Iroquois Confederacy, confederation of five (later six) Indian tribes across upper New York state that during the 17th and 18th centuries played a strategic role in the struggle between the French and British for mastery of North America. The five original Iroquois nations were the Mohawk

Iran: Political process: The Islamic Republic Party became the ruling political party at the outset of postrevolutionary Iran, but it subsequently proved to be too volatile, and Khomeini ordered it disbanded in 1987. The Muslim People’s Republic Party, which once claimed more than three million members, and its leader,…

Tajikistan: Centralization and opposition sidelined: He accused the Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan (IRPT)—which under the peace agreement was one of the opposition groups entitled to a percentage of government posts—of extremism and began dismissing members of the party from their official positions. The party itself, however, remained legal in Tajikistan. Meanwhile, Rahmonov…

Arabian Desert: Physiography: ʿIrq al-Subayʿ (ʿirq is the singular form of ‘urūq and is the source of the French-derived English word erg for large areas of sand), northwest of Riyadh in Najd, dams the middle Wadi Al-Jarab drainage system. A small cluster of broad transverse dunes has formed…

astronomy: Study of other galaxies and related phenomena: Irregular galaxies number only a few percent of all stellar systems and exhibit none of the regular features associated with spirals or ellipticals.

galaxy: Irregular galaxies: …two types of irregular galaxies, Irr I and Irr II. The Irr I type is the most common of the irregular systems, and it seems to fall naturally on an extension of the spiral classes, beyond Sc, into galaxies with no discernible spiral structure. They are blue, are highly resolved,…

galaxy: Irregular galaxies: …irregular galaxies, Irr I and Irr II. The Irr I type is the most common of the irregular systems, and it seems to fall naturally on an extension of the spiral classes, beyond Sc, into galaxies with no discernible spiral structure. They are blue, are highly resolved, and have little…

Dag Solstad: His novel Irr! Grønt! (1969; “Patina! Green!”) described the efforts of a peasant student to escape his limited background. Solstad’s fiction took a more directly political turn with the novel Arild Asnes, 1970 (1971), which traced the development of a young man to the point at which…

Nergal: He was identified with Irra, the god of scorched earth and war, and with Meslamtaea, He Who Comes Forth from Meslam. Cuthah (modern Tall Ibrāhīm) was the chief centre of his cult. In later thought he was a “destroying flame” and had the epithet sharrapu (“burner”). Assyrian documents of…

light: Energy transport: …an electromagnetic wave is its irradiance, or intensity, which equals the rate at which energy passes a unit area oriented perpendicular to the direction of propagation. The time-averaged irradiance I for a harmonic electromagnetic wave is related to the amplitudes of the electric and magnetic fields: I = ε0c2E0B0/2 watts…

food preservation: Food irradiation: Food irradiation involves the use of either high-speed electron beams or high-energy radiation with wavelengths smaller than 200 nanometres, or 2000 angstroms (e.g., X-rays and gamma rays). These rays contain sufficient energy to break chemical bonds and ionize molecules that lie in their path.…

radiation therapy, the use of ionizing radiation (high-energy radiation that displaces electrons from atoms and molecules) to destroy cancer cells. Radiation has been present throughout the evolution of life on Earth. However, with the discovery of X-rays in 1895 by German physicist Wilhelm Conrad

mental disorder: Cognitive psychotherapy: …unsupported—what Ellis called an “irrational belief.” An example of such a belief is that one must be loved and approved of by everyone in order to be happy or to have a sense of self-worth. This is irrational first because it cannot possibly be achieved—no one is loved or…

Robert J. Shiller: …investors, what he termed “irrational exuberance,” contradicted the once dominant assumption that markets are inherently rational (a view developed by Fama in the 1960s and early ’70s) and led him to argue that financial markets are subject to “bubbles,” or rapid increases in asset prices to unsustainable levels. Shiller…

Woody Allen: 2000 and beyond: Irrational Man (2015), an existentially comic thriller set in a New England university town, featured Joaquin Phoenix as a disillusioned and dissipated philosophy professor who decides to kill a family court judge after overhearing that he is likely to award parental custody rights to an…

irrational number, any real number that cannot be expressed as the quotient of two integers—that is, p/q, where p and q are both integers. For example, there is no number among integers and fractions that equals 2. A counterpart problem in measurement would be to find the length of the diagonal of

irrationalism, 19th- and early 20th-century philosophical movement that claimed to enrich the apprehension of human life by expanding it beyond the rational to its fuller dimensions. Rooted either in metaphysics or in an awareness of the uniqueness of human experience, irrationalism stressed the

dolphin: Conservation status: …chinensis), the Irrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris), and the Australian snubfin dolphin (O. heinsohni). The most vulnerable dolphins include the Ganges river dolphin (Platanista gangetica) and the Indus river dolphin (P. minor), which are classified as endangered species

Irrawaddy River, principal river of Myanmar (formerly Burma), running through the centre of the country. Myanmar’s most important commercial waterway, it is about 1,350 miles (2,170 km) long. Its name is believed to derive from the Sanskrit term airāvatī, meaning “elephant river.” The river flows

Drew Barrymore: …Stephen King novel, and in Irreconcilable Differences, for which she earned a Golden Globe nomination for her supporting role as a child who sues her business-oriented parents for emancipation.

irredentism, territorial claim based on a national, ethnic, or historical basis. The term irredentism is derived from the Italian word irredento (“unredeemed”). It originally referred to an Italian political movement during the late 1800s and early 1900s that sought to detach predominantly

Irredentist, any of the Italian patriots prominent in the last quarter of the 19th century and the early 20th century who sought to deliver Italian lands from foreign rule. Their name was derived from the words Italia irredenta (“unredeemed Italy”), and their object was to emancipate the lands of

Irredentist, any of the Italian patriots prominent in the last quarter of the 19th century and the early 20th century who sought to deliver Italian lands from foreign rule. Their name was derived from the words Italia irredenta (“unredeemed Italy”), and their object was to emancipate the lands of

hernia: …other organs or structures, becoming irreducible. A strangulated hernia is one in which the circulation of blood through the hernia is impeded by pinching at the narrowest part of the passage; congestion is followed by inflammation, infection, and gangrene. The tighter the constriction, the more rapidly these events take place;…

philosophy of mind: Irreferentialism: ” It has been noted how, in relation to introspection, Wittgenstein resisted the tendency of philosophers to view people’s inner mental lives on the familiar model of material objects. This is of a piece with his more general criticism of philosophical theories, which he…

formal logic: Classification of dyadic relations: …ϕ is said to be irreflexive (example: “is greater than”). If ϕ is neither reflexive nor irreflexive—i.e., if (∃x)ϕxx · (∃x)∼ϕxx —then ϕ is said to be nonreflexive (example: “admires”).

galaxy: Irregular clusters: Irregular clusters are large loosely structured assemblages of mixed galaxy types (mostly spirals and ellipticals), totaling perhaps 1,000 or more systems and extending out 10,000,000 to 50,000,000 light-years. The Virgo and Hercules clusters are representative of this class.

climate: Snow and sleet: spatial dendrites, capped columns, and irregular crystals. The size and shape of the snow crystals depend mainly on the temperature of their formation and on the amount of water vapour that is available for deposition. The two principal influences are not independent; the possible water vapour admixture of the air…

flower: Form and types: …and snapdragons, is irregular or zygomorphic.

astronomy: Study of other galaxies and related phenomena: Irregular galaxies number only a few percent of all stellar systems and exhibit none of the regular features associated with spirals or ellipticals.

irregular ode, a rhymed ode that employs neither the three-part form of the Pindaric ode nor the two- or four-line stanza that typifies the Horatian ode. It is also characterized by irregularity of verse and stanzaic structure and by lack of correspondence between parts called pseudo-Pindaric ode

Irish Republican Army: …latter group, known as “Irregulars,” began to organize armed resistance against the new independent government.

fallacy: Material fallacies: (3) The fallacy of irrelevant conclusion is committed when the conclusion changes the point that is at issue in the premises. Special cases of irrelevant conclusion are presented by the so-called fallacies of relevance. These include ( a) the argument ad hominem (speaking “against the man” rather…

irreligion, the lack or rejection of religious beliefs or practices. Irreligion is a broad concept that encompasses many different positions and draws upon an array of philosophical and intellectual perspectives, including atheism, agnosticism, skepticism, rationalism, and secularism. These

Renata Adler: She also published Irreparable Harm: The U.S. Supreme Court and the Decision That Made George W. Bush President (2004) and several collections of essays, including Politics and Media (1988), Canaries in the Mineshaft (2001), and After the Tall Timber (2015).

Beyoncé: B’Day, I Am…Sasha Fierce, 4, and Beyoncé: …1970s-style funk, the pop ballad “Irreplaceable” became its most successful single. In 2008 she and Jay-Z married, and the union made them one of the top-earning couples in the entertainment industry. Later that year Beyoncé released the double album I Am…Sasha Fierce. Whereas the first half (I Am) captures an…

Christopher Walken: Walken’s other films included Irreplaceable You (2018), The War with Grandpa (2020), and Percy (2020). He later appeared in the sci-fi TV series Severance (2022– ), in which employees can undergo a procedure that separates their home and work lives. For his performance, Walken earned an Emmy nomination.

Jon Stewart: Stewart next wrote and directed Irresistible (2020), a political satire about a mayoral race in a small Midwestern town; the film reunited him with Carell, who played a political consultant.

force majeure, in commercial and international law, an extraordinary and unforeseen event whose occurrence would free the parties in an agreement from certain obligations to one another. Force majeure incidents typically include wars, natural disasters (e.g., earthquakes), terrorist attacks,

colloid: …into two systems, reversible and irreversible. In a reversible system the products of a physical or chemical reaction may be induced to interact so as to reproduce the original components. In a system of this kind, the colloidal material may have a high molecular weight, with single molecules of colloidal…

colloid: …into two systems, reversible and irreversible. In a reversible system the products of a physical or chemical reaction may be induced to interact so as to reproduce the original components. In a system of this kind, the colloidal material may have a high molecular weight, with single molecules of colloidal…

cardiovascular disease: Refractory and irreversible shock: The terms refractory shock and irreversible shock are widely used by physicians and other medical workers to refer to types of shock that present particularly difficult problems. The term refractory shock is applied when, in spite of apparently adequate therapy, the shock state…

poison: Reversible versus irreversible toxic responses: Toxic responses differ in their eventual outcomes; the body can recover from some toxic responses, while others are irreversible. Irritation of the upper respiratory tract by inhaled formaldehyde gas, for example, is rapidly reversible in that as soon as the inhalation exposure…

Asia: Agricultural technology: …international organizations, such as the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in the Philippines, and national agricultural research stations. Thus, in the case of rice, countries have adapted the IRRI strains to local conditions and have implemented their own seed improvement programs and extension (advisory) services to farmers. Access to a…

irrigation, in agriculture. the artificial application of water to land. Some land requires irrigation before it is possible to use it for any agricultural production. In other places, irrigation is primarily a means to supplement rainfall and serves to increase production. Some land, of course,

Julian Steward: ” Similarly, his book Irrigation Civilizations (1955) illustrates how the collective labour and centralized authority required for irrigation in an arid climate resulted in increased social stratification and, ultimately, in the development of the state in various areas of the world.

wastewater treatment: Land treatment: In the slow-rate, or irrigation, method, effluent is applied onto the land by ridge-and-furrow spreading (in ditches) or by sprinkler systems. Most of the water and nutrients are absorbed by the roots of growing vegetation. In the rapid infiltration method, the wastewater is stored in large ponds…

nervous system: Stimulus-response coordination: …of the cell fluid called irritability. In simple organisms, such as algae, protozoans, and fungi, a response in which the organism moves toward or away from the stimulus is called taxis. In larger and more complicated organisms—those in which response involves the synchronization and integration of events in different parts…

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), relatively common disorder of the intestines characterized by abdominal pain, intestinal gas, and altered bowel habits, including diarrhea, constipation, or both. Other symptoms may include abdominal pain that is relieved after defecation, mucus in the stools, or a

India: Southern Indian kingdoms: …century ce referring to the Irrumporai clan have been found near Karur (Tiruchchirapalli district), identified with the Korura of Ptolemy. Cankam literature mentions the names of Cera chiefs who have been dated to the 1st century ce. Among them, Nedunjeral Adan is said to have attacked the Yavana ships and…

Internal Revenue Service (IRS), Agency of the U.S. Department of the Treasury charged with administering and enforcing federal tax laws, except those relating to alcohol, tobacco, firearms, and explosives. It issues rulings and regulations to supplement the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code;

Indian Space Research Organisation: …and disaster warning and the Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites for resource monitoring and management. The first INSAT was launched in 1988, and the program expanded to include geosynchronous satellites called GSAT. The first IRS satellite was also launched in 1988, and the program developed more-specialized satellites, including the Radar…

residential school, school that was part of a Canadian government-sponsored system created and administered by various Christian churches between 1883 and 1996 with the intentions of assimilating Indigenous children to Western culture and expunging Indigenous cultures and languages. Some 150,000

River Eden: Above Carlisle it receives the Irthing, which collects the drainage from the fells lying north and south of the Tyne gap near the Northumberland border. Carlisle commands the lowest bridge from a defensive site on the south bank, flanked by left-bank tributaries, the Petteril and Caldew. Even below Carlisle the…

Irtysh River, major river of west-central and western Asia. With a length of 2,640 miles (4,248 km), it is one of the continent’s longest rivers. The Irtysh and the Ob River, of which the Irtysh is the principal tributary, together constitute the world’s seventh longest river system. The Irtysh

Haya: …Nilotes, and the more agricultural Iru, descendants of the original Bantu. The Haya were traditionally organized in a series of 130 or so patrilineal clans, each having its own totem. They were formerly divided among eight small states, each under a ruler called the mukama. Traditionally, rulers appointed subordinate chiefs…

Irukandji jellyfish, any of at least 16 species of box jellyfish (class Cubozoa) known for their transparency, small size, and highly venomous stings. The group is distributed primarily in the warm waters along the northern coasts of Australia, especially in the Coral Sea along Queensland, with

Dravidian languages: South Dravidian languages: South Dravidian languages—Toda, Kota, Irula, and Kurumba—are spoken by Scheduled Tribes (officially recognized indigenous peoples) in the Nilgiri Hills of southwestern Tamil Nadu, near Karnataka. Badaga, a dialect of Kannada, is also spoken in the Nilgiri Hills.

Iruma, city, southern Saitama ken (prefecture), east-central Honshu, Japan. The city is located on the Iruma River in the Musashino uplands and the southern part of the Kaji hills. It borders Tokyo metropolis to the south. Iruma is renowned for the cultivation of Sayama green tea. It is the site of

Irun, city, Guipúzcoa provincia (province), in the Basque Country comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), northern Spain. It is situated on the left bank of the Bidasoa River. At Irun the river is bridged to Hendaye, France. Irun is the northern terminus of the Spanish Northern Railway and is

Irun, city, Guipúzcoa provincia (province), in the Basque Country comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), northern Spain. It is situated on the left bank of the Bidasoa River. At Irun the river is bridged to Hendaye, France. Irun is the northern terminus of the Spanish Northern Railway and is

Pamplona, capital of both the provincia (province) and the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Navarra, northeastern Spain. It lies on the western bank of the Arga River in the fertile La Cuenca region. Situated in an irrigated cereal-producing area, Pamplona is a flourishing agricultural

Dallas Cowboys: …acquiring future Hall of Famers Michael Irvin, Troy Aikman, and Emmitt Smith in successive drafts from 1988 to 1990. The team went on to dominate the NFL for the better part of the decade: the Cowboys of the 1990s won Super Bowls in 1993, 1994, and 1996.

The New Yorker: William Steig, Edward Koren, and Rea Irvin, who was the magazine’s first art director and the creator of Eustace Tilley, the early American dandy (inspired by an illustration in the 11th edition of Encyclopædia Britannica) who appeared on the cover of the first issue and on annual covers thereafter.

Irvine, city, Orange county, southern California, U.S. Adjacent to the city of Santa Ana (northwest), Irvine lies about 40 miles (60 km) southeast of Los Angeles. Originally inhabited by Tongva (or Gabrielino) Indians, the area was explored by Gaspar de Portolá in 1769. The land that would become

Irvine, royal burgh (town), North Ayrshire council area, historic county of Ayrshire, southwestern Scotland, on the Firth of Clyde. The last of Scotland’s five “new towns,” Irvine was designated in 1966 in an attempt to rehouse population from Glasgow and provide a focus for the economic and

Stanley F. Reed: Colorado (1949) and Irvine v. California (1954), both of which ruled that illegally obtained evidence may be admissible in state courts, and upheld the conviction of (and denial of speech rights to) American communists who were arrested for violating the prohibition against advocating the violent overthrow of the…

George Mallory: …a young and less-experienced climber, Andrew Irvine, set off for an attempt on the summit. The two started out from their last camp at 26,800 feet (8,170 metres) on the morning of June 8. Another member of the expedition claimed to have caught a glimpse of the men climbing in…

Irvine: …Thomas Flint, Llewellyn Bixby, and James Irvine (for whom the city is named). By 1876 Irvine had purchased the entire tract of what became known as the Irvine Ranch. His son inherited the land and established the Irvine Company in 1894. Irvine subsequently developed into a farming community, with crops…

methylation: …of chemical methylation, known as Irvine–Purdie methylation, hydroxyl groups on polysaccharides undergo methylation to yield monosaccharides.

Irving, city, northeastern Texas, U.S. Established in 1903 and incorporated in 1914, the city developed into an industrial hub during the 1950s. A suburb of Dallas, it is the site of the University of Dallas and DeVry University. Pop. (2010) 216,290; Dallas-Plano-Irving Metro Division,

industrial glass: Flat glass: …Fourcault of Belgium; and the Irving Colburn machine, developed at the Libbey-Owens Glass Company in Charleston, W.Va., U.S. In the Fourcault process, a one- to two-metre-wide steel mesh bait was introduced into molten glass at the working end of the furnace. The cooled glass adhered to the bait and was…

Irving Thalberg: …was a founder, established the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award, given for excellence in production.

Irving Independent School District v. Tatro, case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on July 5, 1984, ruled (9–0) that, under the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 (EAHCA; now known as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act), a school board in Texas had to provide

Orson Welles: Later films: Chimes at Midnight, The Other Side of the Wind, and F for Fake: …de Hory and his biographer Clifford Irving. As Welles started working on Reichenbach’s footage, Irving himself was unmasked as the forger of a fake autobiography of reclusive businessman Howard Hughes. Welles supplemented Reichenbach’s footage with much new additional material, drawing on his own fakes, such as the The War of…

Edward Irving was a Church of Scotland minister whose teachings became the basis of the religious movement known as Irvingism, later called the Catholic Apostolic Church. After working as a mathematics teacher and studying theology part time, Irving was called in 1822 to the Caledonian chapel in

John Irving is an American novelist and short-story writer who established his reputation with the novel The World According to Garp (1978; film 1982). As is characteristic of his other works, it is noted for its engaging story line, colourful characterizations, macabre humour, and examination of

John Irving is an American novelist and short-story writer who established his reputation with the novel The World According to Garp (1978; film 1982). As is characteristic of his other works, it is noted for its engaging story line, colourful characterizations, macabre humour, and examination of

Kenneth Colin Irving was a Canadian industrialist whose vast business empire dominated the province of New Brunswick, where he employed 1 out of every 12 workers. Irving was born in a small fishing village in New Brunswick, and, after attending college and serving in the Royal Flying Corps, he

Kyrie Irving is a professional basketball player who, with LeBron James, led the Cleveland Cavaliers to an NBA championship in 2016. Irving is known for his exceptional ball-handling skills, elite isolation shooting, and stylish finishes at the rim. However, his on-court achievements have at times

Kyrie Irving is a professional basketball player who, with LeBron James, led the Cleveland Cavaliers to an NBA championship in 2016. Irving is known for his exceptional ball-handling skills, elite isolation shooting, and stylish finishes at the rim. However, his on-court achievements have at times

India: The postwar years: …the district by Deputy Commissioner Miles Irving. When their followers tried to march to Irving’s bungalow in the camp to demand the release of their leaders, they were fired on by British troops. With several of their number killed and wounded, the enraged mob rioted through Amritsar’s old city, burning…

Sir Henry Irving was one of the most famous of English actors, the first of his profession to be knighted (1895) for services to the stage. He was also a celebrated theatre manager and the professional partner of the actress Ellen Terry for 24 years (1878–1902). Irving’s father, Samuel Brodribb,

Washington Irving was described as the “first American man of letters.” He wrote numerous works but is best known for “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” and “Rip Van Winkle,” which have been called the first American short stories. The favorite and last of 11 children of an austere Presbyterian father

dika, (Irvingia gabonensis), tree of the family Irvingiaceae, native to western Africa, and its edible seeds. The seeds, commonly called dika nuts, are used principally for food and oil and in weight loss supplements. The fleshy fruit somewhat resembles the unrelated mango and is eaten fresh or

Malpighiales: Ungrouped families: Irvingiaceae contains 3 genera and 10 species of tropical trees found in Africa and from Southeast Asia to western Malesia. The leaves are rather distinctive with their longitudinal markings, large deciduous stipules that enclose the prominent pointed terminal bud, and closely parallel secondary venation. The…

Irvington, township (town), Essex county, northeastern New Jersey, U.S., bordering Newark to the east. Settled in 1666 as part of a land grant from Sir George Carteret, proprietor of New Jersey, it was known as Camptown until 1852, when it separated from Clinton township and was renamed in honour

Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 1st earl of Halifax was a British viceroy of India (1925–31), foreign secretary (1938–40), and ambassador to the United States (1941–46). The fourth son of the 2nd Viscount Halifax, a well-known churchman and a leader of the Anglo-Catholic movement in Yorkshire, Wood

circus: Clowns: Two Americans, Bill Irwin and David Shiner, are perhaps the best-known among New Vaudeville clowns; their talents were featured in the Broadway production Fool Moon (1994). Also among the most renowned of modern clowns is David Larible, who descends from seven generations of Italian circus performers. During…

Steve Irwin: Irwin’s daughter, Bindi Irwin, shared his interest in wildlife and showmanship. As a child, she headed her own wildlife show, Bindi, the Jungle Girl (2007–08), and she also acted in several movies. In addition, she later starred with her mother and her brother, Robert Clarence Irwin, in…

Elisabeth Antoinette Irwin was an American educator, psychologist, and one of the leaders of the progressive education movement. Irwin attended Smith College (B.A., 1903) and became involved in the social-settlement movement, working in New York City. From 1905 to 1909 she worked at odd jobs and as

mechanics of solids: Stress concentrations and fracture: …the American engineer and physicist George R. Irwin, a major body of work on the mechanics of crack growth and fracture, including fracture by fatigue and stress corrosion cracking, starting in the late 1940s and continuing into the 1990s. This was driven initially by the cracking of a number of…

golf: U.S. tournaments and players: Chi Chi Rodriguez, Raymond Floyd, Hale Irwin, Greg Norman, Seve Ballesteros, José Maria Olazabal, Davis Love III, and Vijay Singh.

James B. Irwin was an American astronaut, pilot of the Lunar Module on the Apollo 15 mission (July 26–August 7, 1971), in which he and the mission commander, David R. Scott, spent almost three days on the Moon’s surface investigating the Hadley-Apennine site, 462 miles (744 km) north of the lunar

James B. Irwin was an American astronaut, pilot of the Lunar Module on the Apollo 15 mission (July 26–August 7, 1971), in which he and the mission commander, David R. Scott, spent almost three days on the Moon’s surface investigating the Hadley-Apennine site, 462 miles (744 km) north of the lunar

May Irwin was a Canadian-born American comedian and music-hall performer who popularized such songs as “After the Ball” and “A Hot Time in the Old Town.” Ada Campbell was introduced to the theatrical world in 1875, after her father’s death had left the family in poverty. Her mother got her and her

Robert Irwin was an American painter and sculptor known for pioneering the Light and Space movement, a variety of West Coast Minimalist art that was concerned with the visual impact of light on geometric forms and on the viewer’s sensory experience of the work. In 1984 he became the first artist to

Steve Irwin was an Australian wildlife conservationist, television personality, and educator who achieved worldwide fame as the exuberant host of The Crocodile Hunter (1992–2006) television series and related documentaries. With frenetic energy and an engaging boyish enthusiasm, Irwin led his

Steve Irwin was an Australian wildlife conservationist, television personality, and educator who achieved worldwide fame as the exuberant host of The Crocodile Hunter (1992–2006) television series and related documentaries. With frenetic energy and an engaging boyish enthusiasm, Irwin led his

Yemen: Two Yemeni states: ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Iryānī. Two years later, with the blessing of the two major foreign participants—Egypt and Saudi Arabia—the leaders of North Yemen agreed upon the Compromise of 1970, which established a republican government in which some major positions were assigned to members of the royalist…