chemical element: Stars and gas clouds: …to stars, the Galaxy contains interstellar gas and dust. Some of the gas is very cold, but some forms hot clouds, the gaseous nebulae, the chemical composition of which can be studied in some detail. The chemical composition of the gas seems to resemble that of young stars. This is…

astronomy: Investigations of interstellar matter: The interstellar medium, composed primarily of gas and dust, occupies the regions between the stars. On average, it contains less than one atom in each cubic centimetre, with about 1 percent of its mass in the form of minute dust grains. The gas,…

interstellar medium, region between the stars that contains vast, diffuse clouds of gases and minute solid particles. Such tenuous matter in the interstellar medium of the Milky Way system, in which the Earth is located, accounts for about 5 percent of the Galaxy’s total mass. The interstellar

interstellar object, an object that has entered the solar system from interstellar space. As of 2023, two such objects have been observed: ‘Oumuamua, which was discovered in 2017, and Comet Borisov, which was discovered in 2019. ‘Oumuamua was discovered on October 19, 2017, by the Pan-STARRS 1

Pink Floyd: Formation and debut album: …extended improvisation such as “Interstellar Overdrive.”

crystal: Crystal defects: …them; such atoms are called interstitials. Thermal vibrations may cause an atom to leave its original crystal site and move into a nearby interstitial site, creating a vacancy-interstitial pair. Vacancies and interstitials are the types of defects found in a pure crystal. In another defect, called an impurity, an atom…

carbide: Interstitial carbides: Interstitial carbides are derived primarily from relatively large transition metals that act as a host lattice for the small carbon atoms, which occupy the interstices of the close-packed metal atoms. (See crystal for a discussion of packing arrangements in solids.) Interstitial carbides are

hormone: Luteinizing hormone (interstitial-cell-stimulating hormone): …of the interstitial tissue (Leydig cells) of the testes and hence promotes secretion of the male sex hormone, testosterone. It may be associated with FSH in this function. The interrelationship of LH and FSH has made it difficult to establish with certainty that two separate hormones exist, particularly since…

carbide: Interstitial carbides: Interstitial carbides are derived primarily from relatively large transition metals that act as a host lattice for the small carbon atoms, which occupy the interstices of the close-packed metal atoms. (See crystal for a discussion of packing arrangements in solids.) Interstitial carbides are characterized by…

cystitis: Chronic cystitis: Chronic cystitis, or interstitial cystitis, is a recurrent or persistent inflammation of the bladder. No causative virus or bacterium is known. The condition may possibly arise from an autoimmune disorder, in which the body’s immune system attacks healthy cells of the bladder, or as a…

cell: The extracellular matrix: …waste products known as the interstitial fluid. The major types of protein in the matrix are structural proteins and adhesive proteins.

keratitis: Interstitial keratitis, an inflammation deep in the cornea, may be caused by congenital syphilis, tuberculosis, herpesvirus infection, or even physical injury to the eye. Affected persons may note that their eyes are painful, tend to water, and are sensitive to light. Treatment is directed at…

cell: The extracellular matrix: …and fibres, known as the interstitial matrix. Connective tissue is a mesenchyme that fastens together other more highly organized tissues. The solidity of various connective tissues varies according to the consistency of their extracellular matrix, which in turn depends on the water content of the gels, the amount and type…

pregnancy: Ectopic pregnancy: …produces what is called an interstitial pregnancy. This occurs in approximately 4 percent of ectopic pregnancies. An interstitial pregnancy gradually stretches the wall of the uterus until—usually between the 8th and 16th week of gestation—the wall ruptures in an explosive manner and there is profuse bleeding into the abdomen.

metallurgy: Increasing strength: …sites (where they are called interstitial elements).

human respiratory system: The gas-exchange region: …lining is occupied by the interstitium. It contains connective tissue and interstitial fluid. The connective tissue comprises a system of fibres, amorphous ground substance, and cells (mainly fibroblasts), which seem to be endowed with contractile properties. The fibroblasts are thought to control capillary blood flow or, alternatively, to prevent the…

luteinizing hormone (LH), one of two gonadotropic hormones (i.e., hormones concerned with the regulation of the gonads, or sex glands) that is produced by the pituitary gland. LH is a glycoprotein and operates in conjunction with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Following the release of the egg

clay mineral: Interstratified clay minerals: Many clay materials are mixtures of more than one clay mineral. One such mixture involves the interstratification of the layer clay minerals where the individual component layers of two or more kinds are stacked in various ways to make up a new…

Western philosophy: Recent trends: …it aims at reaching “intersubjective” understanding rather than at mastering the world through instrumental action. The process of constructing such an understanding, however, requires that each individual assume that the utterances of the other are for the most part “true” and that the other can provide reasons to support…

spectroscopy: Fluorescence: …energy through interstate transfer (intersystem crossing), or (3) lose vibrational energy via molecular collisions.

biblical literature: Intertestamental literature: A vast amount of Jewish literature written in the intertestamental period (mainly 2nd and 1st centuries bce) and from the 1st and 2nd centuries ce was preserved, for the most part, through various Christian churches. A part of this…

littoral zone, marine ecological realm that experiences the effects of tidal and longshore currents and breaking waves to a depth of 5 to 10 metres (16 to 33 feet) below the low-tide level, depending on the intensity of storm waves. The zone is characterized by abundant dissolved oxygen, sunlight,

intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), belt of converging trade winds and rising air that encircles Earth’s lower atmosphere near the Equator. The rising air produces high cloudiness, frequent thunderstorms, and heavy rainfall; the doldrums, oceanic regions of calm surface air, also occur within

equatorial front, zone near the Equator in which the trade winds of the two hemispheres meet. The designation (about 1933) of this zone as a front was inspired by the close resemblance of its wind and weather patterns to those found along fronts in middle latitudes. Typically, the passage of a

Intertype, (trademark), typesetting machine similar to Linotype that sets type in full lines called slugs, long used to set newspaper copy. The Intertype machine incorporates a keyboard, a magazine that contains continuously reused type matrices, a casting mechanism, and a distribution system for

railroad: Cars for daytime service: …seating is less in an intercity car than in a short-haul commuter service car; the cars of some heavily used urban rapid-transit railroads, such as those of Japanese cities and Hong Kong, have minimal seating to maximize standing room. European cars of segregated six- or eight-seat compartments served by a…

interval, in music, the inclusive distance between one tone and another, whether sounded successively (melodic interval) or simultaneously (harmonic interval). In Western tonality, intervals are measured by their relationship to the diatonic scales in the major-minor system, by counting the lines

interval estimation, in statistics, the evaluation of a parameter—for example, the mean (average)—of a population by computing an interval, or range of values, within which the parameter is most likely to be located. Intervals are commonly chosen such that the parameter falls within with a 95 or 99

psychological testing: Types of measurement scales: An interval scale has equal units and an arbitrarily assigned zero point; one such scale, for example, is the Fahrenheit temperature scale. Ratio scales not only provide equal units but also have absolute zero points; examples include measures of weight and distance.

interval training, method of competitive training in which rest and exercise intervals of controlled duration are alternated. Rest intervals allow time for the athlete’s pulse rate to return to near normal before beginning the next exercise period. During exercise intervals, the athlete performs at

international law: Use of force: …Kosovo in 1999 or India’s intervention in East Pakistan [now Bangladesh] in 1971). Nonetheless, humanitarian interventions are deeply controversial, because they contradict the principle of nonintervention in the domestic affairs of other states.

Jacques-Louis David: Later years: 1794–1825: …with a new giant canvas, The Sabines. The picture represents the moment in the story when, a few years after their abduction, the Sabine women, now contented wives and mothers, halt a battle between their Roman husbands and the Sabine men who have come on an unwanted rescue mission. In…

international payment and exchange: The IMF system of parity (pegged) exchange rates: …it to be called a currency of “intervention.”

interventionism, concept that addresses the characteristics, causes, and purposes of a country’s interfering with another country’s attitudes, policies, and behaviour. Political, humanitarian, or military intrusion in another country’s affairs, regardless of the motivation, is a highly volatile

human cardiovascular system: Chambers of the heart: …ventricles, are separated by the interventricular septum. The atria receive blood from various parts of the body and pass it into the ventricles. The ventricles, in turn, pump blood to the lungs and to the remainder of the body.

human cardiovascular system: External surface of the heart: Shallow grooves called the interventricular sulci, containing blood vessels, mark the separation between ventricles on the front and back surfaces of the heart. There are two grooves on the external surface of the heart. One, the atrioventricular groove, is along the line where the right atrium and the right…

human cardiovascular system: External surface of the heart: Shallow grooves called the interventricular sulci, containing blood vessels, mark the separation between ventricles on the front and back surfaces of the heart. There are two grooves on the external surface of the heart. One, the atrioventricular groove, is along the line where the right atrium and the right…

alkaptonuria: …layers of joint cartilage and intervertebral disks (the fibrous pads between adjacent bones of the spine), causes these tissues to lose their normal resiliency and become brittle. The erosion of the abnormal cartilage leads to a progressive degenerative disease of the joints, which usually becomes manifest by the fourth decade…

Dachshund: Care and upkeep: The Dachshund is prone to intervertebral disk disease (IVDD), a condition in which the cushioning disks between the vertebrae bulge or burst, resulting in pain and even paralysis. In the early 21st century, researchers found a genetic component to IVDD. A mutation in short-legged dogs causes the disks to harden,…

human nervous system: Structural components of spinal nerves: … through an opening called the intervertebral foramen. The first spinal nerve (C1) exits the vertebral canal between the skull and the first cervical vertebra; consequently, spinal nerves C1–C7 exit above the correspondingly numbered vertebrae. Spinal nerve C8, however, exits between the 7th cervical and first thoracic vertebrae, so that, beginning…

The Bluest Eye: Publication and reception: 2012 interview with Interview magazine, Morrison claimed that the Black community “hated [the novel].” The little critical attention the novel received was generally positive. The New York Times celebrated Morrison’s willingness to expose “the negative of the Dick-and-Jane-and-Mother-and-Father-and-Dog-and-Cat photograph that appears in our reading primers…with a prose

personality assessment: Assessment methods: …include such assessments as the interview, rating scales, self-reports, personality inventories, projective techniques, and behavioral observation.

Steve Buscemi: Directing and other activities: …directed, cowrote, and starred in Interview (2007), a remake of a Dutch film (2003) by Theo van Gogh. The drama centres on a journalist (Buscemi) and an actress (Sienna Miller) who develop an unlikely bond during an interview. In 2022 Buscemi helmed his fifth movie, The Listener, about a volunteer…

Anne Rice: The Vampire Chronicles: …novel in just five weeks: Interview with the Vampire (1976), which included a Michelle-like child who gains eternal life when she becomes a vampire. Interview was the first of Rice’s best-selling Vampire Chronicles; other books in the series included The Vampire Lestat (1985), The Queen of the Damned (1988), The…

Anne Rice: The Vampire Chronicles: …screen in 1994, and a TV series based on the novel debuted in 2022. In addition, the film Queen of the Damned (2002) was inspired by the book series.

Neil Jordan: The Crying Game and Hollywood success: …Jordan the opportunity to direct Interview with the Vampire (1994), a big-budget adaptation of Anne Rice’s popular novel starring Brad Pitt and Tom Cruise. Jordan subsequently wrote and directed Michael Collins (1996), a biopic of the Irish independence leader (Liam Neeson); The Butcher Boy (1997), a dark comedy

cybercrime: Spam, steganography, and e-mail hacking: …that Sony Pictures not release The Interview, a comedy about a CIA plot to assassinate North Korean leader Kim Jong-Un, and threatened to attack theatres that showed the movie. After American movie theatre chains canceled screenings, Sony released the movie online and in limited theatrical release. E-mail hacking has even…

Federico Fellini: Mature years of Federico Fellini: …Fred (1985; Ginger and Fred), Intervista (1987; “Interview”), and La voce della luna (1990; The Voice of the Moon), his last feature film. Unified only by his flair for the fantastic, the films reflect with typically Fellinian irony on a variety of postmodern topics: the role of the male in…

Neil Gaiman: InterWorld (2007; with Michael Reaves) was a young-adult novel centred on a teenager who can travel between different versions of Earth and must deal with magical forces seeking to control them. The story had initially been conceived as a television show but was never picked…

intestate succession, in the law of inheritance, succession to property that has not been disposed of by a valid last will or testament. Although laws governing intestate succession vary widely in different jurisdictions, they share the common principle that the estate should devolve upon persons

intestate succession, in the law of inheritance, succession to property that has not been disposed of by a valid last will or testament. Although laws governing intestate succession vary widely in different jurisdictions, they share the common principle that the estate should devolve upon persons

dysentery: Amebic dysentery, or intestinal amebiasis, is caused by the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. This form of dysentery, which traditionally occurs in the tropics, is usually much more chronic and insidious than the bacillary disease and is more difficult to treat because the causative organism occurs in…

dysentery: Amebic dysentery, or intestinal amebiasis, is caused by the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. This form of dysentery, which traditionally occurs in the tropics, is usually much more chronic and insidious than the bacillary disease and is more difficult to treat because the causative organism occurs in…

Christiaan Barnard: …the first to show that intestinal atresia, a congenital gap in the small intestine, is caused by an insufficient blood supply to the fetus during pregnancy. This discovery led to the development of a surgical procedure to correct the formerly fatal defect. After completing doctoral studies at the University of…

fluke: The intestinal blood fluke (S. mansoni), which lives in the veins around the large and small intestines, occurs primarily in Africa and in northern South America. The eggs pass from the host with the feces. The larva enters the body of a snail (any of several…

intestinal gas, material contained within the digestive tract that consists principally of swallowed air and partly of by-products of digestion. In humans the digestive tract contains normally between 150 and 500 cubic cm (10 and 30 cubic inches) of gas. During eating, air is swallowed into the

human digestive system: Intestinal glucagon: Secreted by the L cells in response to the presence of carbohydrate and triglycerides in the small intestine, intestinal glucagon (enteroglucagon) modulates intestinal motility and has a strong trophic influence on mucosal structures.

intestinal juice, clear to pale yellow, watery secretion composed of hormones, digestive enzymes, mucus, and neutralizing substances released from the glands and mucous-membrane lining of the small and large intestines. Intestinal juice neutralizes hydrochloric acid coming from the stomach;

intestinal obstruction, functional or mechanical blockage of the alimentary canal. Functional blockage occurs when the muscles of the intestinal wall fail to contract normally in the wavelike sequence (peristalsis) that propels the intestinal contents. Mechanical obstructions include a narrowing of

schistosomiasis: Types and process of infection: (2) Manson’s, or intestinal, schistosomiasis is caused by S. mansoni, found in Africa, the Middle East, the Caribbean, and northern South America. (3) Vesical, or urinary, schistosomiasis is caused by S. haematobium, found throughout Africa and the Middle East.

intestinal squeeze, pain and possible injury to the small or large intestine caused by expansion of trapped gases when a person, especially a pilot or underwater diver, goes from areas of greater pressure to areas of less pressure. Under normal atmospheric conditions, intestinal discomfort can be

intestine, tubular part of the alimentary canal that extends from the stomach to the anus. The intestine is the site of most chemical digestive processes and the place where digested food materials are either absorbed for use by the body or collected into feces for elimination. The anterior part of

human nervous system: Enteric nervous system: Intestinofugal neurons reside in the gut wall; their axons travel to the preaortic sympathetic ganglia and control reflex arcs that involve large portions of the gastrointestinal tract. Sensory neurons relay information regarding distention and acidity to the central nervous system. There are two types of…

Mount Inthanon, mountain in northwestern Thailand that is the country’s highest peak (8,481 feet [2,585 m]). It lies southwest of Chiang Mai, in a spur of the Danen Range between the Chaem (west) and Ping (east)

Chao Anu: …Anu, along with his brother Inthavong, fought with the Siamese against the Burmese. His military ability and bravery won him the respect and trust of the Siamese, who chose him to succeed Inthavong as king of Vientiane in 1805. In the early years of his reign he strengthened his internal…

nuevo sol: …it was replaced by the inti. In 1991 the inti was replaced by the nuevo sol at a rate of 1 million inti to 1 nuevo sol. The Central Reserve Bank of Peru (Banco Central de Reserva del Perú) has the exclusive authority to issue banknotes and coins in the…

Inti, in Inca religion, the sun god; he was believed to be the ancestor of the Incas. Inti was at the head of the state cult, and his worship was imposed throughout the Inca empire. He was usually represented in human form, his face portrayed as a gold disk from which rays and flames extended.

Huascar was an Inca chieftain, legitimate heir to the Inca empire, who lost his inheritance and his life in rivalry with his younger half brother Atahuallpa, who in turn was defeated and executed by the Spanish conquerors under Francisco Pizarro. Huascar succeeded his father in 1525 but was given

nueva canción: The formative years: the late 1950s through the ’60s: …years associated with Jara, and Inti-Illimani (Aymara language: “Sun of the Illimani [a mountain in the Andes]”), formed in 1967. Both groups projected a strongly Andean image.

intifada, either of two popular uprisings of Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip aimed at ending Israel’s occupation of those territories and creating an independent Palestinian state. The first intifada began in December 1987 and ended in September 1993 with the signing of the first Oslo

intifada, either of two popular uprisings of Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip aimed at ending Israel’s occupation of those territories and creating an independent Palestinian state. The first intifada began in December 1987 and ended in September 1993 with the signing of the first Oslo

intifada, either of two popular uprisings of Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip aimed at ending Israel’s occupation of those territories and creating an independent Palestinian state. The first intifada began in December 1987 and ended in September 1993 with the signing of the first Oslo

intifada: The first intifada: The proximate causes of the first intifada were intensified Israeli land expropriation and settlement construction in the West Bank and Gaza Strip after the electoral victory of the right-wing Likud party in 1977; increasing Israeli repression in response to heightened Palestinian protests following…

intifada: The second intifada: The second intifada was much more violent than the first. During the approximately five-year uprising, more than 4,300 fatalities were registered, and again the ratio of Palestinian to Israeli deaths was slightly more than 3 to 1.

Machu Picchu: …the Main Plaza is the Intihuatana (Hitching Post of the Sun), a uniquely preserved ceremonial sundial consisting of a wide pillar and pedestal that were carved as a single unit and stand 6 feet (1.8 metres) tall. In 2000 this feature was damaged during the filming of a beer commercial.…

intimacy, the state of being intimate, which is marked by the consensual sharing of deeply personal information. It has cognitive, affective, and behavioral components. Intimates reveal themselves to one another, care deeply about one another, and are comfortable in close proximity.

acoustics: Acoustic criteria: “Intimacy” refers to the feeling that listeners have of being physically close to the performing group. A room is generally judged intimate when the first reverberant sound reaches the listener within about 20 milliseconds of the direct sound. This condition is met easily in a…

atherosclerosis, chronic disease caused by the deposition of fats, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances in the innermost layer of endothelium of the large and medium-sized arteries. Atherosclerosis is the most common arterial abnormality characterized as arteriosclerosis, which is defined by

Cristina Peri Rossi: …Last Night), Desastres íntimos (1997; Intimate Disasters), and El amor es una droga dura (1999; “Love Is a Strong Drug”).

Alan Ayckbourn: (1973), Absurd Person Singular (1974), Intimate Exchanges (1985), Mr. A’s Amazing Maze Plays (1989), Body Language (1990), Invisible Friends (1991), Communicating Doors (1995), Comic Potential (1999), The Boy Who Fell into a Book (2000), and the trilogy

Alfred Stieglitz: Later career: …opened two additional galleries: the Intimate Gallery, from 1925 to 1929, and An American Place, from 1929 until his death in 1946. These small galleries were dedicated almost exclusively to the exhibition of the American Modernist artists in whom Stieglitz believed most deeply: Demuth, Arthur G. Dove, Hartley, John Marin,…

Daoism: Influence on secular literature: …a very famous tale, the Intimate Life of Emperor Wu of Han (Han Wudi neizhuan; late 6th century), which in highly polished terms describes the visit to the emperor of a goddess, the Queen Mother of the West. This work, in turn, made a decisive contribution to the development of…

Zadie Smith: Other works and honors: … (2009), Feel Free (2018), and Intimations (2020). Grand Union, a volume of her short stories, was released in 2019. Smith also wrote the play The Wife of Willesden, which debuted in London in 2021. The work is a reimagining of The Wife of Bath’s Tale from Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury…

Intimism, variety of late 19th- and early 20th-century painting that made an intense exploration of the domestic interior as subject matter. It was practiced principally by Pierre Bonnard and Édouard Vuillard, the two most distinguished members of the Nabis. To convey the warmth, comfort, and quiet

pollen: …are an inner layer, the intine, and an outer layer, the exine. The intine consists, at least in part, of cellulose or hemicellulose. The outer and most durable layer, the exine, is very resistant to disintegration; treatment with intense heat, strong acids, or strong bases has little effect upon it.…

Native American dance: The Andean region: …with the Inca solstice ceremony, intiraymi, and presents an excuse for the reappearance of the native sun god in a huge gold disc headdress.

Werner Herzog: …the Chauvet cave in France; Into the Abyss (2011), a sombre examination of a Texas murder case; and Lo and Behold: Reveries of the Connected World (2016), about the Internet. In Meeting Gorbachev (2018; codirected with Andre Singer), he chronicled the life of the former president of the Soviet Union.…

Joan Armatrading: Speak (2003), the Grammy Award-nominated Into the Blues (2007), Starlight (2013), Not Too Far Away (2018), and Consequences (2021), all of which she produced herself. Armatrading also wrote the music for Phyllida Lloyd’s all-women production of Shakespeare’s The Tempest, staged in London in 2016 and in

Elliot Page: …costarring role in the thriller Into the Forest, opposite Evan Rachel Wood.

Françoise Mallet-Joris: …Le Rempart des béguines (1951; The Illusionist, also published as Into the Labyrinth and The Loving and the Daring), the story of an affair between a girl and her father’s mistress, described with clinical detachment in a sober, classical prose. A sequel, La Chambre rouge (1953; The Red Room), and…

Tom Clancy: Clancy’s nonfiction works included Into the Storm: A Study in Command (1997), cowritten with Fred Franks, Jr., and Every Man a Tiger (1999; updated ed. 2005), cowritten with Chuck Horner. Clancy also created video games and was co-owner (from 1993) of the Baltimore Orioles major league baseball team.

Christopher McCandless: …was dramatized in a Hollywood film (2007) with the same title, directed by Sean Penn and starring Emile Hirsch as McCandless. The book and film inspired numerous people from various countries to attempt visits to the bus, and many of the would-be pilgrims required rescue. After the deaths of two…

Into the Woods, witty and whimsical stage musical by composer and lyricist Stephen Sondheim and playwright-director James Lapine that combines the plots of familiar fairy tales. A dark comedy, the story of Into the Woods takes inspiration from the more melancholy and frightful elements of original

Emily Blunt: Breakthrough films: The Devil Wears Prada, Young Victoria, and Sicario: …singing was on display in Into the Woods (2014), the Disney adaptation of the Stephen Sondheim musical. She then won plaudits for her turn as an FBI agent in the gritty crime drama Sicario (2015).

Ivan Albright: In 1930 he completed Into the World There Came a Soul Called Ida, a portrait of an aging flabby woman looking into a mirror. Ultrarealistic, it conveys the ravages of time with startling surface detail. His first one-man show was held in Chicago the same year.

Intolerable Acts, (1774), in U.S. colonial history, four punitive measures enacted by the British Parliament in retaliation for acts of colonial defiance, together with the Quebec Act establishing a new administration for the territory ceded to Britain after the French and Indian War (1754–63). The

Catherine Zeta-Jones: …appeared in several comedies, including Intolerable Cruelty (2003), in which she played a cunning gold digger opposite George Clooney, and The Terminal (2004), a film directed by Spielberg and featuring Tom Hanks. In 2004 she starred with Clooney, Brad Pitt, and Matt Damon in Ocean’s Twelve, a sequel to the…

Intolerance, epic American silent film, released in 1916, that is notable for its vast sets and for its intricate plot structure. A plea for tolerance, it was director D.W. Griffith’s response to the censorship and controversy that arose over the overt racism found in his previous film, The Birth

Intolerance, epic American silent film, released in 1916, that is notable for its vast sets and for its intricate plot structure. A plea for tolerance, it was director D.W. Griffith’s response to the censorship and controversy that arose over the overt racism found in his previous film, The Birth

Intolerance, epic American silent film, released in 1916, that is notable for its vast sets and for its intricate plot structure. A plea for tolerance, it was director D.W. Griffith’s response to the censorship and controversy that arose over the overt racism found in his previous film, The Birth