand quillwort (I. histrix), an inconspicuous terrestrial European species, has very narrow 5–7-cm (2–3-inch-) long leaves that curl back to the ground from a fat white tufted base.

Ferrovie dello Stato (FS), largest railway system of Italy. FS operates lines on the mainland and also on the islands of Sicily and Sardinia, which are linked to the mainland by train ferries. The Italian railway system was nationalized in 1905. In 1986 its status was changed from a government

Italy: The French Consulate, 1799–1804: …elected president of the new Italian Republic, though not without opposition, and Melzi became its vice president. Melzi pursued a policy of compromise and co-option. Although notables, mostly members of the aristocracy, held most of the prefectures and ministries, representatives of the democratic opposition were gradually included and given important…

Italy, country of south-central Europe, occupying a peninsula that juts deep into the Mediterranean Sea. Italy comprises some of the most varied and scenic landscapes on Earth and is often described as a country shaped like a boot. At its broad top stand the Alps, which are among the world’s most

Italian Republican Party, anticlerical social-reform party. Although it had only a small following in the years after World War II, its position in the centre of the Italian political spectrum enabled it to take part in many coalition governments. The party dates back to the 19th century, when

Italy: Forces of opposition: …Party of Romagna (later the Italian Revolutionary Socialist Party), which preached eventual revolution but also agitated for such causes as universal suffrage and labour and welfare legislation; in 1882, under the new suffrage, Costa became Italy’s first socialist deputy. In Lombardy a moderate, labour-oriented Italian Workers’ Party, founded in 1885,…

Riviera, Mediterranean coastland between Cannes (France) and La Spezia (Italy). The French section comprises part of the Côte d’Azur (which extends farther west), while the Italian section is known to the west and east of Genoa as the Riviera di Ponente and the Riviera di Levante, respectively.

mathematics: Algebraic topology: …was fruitfully applied by the Italian school of algebraic geometers. It ran into problems, which it was not wholly able to solve, having to do with the singularities a surface can possess. Whereas a locus given by f(x, y) = 0 may intersect itself only at isolated points, a locus…

Henning Mankell: …books, including Italienska skor (2006; Italian Shoes) and Svenska gummistövlar (2015; After the Fire), his last novel. Both of the works centre on a reclusive former surgeon. He also penned several books—including Eldens hemlighet (1995; Secrets in the Fire)—for a younger audience. In addition, Mankell maintained the connection with the…

National Alliance, former nationalist anticommunist political party of Italy. Historically, some of its members held neofascist views. The MSI was formed in 1946 by supporters of former Italian leader Benito Mussolini from elements of the defunct Uomo Qualunque (Average Man) Party that had appeared

Italy: The republic of Salò (the Italian Social Republic) and the German occupation: …as ruler of the “Italian Social Republic,” a last-ditch puppet Fascist regime based in Salò on Lake Garda. The republic tried to induct those born in 1923, 1924, and 1925 into its army, but only 40 percent of young men responded. Many others deserted soon after the call-up. In…

Italian Socialist Party, former Italian political party, one of the first Italian parties with a national scope and a modern democratic organization. It was founded in 1892 in Genoa as the Italian Workers’ Party (Partito dei Lavoratori Italiani) and formally adopted the name Italian Socialist Party

Italian Socialist Party: …in 1998 to form the Italian Democratic Socialists (Socialisti Democratici Italiani, SDI).

Italian Somaliland, former Italian colony, eastern Africa. It extended south from Cape Asir to the boundary of Kenya, occupying an area of 178,218 square miles (461,585 square km). Italy obtained control of it in 1889, and it was incorporated as a state in Italian East Africa in 1936. Britain

sonnet: …beloved, Laura—established and perfected the Petrarchan (or Italian) sonnet, which remains one of the two principal sonnet forms, as well as the one most widely used. The other major form is the English (or Shakespearean) sonnet.

pine: …including black, white, Himalayan, and stone pines, and some are planted in reforestation projects or for windbreaks. Pine-leaf oil, used medicinally, is a distillation product of the leaves; charcoal, lampblack, and fuel gases are distillation by-products.

Henry Purcell: Music for theatre: …still more closely with the Italian style is very noticeable in the later dramatic works, which often demand considerable agility from the soloists.

Italian Symphony, orchestral work by German composer Felix Mendelssohn, so named because it was intended to evoke the sights and sounds of Italy. Its final movement, which is among the most strongly dramatic music the composer ever wrote, even uses the rhythms of Neapolitan dances. The symphony

Italy: Theatre: …activity in Italy are the Italian Theatre Board (Ente Teatrale Italiano; ETI), the Institute for Italian Drama (Istituto Dramma Italiano; IDI), concerned with promoting Italian repertory, and the National Institute for Ancient Drama (Istituto Nazionale del Dramma Antico; INDA). In 1990 the government tightened its legislation on eligibility for funding,…

Ars Nova: …which is also known as Italian trecento music. The most important theorist of this school was Marchettus of Padua, whose treatise Pomerium (in the early 14th century) outlines certain rhythmic innovations in Italian notation of the time. The most important composers of 14th-century Italy are Jacopo da Bologna, Francesco Landini,…

Austria: Neoabsolutist era, 1849–60: …which would in 1859 support Sardinia in its war of Italian unification against the Austrians.

vermouth: …which is white, and the Italian, or sweet style, which is darker in colour. Both styles, however, are made in both countries, as well as in the United States. Vermouth is used primarily as an ingredient in mixed drinks or sometimes as an apéritif on its own.

Italian Wars, (1494–1559) series of violent wars for control of Italy. Fought largely by France and Spain but involving much of Europe, they resulted in the Spanish Habsburgs dominating Italy and shifted power from Italy to northwestern Europe. The wars began with the invasion of Italy by the

Italian Socialist Party, former Italian political party, one of the first Italian parties with a national scope and a modern democratic organization. It was founded in 1892 in Genoa as the Italian Workers’ Party (Partito dei Lavoratori Italiani) and formally adopted the name Italian Socialist Party

The Italian, novel by Ann Radcliffe, published in three volumes in 1797. A notable example of Gothic literature, the novel’s great strength is its depiction of the villain, the sinister monk Schedoni. The main plot concerns the attempts of various characters to prevent the marriage of Vincentio di

The Italian, novel by Ann Radcliffe, published in three volumes in 1797. A notable example of Gothic literature, the novel’s great strength is its depiction of the villain, the sinister monk Schedoni. The main plot concerns the attempts of various characters to prevent the marriage of Vincentio di

Joseph Colombo: …publicly and helped found the Italian-American Civil Rights League in 1970; his son Andrew was its vice president. On June 28, 1971, Colombo, speaking at an Italian-American rally in Columbus Circle, was shot by a young black man, who was himself immediately slain. Colombo was probably the target of the…

Gioachino Rossini: Italian period: …of L’Italiana in Algeri (1813; The Italian Girl in Algiers) followed, showing further refinements in his reforms of opera buffa. These two successes opened wide the doors of La Scala. With Aureliano in Palmira (1814) the composer affirmed his authority over the singers; he decided to prescribe and write the…

Italianate painters, group of 17th-century northern European painters, principally Dutch, who traveled in Italy and, consciously adopting the style of landscape painting that they found there, incorporated Italian models and motifs into their own works. Chief among the Italianates were Bartholomeus

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Napoleonic period (1805–16) of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: …Classical world (Italiänische Reise [1816–17; Italian Journey], which takes the story only as far as his final departure from Naples). Second, in 1814 Goethe accepted an invitation to visit the Neckar region and the Rhineland in western Germany, where his hosts, the brothers Boisserée, had amassed a great collection of…

Italian language, Romance language spoken by some 66,000,000 persons, the vast majority of whom live in Italy (including Sicily and Sardinia). It is the official language of Italy, San Marino, and (together with Latin) Vatican City. Italian is also (with German, French, and Romansh) an official

Anne Bancroft was an American actor whose half-century-long career was studded with renowned successes on stage, screen, and television. She won both a Tony Award and an Academy Award for one of her most physically and emotionally demanding roles, that of Helen Keller’s teacher, Annie Sullivan, in

Cy Twombly: In a work such as The Italians (1961), Twombly made seemingly random and scrawled marks with oil paint, pencil, and crayon as if pursuing a kind of abstract and gestural handwriting in a stream of consciousness. Closer examination, though, reveals this artist’s wide range of choices and emphases, with alternating…

italic, in printing, a sloping, light-bodied, compact, and almost cursive letter form, which, with roman and black letter shapes, has been one of the three major typefaces in the history of Western printing. Used today almost exclusively as a special function adjunct of roman letters, italic types

testeggiata: …ornamental feature of the 16th-century italic bastarda script. At Venice in 1554, Vespasiano Amphiareo published models that combined an overdisciplined cancellaresca script with black-letter mercantile script mannerisms such as loops and running ligatures. From this hybrid the Vatican scriptor Gianfrancesco Cresci developed a highly cursive, free-flowing hand. His italic bastarda…

calligraphy: Revival of calligraphy (19th and 20th centuries): …United Kingdom; in 1952 the Society for Italic Handwriting was founded there by the English calligrapher Alfred Fairbank, a pupil of Graily Hewitt. Fairbank, who was undoubtedly the strongest advocate for the italic hand in the 20th century, published his first manual on learning italic handwriting in 1932, and he…

Italic languages, certain Indo-European languages that were once spoken in the Apennine Peninsula (modern Italy) and in the eastern part of the Po valley. These include the Latin, Faliscan, Osco-Umbrian, South Picene, and Venetic languages, which have in common a considerable number of features

italic script, in calligraphy, script developed by the Italian humanists about 1400 from antique Latin texts and inscriptions. The humanists called the Carolingian minuscule in which most of these sources were preserved lettera antica, mistakenly regarding it as a Roman script from the time of

Social War, (90–89 bc), rebellion waged by ancient Rome’s Italian allies (socii) who, denied the Roman franchise, fought for independence. The allies in central and southern Italy had fought side by side with Rome in several wars and had grown restive under Roman autocratic rule, wanting instead

Hadrian: Early life: In 90 Hadrian visited Italica, where he remained for several years. There he received some kind of military training and also developed a fondness for hunting that he kept for the rest of his life.

Silius Italicus was a Latin epic poet whose 17-book, 12,000-line Punica on the Second Punic War (218–201 bc) is the longest poem in Latin literature. Silius was a distinguished advocate in his earlier years. He later took to public service and was a consul in 68, the year of Nero’s death. His

calligraphy: Writing manuals and copybooks (16th to 18th century): …documents: the financière and the italienne bastarde. (Barbedor had been given the task of revising the official government scripts by the king’s minister of finance, Jean-Baptiste Colbert.) Barbedor’s instructions for writing the italienne bastarde (which he saw as a near-universal hand for all sorts of nonfinancial documents) are precise: small…

Henning Mankell: …books, including Italienska skor (2006; Italian Shoes) and Svenska gummistövlar (2015; After the Fire), his last novel. Both of the works centre on a reclusive former surgeon. He also penned several books—including Eldens hemlighet (1995; Secrets in the Fire)—for a younger audience. In addition, Mankell maintained the connection with the…

Aleksandr Vasilyevich Suvorov, Count Rimniksky , Count Rimniksky was a Russian military commander notable for his achievements in the Russo-Turkish War of 1787–91 and in the French Revolutionary Wars. In 1789 he was created a Russian count and a count of the Holy Roman Empire; in 1799 he was

Italo-Albanian Church, an Eastern-rite member of the Roman Catholic communion, comprising the descendants of ancient Greek colonists in southern Italy and Sicily and 15th-century Albanian refugees from Ottoman rule. The Italo-Greeks were Byzantine-rite Catholics; but, after the Norman invasion of

Italo-Ethiopian War, (1935–36), an armed conflict that resulted in Ethiopia’s subjection to Italian rule. Often seen as one of the episodes that prepared the way for World War II, the war demonstrated the ineffectiveness of the League of Nations when League decisions were not supported by the great

Italy: Colonialism: …Ethiopian province of Tigray, and war with Ethiopia began again. In March 1896 the Ethiopians overwhelmed the Italian army at the Battle of Adwa (Adua), killing about 5,000 Italian troops. This disaster forced Crispi to resign and ended Italy’s colonial adventures for some years. It was widely seen in Italy…

Italo-Albanian Church, an Eastern-rite member of the Roman Catholic communion, comprising the descendants of ancient Greek colonists in southern Italy and Sicily and 15th-century Albanian refugees from Ottoman rule. The Italo-Greeks were Byzantine-rite Catholics; but, after the Norman invasion of

Italo-Albanian Church, an Eastern-rite member of the Roman Catholic communion, comprising the descendants of ancient Greek colonists in southern Italy and Sicily and 15th-century Albanian refugees from Ottoman rule. The Italo-Greeks were Byzantine-rite Catholics; but, after the Norman invasion of

Italo-Turkish War, (1911–12), war undertaken by Italy to gain colonies in North Africa by conquering the Turkish provinces of Tripolitana and Cyrenaica (modern Libya). The conflict upset the precarious international balance of power just prior to World War I by revealing the weakness of Turkey and,

John Italus was a Byzantine philosopher, skilled dialectician, and imputed heretic who, at the imperial court, established a school of Platonism that advanced the work of integrating Christian with pagan Greek thought. Italus exerted a lasting influence on the Byzantine mind. Of Calabrian origin,

Italy, in Roman antiquity, the Italian Peninsula from the Apennines in the north to the “boot” in the south. In 42 bc Cisalpine Gaul, north of the Apennines, was added; and in the late 3rd century ad Italy came to include the islands of Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia, as well as Raetia and part of

Italy, country of south-central Europe, occupying a peninsula that juts deep into the Mediterranean Sea. Italy comprises some of the most varied and scenic landscapes on Earth and is often described as a country shaped like a boot. At its broad top stand the Alps, which are among the world’s most

A.P. Giannini: …California-based Bank of Italy—later the Bank of America—which, by the 1930s, was the world’s largest commercial bank. He was a major pioneer of branch banking.

Italy: Finance of Italy: The Bank of Italy is the central bank and the sole bank of issue. Since the introduction of the euro in 2002, the Bank of Italy has been responsible for the production and circulation of euro notes in accordance with EU policy. Execution of monetary policy…

Italy: Spanish Italy: …Aragon, were coordinated by a Council of Italy in Madrid. At this council, the three major states—Naples, Sicily, and Milan—were each represented by two regents, one Castilian and one native. Sardinia remained a dependency of Aragon. The king, however, continued to receive and be responsive to embassies sent by various…

vertically striped green-white-red national flag. Its width-to-length ratio is 2 to 3.A rich history of flags and coats of arms has existed in Italy since at least the 1200s, but the lack of national unification meant that there was no recognized flag representing all Italian-populated areas. The

Italy: Italy in the early Middle Ages: The Roman Empire was an international political system in which Italy was only a part, though an important part. When the empire fell, a series of barbarian kingdoms initially ruled the peninsula, but, after the Lombard invasion of 568–569,…

Italy: The French Consulate, 1799–1804: …elected president of the new Italian Republic, though not without opposition, and Melzi became its vice president. Melzi pursued a policy of compromise and co-option. Although notables, mostly members of the aristocracy, held most of the prefectures and ministries, representatives of the democratic opposition were gradually included and given important…

Baltic Sea, arm of the North Atlantic Ocean, extending northward from the latitude of southern Denmark almost to the Arctic Circle and separating the Scandinavian Peninsula from the rest of continental Europe. The largest expanse of brackish water in the world, the semienclosed and relatively

Itami, city, southeastern Hyōgo ken (prefecture), west-central Honshu, Japan. It lies largely between the Muko (west) and Kanzaki (east) rivers along the Fukuchiyama railway line, 9 miles (14 km) northwest of central Ōsaka. Itami was a castle town from the 13th to the 16th century and became a

Itami Jūzō was a Japanese film director and screenwriter. He had a successful 20-year career as an actor in films such as 55 Days at Peking (1963), an American vehicle, before venturing into directing. His directorial debut, Ososhiki (1984; The Funeral), was acclaimed for its satire of social

Itanagar, town, capital of Arunachal Pradesh state, northeastern India. It is situated north of the Brahmaputra River in the southwestern part of the state. The state government established an industrial estate in the city to foster industrial development. Itanagar is the home of Arunachal

Micronesian culture: Socialization and education: …specialists known in Chuuk as itang. These were men and women who had trained under an older expert adept in traditional history, oratory, war strategy and tactics, and magic. Those who had earned the title or degree of itang could thenceforth serve as an orator, ambassador, counselor, or executive officer…

Maxakali: …near the headwaters of the Itanhém River. Over the past century the Maxakali have moved progressively eastward from their original home along the upper Mucuri River. The Maxakali numbered about 400 in the late 20th century.

Intel: Pentium microprocessor: The Itanium 9500, which was released in 2012, had 3,100,000,000 transistors. This growth in transistor count became known as Moore’s law, named after company cofounder Gordon Moore, who observed in 1965 that the transistor count on a silicon chip would double approximately annually; he revised it…

Maroni River: …course is known as the Litani in Suriname, or Itany in French Guiana; its middle course, along which there is placer gold mining, is called the Lawa, or Aoua. Shallow-draft vessels can penetrate 60 miles (100 km) upstream from the river’s mouth; beyond that point there are many waterfalls and…

Espírito Santo: rivers—the Doce, São Mateus, and Itapemirim—flow eastward across the state to the ocean; navigation on these rivers is hampered by their irregular rate of flow, as well as by falls, rapids, and sandbars.

Itapetininga, city, in the highlands of east-central São Paulo estado (state), Brazil. It lies at 2,200 feet (670 metres) above sea level, near the Itapetininga River. Formerly called Nossa Senhora dos Prazeres de Itapetininga, it was given town status in 1770 and was made the seat of a

Itapicuru River, river, Maranhão estado (“state”), northeastern Brazil. The river rises in several headstreams in the Itapicuru mountain range. It arches northeastward to Caxias and thence northwestward, emptying into the Atlantic Ocean through São José Bay, southeast of São Luís Island. The

Encarnación, city, southeastern Paraguay. The city was founded in 1614 on the west bank of the Upper Paraná River, opposite Posadas, Arg., to which it is linked by a bridge completed in 1987. Severely damaged by a tornado in 1926, it is now a busy commercial, manufacturing, and communications

ITAR-TASS, (Russian: “Information Telegraph Agency of Russia–Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union”), Russian news agency formed in 1992 after the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. ITAR reports on domestic news, while TASS reports on world events, including news from the other countries of the

Jean-Marc-Gaspard Itard was a French physician noted for his work with the deaf and with the “wild boy of Aveyron.” Itard was originally marked for the banking profession, but, when the French Revolution intervened, he became a military surgeon, initially attached to Napoleon’s famous surgeon Baron

Itarsi, town, central Madhya Pradesh state, central India. It lies on an upland plain about 8 miles (13 km) south-southeast of Hoshangabad. Itarsi is a major rail junction connected with Bhopal (northwest), Gwalior (north), and Indore (west), and it has extensive railway workshops. It is also a

Lake Itasca, lake regarded as the main source of the Mississippi River, in Clearwater county, northwestern Minnesota, U.S. The lake, of glacial origin, covers an area of 1.7 square miles (4.4 square km) and has a maximum depth of 40 feet (12 meters). From the lake’s surface, which is 1,475 feet

Itata and Baltimore incidents, (1891), two serious occurrences involving the United States and Chile, the first taking place during and the second shortly after the Chilean civil war of 1891. The civil war was precipitated by a conflict between the Chilean Congress and President José Manuel

Rio de Janeiro: Flora and fauna: Itatiaia National Park (1937), in the Mantiqueira Range, covers about 116 square miles (300 square km) of rainforest in both Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais states. Serra dos Órgãos National Park (1939) and the smaller Tijuca National Park (1961) are wholly within Rio de…

Itaya Hazan was a Japanese potter known for his depiction of noble figures and his skill as a colourist. After studying sculpture at the Tokyo Fine Arts School, Itaya graduated in 1894 and then studied ceramics, building a kiln in Tokyo in 1904. In 1953 he received the Bunka Kunshō (“Order of

Itbāy, mountainous region of southeastern Egypt and the northeastern part of Sudan, paralleling the Red Sea. It lies largely south of Egypt’s administrative boundary with Sudan and separates the coastal lowland of the Red Sea from the Nile River valley. The north-south–trending mountain chains in

iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS), inflammation of the band of fibrous tissue known as the iliotibial band (or tract), which extends from the ilium of the hip to the tibia (shinbone). Typically, iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS) results from overuse injury, seen most commonly in distance runners and

iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS), inflammation of the band of fibrous tissue known as the iliotibial band (or tract), which extends from the ilium of the hip to the tibia (shinbone). Typically, iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS) results from overuse injury, seen most commonly in distance runners and

mite: …grain and cheese mites (Acaridae), itch mites (Sarcoptidae) of humans and animals, scab mites (Psoroptidae), feather mites of birds, mites associated with insects, and many free-living forms. Grain mites (Glycyphagidae) not only damage stored products but also cause skin irritations in those who handle such products. Itch mites burrow into…

itching, a stimulation of free nerve endings, usually at the junction of the dermis and epidermis of the skin, that evokes a desire to scratch. It has been suggested that an itch is a subthreshold sensation of pain; however, although both itch and pain sensations share common nerve pathways, they

José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi: His El periquillo sarniento (1816; The Itching Parrot), the first picaresque novel of Spanish America, is a colourful tale that depicts the state of Mexican society in the early 19th century and reflects the ideas of the French Enlightenment and of Jean-Jacques Rousseau on education. He also wrote La Quijotita…

Hanabusa Itchō was a Japanese painter who broke away from the orthodox style of the Kanō school to experiment with humorous subjects from everyday life. Because of his subject matter, his work is sometimes classified with the ukiyo-e school of paintings and prints, and, indeed, some of his designs

hellebore: …as an arrow poison, and American white hellebore (V. viride), also called itchweed. The plants have simple, parallel-veined leaves and terminal clusters of small flowers.

intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), belt of converging trade winds and rising air that encircles Earth’s lower atmosphere near the Equator. The rising air produces high cloudiness, frequent thunderstorms, and heavy rainfall; the doldrums, oceanic regions of calm surface air, also occur within