intellectual history: …is virtually synonymous with the history of ideas—history is composed of human actions; human actions have to be explained by intentions; and intentions cannot be formed without ideas. On a grander scale, the doctrines of Christianity were the core of providential universal histories in the West (histories that conceived the…

Cartesianism: The way of ideas and the self: The first, called “the way of ideas,” represents the attempt in epistemology to provide a foundation for our knowledge of the external world (as well as our knowledge of the past and of other minds) in the mental experiences of the individual. The Cartesian theory of knowledge through…

continental philosophy: Husserl: In Logical Investigations (1900-01), Ideas for a Pure Phenomenology (1913), and other works, the German philosopher Edmund Husserl (1859–1939) attempted to reestablish first philosophy—though as a “rigorous science” rather than as metaphysics. He began with a critique of psychologism, the view that ideas, knowledge, and human mental life generally…

Fa-hsiang, school of Chinese Buddhism derived from the Indian Yogācāra school. See

apraxia: Ideational apraxia is characterized by the inability to formulate a plan of action. A plan is never fully organized, and the part that is organized cannot be remembered long enough to be performed. Portions of an act may be completed in an improper sequence. The…

semantics: Ideational semantics: The 17th-century British empiricist John Locke held that linguistic meaning is mental: words are used to encode and convey thoughts, or ideas. Successful communication requires that the hearer correctly decode the speaker’s words into their associated ideas. So construed, the meaning

phenomenology: Basic principles: …Die Idee der Phänomenologie (The Idea of Phenomenology) in 1906. Yet, even for Husserl, the conception of phenomenology as a new method destined to supply a new foundation for both philosophy and science developed only gradually and kept changing to the very end of his career. Husserl was trained…

Hermann Weyl: …Idee der Riemannschen Fläche (1913; The Concept of a Riemann Surface), he created a new branch of mathematics by uniting function theory and geometry and thereby opening up the modern synoptic view of analysis, geometry, and topology.

Friedrich Meinecke: …in der neueren Geschichte (1924; Machiavellism; the Doctrine of Raison d’État and Its Place in Modern History) has been read as both a handbook and a condemnation of power politics. In it he questioned the validity of the notion that the sovereign state is the embodiment of the highest ethical…

Karl Jaspers: Postwar development of thought: …Die Idee der Universität (1946; The Idea of the University, 1959). He called for a complete de-Nazification of the teaching staff, but this proved to be impossible because the number of professors who had never compromised with the Nazis was too small. It was only gradually that the autonomous university…

idée fixe, in music and literature, a recurring theme or character trait that serves as the structural foundation of a work. The term was later used in psychology to refer to an irrational obsession that so dominates an individual’s thoughts as to determine his or her actions. An outgrowth of

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon: Early life and education: …révolution au XIXe siècle (1851; The General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century, 1923). The latter—in its portrait of a federal world society with frontiers abolished, national states eliminated, and authority decentralized among communes or locality associations, and with free contracts replacing laws—presents perhaps more completely than any…

idée reçue, an idea that is unexamined. The phrase is particularly associated with Gustave Flaubert, who in his Le Dictionnaire des idées reçues (published posthumously in 1913; Flaubert’s Dictionary of Accepted Ideas) mocked the use of clichés and platitudes and the uncritical reliance on accepted

Multatuli: …mate, his main work was Ideën, 7 vol. (1862–77; “Ideas”), in which he gives his anachronistically radical views on woman’s position in society and on education, national politics, and other topics. Included in the Ideën is his autobiographical novel Woutertje Pieterse, an early work of realism.

continental philosophy: Husserl: In Logical Investigations (1900-01), Ideas for a Pure Phenomenology (1913), and other works, the German philosopher Edmund Husserl (1859–1939) attempted to reestablish first philosophy—though as a “rigorous science” rather than as metaphysics. He began with a critique of psychologism, the view that ideas, knowledge, and human mental life generally…

Johann Gottfried von Herder: Summit and later years of his career: …der Geschichte der Menschheit (1784–91; Outlines of a Philosophy of the History of Man). In the latter work, the result of his intercourse with Goethe, Herder attempted to demonstrate that nature and history obey a uniform system of laws. Already in the development from earth to mankind, a striving of…

Heinrich Heine: Early works: …the finest of them, “Ideen. Das Buch Le Grand” (1827; “Ideas. The Book Le Grand”), is a journey into the self, a wittily woven fabric of childhood memory, enthusiasm for Napoleon, ironic sorrow at unhappy love, and political allusion.

Idei Nobuyuki is a Japanese business executive who served as chairman (2000–05) and CEO (1999–2005) of the Japanese electronics giant Sony Corporation. Idei earned an undergraduate degree in political science and economics from Waseda University in Tokyo in 1960. His father, an economics professor

Elda, city, Alicante provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Valencia, southeastern Spain, northwest of Alicante city. Of ancient origin, Elda was called Idella by the Iberians, early peoples of Spain. The city first achieved importance under the Moors, who

Abraham Zevi Idelsohn was a Jewish cantor, composer, founder of the modern study of the history of Jewish music, and one of the first important ethnomusicologists. Trained as a cantor from childhood, Idelsohn later studied music in Berlin and Leipzig. Before emigrating to Jerusalem in 1905, he was

Idemitsu Kōsan Co., Ltd., Japanese petrochemical corporation founded in 1911 as Idemitsu Shōkai and reorganized and incorporated under its current name in 1940. Its headquarters are in Tokyo. The company as originally founded in Moji (now a part of Kita-Kyūshū), Japan, by Idemitsu Sazō was a

Sudirman Range: …15,476 feet (4,717 metres) at Mount Pilimsit (Ngga Pilimsit; formerly Mount Idenburg). The mountains extend for 200 miles (320 km) west from the Jayawijaya Mountains.

Scott Turow: Identical (2013) concerns a politician who is confronted by accusations that he committed a murder to which his twin brother confessed decades before; the novel was loosely based on the myth of Castor and Pollux. In 2017 Turow published Testimony, about an attorney in the…

transfer of training: Education and transfer: An alternative theory of identical elements was proposed in which it was postulated that transfer between activities would take place only if they shared common elements or features. Thus it was predicted that one’s training in addition would transfer to his ability to learn how to multiply.…

predication: The predication is identical if it characterizes every referent (x); it is disparate if it fails to characterize some or all of the referents. The predication is formal if the subject necessarily entails (or excludes) the predicate; it is material if the entailment is contingent.

rime riche, in French and English prosody, a rhyme produced by agreement in sound not only of the last accented vowel and any succeeding sounds but also of the consonant preceding this rhyming vowel. A rime riche may consist of homographs (fair/fair) or homophones (write/right). It is distinguished

multiple birth: Twins and twinning: …major types of twins are identical twins and fraternal twins. Identical twins are two individuals that have developed from a single egg fertilized by a single sperm. This fertilized egg is called a zygote. At a relatively early stage in its growth, the zygote splits into two separate cell masses…

personality: Freud: …functions of the ego are identifications and defenses. Children are inclined to behave like the significant adult models in their environment, Freud postulated. These identifications give identity and individuality to the maturing child. Moreover, the process of self-criticism is part of the ego controls (Freud called it the superego) and…

animal communication: Signal design rules: The identification level of a signal determines the number of different units that must be distinguished by unique signal variants. Identification levels, listed in order of increasing number of variants required, include species, sex, age groups, colonies, family groups, and individuals. The larger the number of…

warning system: Air defense systems: Radar and identification friend or foe (IFF) equipment constitute the forward elements of complex systems that have appeared throughout the world. Examples include the semiautomatic ground environment (SAGE), augmented by a mobile backup intercept control system called BUIC in the United States, NATO air defense ground environment…

déjà vu, a sense that one has experienced a situation before. The feeling of déjà vu is often fleeting, lasting only a few seconds or minutes, though individuals’ reactions to the sensation may linger for some time. Most people experience déjà vu on occasion, especially young adults. It is often

Fernand Braudel: …L’Identité de la France (1986; The Identity of France), he applied the geohistorical method to his homeland, presenting a history that favoured the physical mutations of its diverse regions over the unruly lives and thoughts of their inhabitants.

Meister Eckhart: Identity: Eckhart’s numerous statements on identity between God and the soul can be easily misunderstood. He never has substantial identity in mind, but God’s operation and man’s becoming are considered as one. God is no longer outside man, but he is perfectly interiorized. Hence such…

identity, in logic and metaphysics, a relation that a thing bears to itself and to no other thing. The term identical is also used to characterize two or more things that are exact duplicates or copies of each other. If one were to say, for example, that the room in which the German philosopher

human behaviour: Personality: …this mandate is called the identity crisis. In order to resolve this crisis and achieve a sense of identity, it is necessary to synthesize psychological development and societal directives. The adolescent must find an orientation to life that not only fulfills the attributes of the self but at the same…

Melvin Van Peebles: With the comedy Identity Crisis (1989), he ended a 16-year hiatus from screen directing, and he later wrote and directed Le Conte du ventre plein (2000; Bellyful) and Confessionsofa Ex-Doofus-ItchyFooted Mutha (2008); none of these efforts, however, were widely seen. In addition to his entertainment career, Van Peebles…

mathematics: The theory of equations: This element is called the identity element of the group. For every element a there is an element, written a−1, with the property that a * a−1 = e = a−1 * a. The element a−1 is called the inverse of a. For every a, b, and c in

identity theft, use of an individual’s personally identifying information by someone else (often a stranger) without that individual’s permission or knowledge. This form of impersonation is often used to commit fraud, generally resulting in financial harm to the individual and financial gain to the

matrix: …everywhere else is called an identity, or unit, matrix. It is denoted by I or In to show that its order is n. If B is any square matrix and I and O are the unit and zero matrices of the same order, it is always true that B +…

Fernand Braudel: …L’Identité de la France (1986; The Identity of France), he applied the geohistorical method to his homeland, presenting a history that favoured the physical mutations of its diverse regions over the unruly lives and thoughts of their inhabitants.

identity of indiscernibles, principle enunciated by G.W. Leibniz that denies the possibility of two objects being numerically distinct while sharing all their properties in common. More formally, the principle states that if x is not identical to y, then there is some property P such that P holds

Jacob Bronowski: In The Identity of Man (1965) he sought to present a unifying philosophy of human nature. He also wrote William Blake, 1757–1827: A Man Without a Mask (1943), revised as William Blake and the Age of Revolution (1965), and four radio plays.

identity politics, political or social activity by or on behalf of a racial, ethnic, cultural, religious, gender, or other group, usually undertaken with the goal of rectifying injustices suffered by group members because of differences or conflicts between their particular identity (or

formal logic: Special systems of LPC: An identity proposition is to be understood in this context as asserting no more than this; in particular it is not to be taken as asserting that the two naming expressions have the same meaning. A much-discussed example to illustrate this last point is “The morning…

analytic philosophy: The theory of reference: …long-standing puzzle regarding so-called “identity” statements—i.e., statements consisting of two names or descriptions joined by is or are. The puzzle was how to account for the apparent informativeness of statements such as “Venus is the morning star,” in which the referents of the names or descriptions are the same.…

DNA fingerprinting, in genetics, method of isolating and identifying variable elements within the base-pair sequence of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). The technique was developed in 1984 by British geneticist Alec Jeffreys, after he noticed that certain sequences of highly variable DNA (known as

identity theft, use of an individual’s personally identifying information by someone else (often a stranger) without that individual’s permission or knowledge. This form of impersonation is often used to commit fraud, generally resulting in financial harm to the individual and financial gain to the

identity theory, in philosophy, one view of modern Materialism that asserts that mind and matter, however capable of being logically distinguished, are in actuality but different expressions of a single reality that is material. Strong emphasis is placed upon the empirical verification of such

Melissa McCarthy: …an obnoxious scam artist in Identity Thief, and later that year she starred opposite Sandra Bullock in the buddy comedy The Heat, playing a foul-mouthed Boston cop.

social identity theory: Identity threat: According to social identity theory, group members may experience different kinds of identity threats. Group-status threat occurs when the perceived competence of the group is devalued. Group members may also experience various forms of social identity threats, one of which takes place when…

universal: Universals and other entia non grata: …that there is a “criterion of identity” for the former but not for the latter. Under what conditions is a class X identical with a class Y? If, and only if, X and Y contain all the same members. Quine argued that no comparably precise condition governs universals, and…

laws of thought: … (or third), and (3) the principle of identity. The three laws can be stated symbolically as follows. (1) For all propositions p, it is impossible for both p and not p to be true, or: ∼(p · ∼p), in which ∼ means “not” and · means “and.” (2) Either p…

personal identity, in metaphysics, the problem of the nature of the identity of persons and their persistence through time. One makes a judgment of personal identity whenever one says that a person existing at one time is the same as a person existing at another time: e.g., that the president of

laws of thought: … (or third), and (3) the principle of identity. The three laws can be stated symbolically as follows. (1) For all propositions p, it is impossible for both p and not p to be true, or: ∼(p · ∼p), in which ∼ means “not” and · means “and.” (2) Either p…

Francis Fukuyama: …politics is the topic of Identity: The Demand for Dignity and the Politics of Resentment (2018), while Liberalism and Its Discontents (2022) focuses on the threats to liberalism.

industrial design: Postmodern design and its aftermath: …of the 21st century was IDEO. Founded in Palo Alto, Calif., in 1991 by Bill Moggridge, Mike Nuttall, and David Kelley, it grew rapidly, adding offices in San Francisco, Chicago, and Boston as well as London, Munich, and Shanghai. With its design studios operating globally, IDEO stressed the team approach…

information processing: Acquisition and recording of information in analog form: …became larger, the symbols, called ideographs, grew in number. Modern Chinese, a present-day result of this evolutionary direction of a pictographic writing system, has upwards of 50,000 ideographs.

information processing: Acquisition and recording of information in analog form: …became larger, the symbols, called ideographs, grew in number. Modern Chinese, a present-day result of this evolutionary direction of a pictographic writing system, has upwards of 50,000 ideographs.

apraxia: Ideokinetic apraxia is caused by an interruption of impulses in the association tracts of the nervous system, so that there is no coordination between ideation and motor activity. An affected individual will complain, for example, that he cannot use his hand, but then he will…

Ideology, French philosophic movement of the late 18th and early 19th centuries that reduced epistemological problems (concerning the nature or grounds of knowledge) to those of psychology (as in the work of Étienne Condillac), before advancing to ethical and political problems. The Idéologues, by

Karl Mannheim: …elaborated on these concepts in Ideology and Utopia: An Introduction to the Sociology of Knowledge (1929). In the posthumously published Freedom, Power, and Democratic Planning (1950), Mannheim tried to reconcile his dislike of totalitarianism with his growing belief in the need for social planning. Mannheim’s relationism never adequately confronted charges…

Theodor Julius Geiger: …his works were published posthumously: Ideologie und Wahrheit (1953; “Ideology and Truth”) discusses ideology and its role in the creation of mass society; and Demokratic ohne Dogma (1964; “Democracy Without Dogma”) is notable for Geiger’s vision of a society depersonalized by ideology but redeemed by human relationships. Geiger died at…

ideology, a form of social or political philosophy in which practical elements are as prominent as theoretical ones. It is a system of ideas that aspires both to explain the world and to change it. This article describes the nature, history, and significance of ideologies in terms of the

Ideology, French philosophic movement of the late 18th and early 19th centuries that reduced epistemological problems (concerning the nature or grounds of knowledge) to those of psychology (as in the work of Étienne Condillac), before advancing to ethical and political problems. The Idéologues, by

Louis Althusser: …a later influential essay, “Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses” (1969), Althusser argued against traditional interpretations of Marx as an inveterate economic determinist by demonstrating the “quasi-autonomous” role accorded to politics, law, and ideology in Marx’s later writings.

Karl Mannheim: …elaborated on these concepts in Ideology and Utopia: An Introduction to the Sociology of Knowledge (1929). In the posthumously published Freedom, Power, and Democratic Planning (1950), Mannheim tried to reconcile his dislike of totalitarianism with his growing belief in the need for social planning. Mannheim’s relationism never adequately confronted charges…

Austroasiatic languages: Morphology: (5) Expressive language and wordplay are embodied in a special word class called “expressives.” This is a basic class of words distinct from verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in that they cannot be subjected to logical negation. They describe noises, colours, light patterns, shapes, movements, sensations, emotions,…

Selenga River: …by the confluence of the Ider and Delger rivers. It is Mongolia’s principal river and is the most substantial source of water for Lake Baikal.

calendar: The Julian calendar: …the ninth day before the Ides (from iduare, meaning “to divide”), which occurred in the middle of the month and were supposed to coincide with the Full Moon. Days after the Nonae and before the Ides were numbered as so many before the Ides, and those after the Ides as…

Ides of March, day in the ancient Roman calendar that falls on March 15 and is associated with misfortune and doom. It became renowned as the date on which Roman dictator Julius Caesar was assassinated in 44 bce and was further immortalized in the tragedy Julius Caesar by English dramatist William

George Clooney: …for the tense political drama The Ides of March (2011), casting himself as a presidential candidate in a cutthroat primary campaign.

Israel Defense Forces (IDF), armed forces of Israel, comprising the Israeli army, navy, and air force. The order to create the IDF was issued on May 26, 1948, and went into effect on May 31, 1948, just two weeks after Israel’s declaration of independence. Since its creation, its guiding principles

Idfū, town on the west bank of the Nile River in Aswān muḥāfaẓah (governorate), Upper Egypt. The chief god of the city of ancient times was Horus of the Winged Disk, called the Behdetite. His consort was Hathor of Dandarah, whose statue during the late empire was brought to Idfū annually by boat on

Multan: …the Pahlādpurī Temple and the ʿĪdgāh Mosque (1735). Pop. (2017) urban agglom., 1,872,641.

metabolomics: Role in understanding biochemical mechanisms of disease: …tricarboxylic acid cycle known as isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), which was known to cause certain human brain cancers, was found to convert a normal metabolite (alpha-ketoglutaric acid) into an unusual metabolite (R(-)-2-hydroxyglutaric acid, or 2HG). The unusual metabolite could serve as both a cancer biomarker and an endogenous carcinogen (a…

Ídi, mountain riddled with caves, west-central Crete (Modern Greek: Kríti), in the nomós (department) of Réthímnon, southern Greece. One of Ídi’s two peaks, Timios Stavros, at 8,058 feet (2,456 m), is Crete’s highest mountain. According to one legend Zeus was reared in the Ídiean cave on the peak’s

Ídi, mountain riddled with caves, west-central Crete (Modern Greek: Kríti), in the nomós (department) of Réthímnon, southern Greece. One of Ídi’s two peaks, Timios Stavros, at 8,058 feet (2,456 m), is Crete’s highest mountain. According to one legend Zeus was reared in the Ídiean cave on the peak’s

Hydra, dímos (municipality) and island of the Saronic group in the Aegean Sea, Attika (Modern Greek: Attikí) periféreia (region), central Greece. It lies just off the eastern tip of the Argolís peninsula of the Peloponnese and has a maximum length, northeast-southwest, of 13 miles (21 km). The

Hydra: Ídhra, the chief town, on the north coast, is an artists’ and writers’ colony and the residence of a metropolitan bishop. Its narrow, rock-cut streets surround a sheltered harbour. Three other small ports on the north coast are Mandrákion, Mólos, and Panayía. Area 19.2 square…

Italy: Theatre: … (Ente Teatrale Italiano; ETI), the Institute for Italian Drama (Istituto Dramma Italiano; IDI), concerned with promoting Italian repertory, and the National Institute for Ancient Drama (Istituto Nazionale del Dramma Antico; INDA). In 1990 the government tightened its legislation on eligibility for funding, which severely affected fringe and experimental theatres. Financial…

Ídi, mountain riddled with caves, west-central Crete (Modern Greek: Kríti), in the nomós (department) of Réthímnon, southern Greece. One of Ídi’s two peaks, Timios Stavros, at 8,058 feet (2,456 m), is Crete’s highest mountain. According to one legend Zeus was reared in the Ídiean cave on the peak’s

Ídi, mountain riddled with caves, west-central Crete (Modern Greek: Kríti), in the nomós (department) of Réthímnon, southern Greece. One of Ídi’s two peaks, Timios Stavros, at 8,058 feet (2,456 m), is Crete’s highest mountain. According to one legend Zeus was reared in the Ídiean cave on the peak’s

Idukki, town, southeastern Kerala state, southwestern India. It lies about 80 miles (130 km) southeast of Kochi (Cochin) and 79 miles (127 km) northeast of Kottayam. Idukki is known for its large hydroelectric project. The Idukki arch dam, 554 feet (169 metres) high, on the Periyar River, was

Tigris-Euphrates river system: The Tigris (Sumerian: Idigna; Akkadian: Idiklat; biblical: Hiddekel; Arabic: Dijlah; Turkish: Dicle) is about 1,180 miles (1,900 km) in length.

braconid: …groups of ectoparasitic females are idiobionts, paralyzing their hosts with their ovipositor before laying eggs on or near the host.

Mike Judge: Judge’s next film was Idiocracy (2006), a vicious satire of anti-intellectualism and consumerism. Like Office Space, it performed poorly upon its initial release and later became a cult hit. Idiocracy centres on a man and a woman who are part of a secret military hibernation experiment and who, upon…

Gymnophiona: Size and range: The smallest caecilians are Idiocranium russeli in West Africa and Grandisonia brevis in the Seychelles; these species attain lengths of only 98–104 mm (3.9–4.1 inches) and 112 mm (4.4 inches), respectively.

motivation: The nomothetic versus ideographic approach: …make individuals unique (termed the idiographic approach). Although both approaches have added to the understanding of motivational processes, the nomothetic approach has dominated motivational research.

dialect: An idiolect is the dialect of an individual person at one time. This term implies an awareness that no two persons speak in exactly the same way and that each person’s dialect is constantly undergoing change—e.g., by the introduction of newly acquired words. Most recent investigations…

hypertension: Classification: …the condition is classified as essential hypertension. (Essential hypertension is also called primary or idiopathic hypertension.) This is by far the most common type of high blood pressure, occurring in 90 to 95 percent of patients. Genetic factors appear to play a major role in the occurrence of essential hypertension.…

Kaposi sarcoma, rare and usually lethal cancer of the tissues beneath the surface of the skin or of the mucous membranes. The disease can spread to other organs, including the liver, lungs, and intestinal tract. Kaposi sarcoma is characterized by red-purple or blue-brown lesions of the skin, mucous

Parkinson disease, a degenerative neurological disorder that is characterized by the onset of tremor, muscle rigidity, slowness in movement (bradykinesia), and stooped posture (postural instability). The disease was first described in 1817 by British physician James Parkinson in his “Essay on the

pericarditis, inflammation of the pericardium, the membranous sac that encloses the heart. Acute pericarditis may be associated with a number of diseases and conditions, including myocardial infarction (heart attack), uremia (abnormally high levels of urea and other nitrogenous waste products in

respiratory disease: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is also known as cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. This is a generally fatal lung disease of unknown cause that is characterized by progressive fibrosis of the alveolar walls. The disease most commonly manifests between the ages of 50 and 70, with…

joint disease: Congenital and hereditary abnormalities: Idiopathic scoliosis (lateral curvature of the spine) usually makes its appearance during early adolescence. There is considerable plasticity of the tissues with latitude for correction of these deformities and for preventing their progression. For this reason the application of splints and other mechanical supports as soon…

idiophone, class of musical instruments in which a resonant solid material—such as wood, metal, or stone—vibrates to produce the initial sound. The eight basic types are concussion, friction, percussion, plucked, scraped, shaken, stamped, and stamping. In many cases, as in the gong, the vibrating

idiorrhythmic monasticism, the original form of monastic life in Christianity, as exemplified by St. Anthony of Egypt (c. 250–355). It consisted of a total withdrawal from society, normally in the desert, and the constant practice of mental prayer. The contemplative and mystical trend of eremitic

cephalopod: General features and importance to humans: …smallest cephalopod is the squid Idiosepius, rarely an inch in length. The average octopus usually has arms no longer than 30 centimetres (12 inches) and rarely longer than a metre (39 inches). But arm spans of up to nine metres (30 feet) have been reported in Enteroctopus dofleini, the giant…

acarid: External features: …is a large region (idiosoma) that bears the legs, the genital and anal openings, and an assortment of tactile and sensory structures. Respiratory pores (stigmata) and sclerotized shields of various shapes and sizes usually are present. The functions of the idiosoma parallel those of the abdomen, thorax, and portions…

magnoliid clade: Reproduction and life cycles: Idiospermum (Calycanthaceae) of the Laurales has three or four cotyledons as well. On the other hand, embryos in some of the more advanced angiosperms also contain more than two cotyledons—e.g., Pittosporaceae (Rosales; Rosid I group), in which it seems certain that the polycotyledonous condition evolved…