reactive arthritis: A genetic factor (HLA-B27) has been identified that predisposes a person to the disorder. In individuals who carry HLA-B27, symptoms of reactive arthritis may appear suddenly and often are more severe than in persons who are HLA-B27-negative. The condition also tends to affect individuals with weakened immune systems.

arthritis: Spondyloarthropathies: …if the patient has the HLA-DR4 genotype.

Li, indigenous people of Hainan Island, off the southern coast of China, and an official minority of China. The official name Li is applied to a number of different local groups, most of whom speak languages distantly related to the Tai language family. Until Chinese linguists created a romanized

Li: …groups, most of whom speak languages distantly related to the Tai language family. Until Chinese linguists created a romanized orthography for their language in the 1950s, they had no writing system of their own.

Andrej Hlinka was a Slovak Roman Catholic priest who sought Slovak independence and, as the leader of the Slovak People’s Party, opposed the centralizing efforts of Czechoslovakia’s government during the 1920s and ’30s. His name was adopted by a fascist Slovak militia during World War II. Hlinka

computer: Machine language: …mathematics or some other “high-level language” to machine language was therefore necessary before computers would be useful to a broader class of users. As early as the 1830s, Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace had recognized that such translation could be done by machine (see the earlier section Ada Lovelace,…

Jörd, in Norse mythology, a giantess, mother of the deity Thor and mistress of the god Odin. In the late pre-Christian era she was believed to have had a husband of the same name, perhaps indicating her transformation into a masculine personality. Her name is connected with that of the Lithuanian

Hlothere was the king of Kent in Anglo-Saxon England. He was the son of Erconberht and brother of Egbert, whom he succeeded in 673. Hlothere appears to have shared power with his nephew Eadric (Egbert’s son); laws still extant seem to have been issued in their joint names. A quarrel between them

Hluhluwe Game Reserve, game reserve in northern KwaZulu/Natal province, South Africa, established in 1897. It lies 140 miles (225 km) northeast of Durban and has an area of 89 square miles (231 square km). Its name is a Zulu word for the local thorny rope plant. Hluhluwe, a subtropical region of

Hlutdaw, (Burmese: “Place of Release”), the primary ministerial council in Myanmar (Burma) from approximately the 13th to the 19th century. The Hlutdaw held executive and judicial authority and was the principal administrative organ of the king. It predominated over weak kings and was often

Hlutdaw, (Burmese: “Place of Release”), the primary ministerial council in Myanmar (Burma) from approximately the 13th to the 19th century. The Hlutdaw held executive and judicial authority and was the principal administrative organ of the king. It predominated over weak kings and was often

nuclear ceramics: High-level waste: …is widely accepted that this high-level waste (HLW) must be incorporated into a solid form prior to burial in deep geologic repositories.

air-cushion machine: ACV operation: This is the HM.2, which carries about 65 passengers and is designed for short and medium ferry routes. Mechanical and skirt-design problems caused difficulties that led to liquidation of the British parent company, but in 1970 an American company took over the HM.2, and it appeared that its…

Census of Marine Life: Origins and oversight: …knowledge was collected, and the History of Marine Animal Populations (HMAP) project, which endeavoured to survey historical data for indications of human impact on the oceans. A further 14 field projects were established throughout the following decade, drawing on the scientific communities of 82 countries. Their focus was refined in…

Mizo: Pawi (Lai), Lakher (Mara), and Hmar. In the early 21st century the Mizo numbered about one million.

Pyay: …Kṣetra is now known as Hmawza. Excavations, which began there in 1907, revealed the uniquely Pyu culture as opposed to the Mon and Burman. The city was almost circular, its walls enclosed in an area of about 18 square miles (47 square km), the northern portion being planted in rice.…

virtual reality: Early work: …a helicopter pilot wore a head-mounted display (HMD) that showed video from a servo-controlled infrared camera mounted beneath the helicopter. The camera moved with the pilot’s head, both augmenting his night vision and providing a level of immersion sufficient for the pilot to equate his field of vision with the…

redlining: The Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) of 1975 required lending institutions to report public loan data, while the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 was intended to encourage banks and other financial institutions to help meet the credit needs of the communities in which they operate.

industrial glass: Heavy-metal fluoride glasses: Of the nonoxide glasses, the heavy-metal fluoride glasses (HMFGs) have potential use in telecommunications fibres, owing to their relatively low optical losses. However, they are also extremely difficult to form and have poor chemical durability. The most studied HMFG is the so-called…

statin: levels by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA (5-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A) reductase, which is required for cholesterol synthesis. Examples of statins include simvastatin, pravastatin, and lovastatin. Statins are generally quite safe, but side effects may include muscle pain and fatigue. A rare side effect called myopathy, characterized by muscle degeneration, has been associated…

statin, drug that acts to lower cholesterol levels by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA (5-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A) reductase, which is required for cholesterol synthesis. Examples of statins include simvastatin, pravastatin, and lovastatin. Statins are generally quite safe, but side

Solar Dynamics Observatory: Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI), the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA), and the Extreme Ultraviolet Variability Experiment (EVE). HMI studies changes in the Sun’s magnetic field by capturing images of the Sun in polarized light every 50 seconds. AIA observes the solar corona in eight wavelengths…

health maintenance organization (HMO), organization, either public or private, that provides comprehensive medical care to a group of voluntary subscribers, on the basis of a prepaid contract. HMOs bring together in a single organization a broad range of health services and deliver those services

Hmong, ethnic group living chiefly in China and Southeast Asia and speaking Hmong, one of the Hmong-Mien languages (also known as Miao-Yao languages). Since the late 18th century, the Hmong alone among the Miao groups have slowly migrated out of the southern provinces of China, where about 2.7

Sino-Tibetan languages: Classification: …two closely related language groups, Hmong and Mien (also known as Miao and Yao), are thought by some to be very remotely related to Sino-Tibetan; they are spoken in western China and northern mainland Southeast Asia and may well be of Austro-Tai stock.

Hmong-Mien languages, family of languages spoken in southern China, northern Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand. Although some linguists have proposed high-level genetic relationships to several language families—including Sino-Tibetan, Tai-Kadai, Austronesian, and Austroasiatic—no genetic relationships

Hmong-Mien languages: Classification: …branches have been identified: the Hmongic and the Mienic. The Hmongic (Miao) subfamily is an internally diverse group that includes mutually unintelligible languages such as Hmu (spoken in Guizhou and Guangxi), Hmong (spoken in Guizhou and Yunnan and in Southeast Asia), Qo Xiong (spoken in Hunan), Bunu (spoken in Guangxi),…

human microbiome: Discovery of the human microbiome: …after 2007, the year the Human Microbiome Project (HMP)—a five-year-long international effort to characterize the microbial communities found in the human body and to identify each microorganism’s role in health and disease—was launched. The project capitalized on the decreasing cost of whole genome sequencing technology, which allows organisms to be…

Mariana Trench: …the location) and later renamed Sirena Deep—is situated south of Guam and east of Challenger Deep. First encountered in 1997, its depth has been reported variously as 34,911 and 35,463 feet (10,641 and 10,809 metres).

Hind Mazdoor Sabha (HMS), third largest trade-union federation in India after the All-India Trade Union Congress and the Indian National Trade Union Congress. The HMS was formed by the Socialists in 1948 but has little real connection with the Socialist Party. It is one of the least political and

Franklin expedition: …and officers of the HMS Erebus and HMS Terror perished under mysterious circumstances. The British navy launched the most extensive search effort in its history but recovered few bodies and found no trace of the ships. It took nearly 170 years before the Erebus and Terror were finally located in…

biology: Biological expeditions: …the same area in the Investigator in 1801 included the Scottish botanist Robert Brown, whose work on the plants of Australia and New Zealand became a classic; especially important were his descriptions of how certain plants adapt to different environmental conditions. Brown is also credited with discovering the cell nucleus…

Franklin expedition: …the HMS Erebus and HMS Terror perished under mysterious circumstances. The British navy launched the most extensive search effort in its history but recovered few bodies and found no trace of the ships. It took nearly 170 years before the Erebus and Terror were finally located in the Arctic waters…

Miao: …through language or culture: the Hmu people of southeast Guizhou, the Qo Xiong people of west Hunan, the A-Hmao people of Yunnan, and the Hmong people of Guizhou, Sichuan, Guangxi, and Yunnan (see China: People). There are some nine million Miao in China, of whom the Hmong constitute probably one-third,…

Ḥimyar, originally, an important tribe in the ancient Sabaean kingdom of southwestern Arabia; later, the powerful rulers of much of southern Arabia from about 115 bce to about 525 ce. The Himyarites were concentrated in the area known as Dhū Raydān on the coast of present-day Yemen; they were

Jan Švankmajer: Hmyz (2018; Insect) is based on the play Ze ivota hmyzu (1921; The Insect Play) by Karel and Josef Čapek.

guanidine, an organic compound of formula HN=C(NH2)2. It was first prepared by Adolph Strecker in 1861 from guanine, which had been obtained from guano, and this is the origin of the name. The compound has been detected in small amounts in a variety of plant and animal products, but some of its

major industrial polymers: Nitrile rubber (nitrile-butadiene rubber, NBR): A hydrogenated version, abbreviated as HNBR, is also highly resistant to thermal and oxidative deterioration and remains flexible at lower temperatures.

molecular cloud: Composition: …the interstellar molecule HNC (hydroisocyanic acid) and its isomer HCN (hydrocyanic acid); in ordinary terrestrial conditions there is plenty of energy to allow the nitrogen and carbon atoms in HNC to exchange positions and produce HCN, by far the preferred species for equilibrium chemistry. In the cold clouds, however,…

Ukraine: Visual arts: …and the painter and engraver Jacques Hnizdovsky, who developed a simplified style of realism. The sculptor Alexander Archipenko (Ukrainian: Oleksander Arkhypenko), one of the pioneers of Cubism who later experimented in Constructivism and Expressionism, was a major figure of 20th-century European art.

colorectal cancer: Causes and symptoms: …polyposis (FAP), Gardner syndrome, and hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC)—can predispose an individual to developing colorectal cancer. Each of these conditions is caused in part by a known genetic mutation. In addition, Ashkenazi Jews have a slightly higher incidence of colorectal cancer due to a mutated gene, and there exists…

Slovakia: Political process: …of the Hungarian Coalition, the Movement for a Democratic Slovakia, and the Christian Democratic Movement.

he, type of ancient Chinese bronze vessel that was used to heat liquids and to serve wine. The he has a number of variations in silhouette, and its only unvarying characteristic is a tubular spout projecting prominently from the body. It usually has a domical lid and a vertical handle on the side

Oun Kham: …invading bands of Chinese (Ho, or Haw) freebooters and bandits, against whom Oun Kham’s weak forces were powerless. When he was unable to resist effectively an attack on Luang Prabang in 1885, his overlord, the king of Siam (Thailand), dispatched an army to defend the area, as well as…

Ho, tribal people of the state of Bihār in India, concentrated in the area of Kolhān on the lower Chota Nāgpur Plateau. They numbered about 1,150,000 in the late 20th century, mostly in Bihār and Orissa states of northeastern India. They speak a language of the Munda family and appear to have moved

dress: Japan: The voluminous outer robe (ho) is cut in the style of the Chinese pao but is given a distinctively Japanese look by being tucked up at the waist so that the skirt ends midway between the knees and the floor. This ho robe is yellow (the colour worn only…

Yellow River, principal river of northern China, east-central and eastern Asia. The Yellow River is often called the cradle of Chinese civilization. With a length of 3,395 miles (5,464 km), it is the country’s second longest river—surpassed only by the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang)—and its drainage

holmium (Ho), chemical element, a rare-earth metal of the lanthanide series of the periodic table. Holmium is a moderately hard, silvery white metal that is relatively stable in air. It readily reacts with diluted acids but does not react with either diluted or concentrated hydrofluoric acid (HF),

Ho, town, southeastern Ghana. It is situated at the southern edge of the Akwapim-Togo Ranges. Ho was founded in the early 18th century during westward migrations of the Ewe people. Its agricultural basis was strengthened after 1870 by the development of German kola nut plantations and by expanding

Ho Chi Minh was the founder of the Indochina Communist Party (1930) and its successor, the Viet-Minh (1941), and president from 1945 to 1969 of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam). As the leader of the Vietnamese nationalist movement for nearly three decades, Ho was one of the prime

Ho Chi Minh City, largest city in Vietnam. It was the capital of the French protectorate of Cochinchina (1862–1954) and of South Vietnam (1954–75). The city lies along the Saigon River (Song Sai Gon) to the north of the Mekong River delta, about 50 miles (80 km) from the South China Sea. The

Ho Chi Minh Trail, elaborate system of mountain and jungle paths and trails used by North Vietnam to infiltrate troops and supplies into South Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos during the Vietnam War. The trail was put into operation beginning in 1959, after the North Vietnamese leadership decided to use

Saint Anastasius Sinaita: In his principal work, Ho dēgos (c. 685; “The Guide”), he marshalled arguments against the Monophysites, a heretical sect believing that Christ comprised a single, divine nature that subsumed his humanity. The faulty transmission of the original text caused it to be attributed to other Syrian authors, and only…

He Xiangu, in Chinese mythology, one of the Baxian, the Eight Immortals of Daoism. As a teenaged girl she dreamed that mother-of-pearl conferred immortality. She thereupon ate some, became ethereal, and found she could float across the hills at will. She returned home each evening carrying herbs

Korean literature: Later Chosŏn: 1598–1894: …activities of Kwŏn P’il and Hŏ Kyun developed in the former direction, while those of Yi Chŏng-Gu, Sin Hŭm, Yi Sik, Chang Yu, and other scholar-bureaucrats writing in Chinese evolved in the latter direction. The sirhak (“practical learning”) school, which included Pak Chi-Wŏn, turned its attention to contemporary realities and…

troparion: …liturgy is “Ho Monogenēs” (“The Only Begotten Son”), believed to have been written by the Byzantine emperor Justinian I (reigned 527–565). See also Byzantine chant.

She, any member of a people distributed in the mountainous areas of Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Anhui, and Guangdong provinces of South China. Their language (which is classified as either Hmong-Mien [Miao-Yao] or Sino-Tibetan) appears to be related to that of the Yao, though most She are now

Hŏ Ryŏn was a well-known Korean painter and calligrapher. Immensely popular in his time, Hŏ resisted the nationalizing tendency in Korean art, returning instead to the traditional Chinese academic style. His paintings of flowers and trees have special force and rhythm but are unrelated to their

Korean literature: Later Chosŏn: 1598–1894: …of a Yangban”) and “Hŏ Saeng chŏn” (“Tale of Mr. Hŏ”), each a short narrative in Chinese with a carefully arranged structure and distinct themes, give voice to social criticism. Both take as their focus members of the yangban, the highest social class during the Chosŏn dynasty. The works…

Yosano Akiko was a Japanese poet whose new style caused a sensation in Japanese literary circles. Akiko was interested in poetry from her school days, and with a group of friends she published a private poetry magazine. In 1900 she joined the Shinshisha (New Poetry Association) of Yosano Tekkan and

He Yan was a Chinese scholar who cofounded the philosophical movement qingtan (“pure conversation”), in which groups of scholars used Daoist terms and concepts to give new meanings to Confucian texts. They also utilized Confucian moral and social philosophy to politicize Daoist thought. A child

Eight policies to cover your property.If you’ve ever shopped for home insurance, you were probably offered a few choices. But did you know there are eight distinct policy types? Some policies, like the HO-1, are bare-bones. The most common policy is HO-3 insurance—an all-perils policy that most

Hechuan, former county-level city, Chongqing municipality, south-central China. In 2006 it was incorporated into Chongqing city, becoming a district of that entity. Hechuan district is situated some 30 miles (50 km) northwest of central Chongqing at the confluence of three major rivers draining the

Manchu-Tungus languages: Classification and linguistic characteristics: For example, Ho-chen (Hezhe), usually considered a dialect of Nanai, is phonologically similar to the Manchu group, but morphologically similar to the Tungus group. This ambiguity has led some scholars to propose a third branch, the Central group, for Manchu-Tungus languages. Undoubtedly, the patterns of contact with…

Ho-Chunk, a Siouan-speaking North American Indian people who lived in what is now eastern Wisconsin when encountered in 1634 by French explorer Jean Nicolet. Settled in permanent villages of dome-shaped wickiups (wigwams), the Ho-Chunk cultivated corn (maize), squash, beans, and tobacco. They also

Ho-Chunk, a Siouan-speaking North American Indian people who lived in what is now eastern Wisconsin when encountered in 1634 by French explorer Jean Nicolet. Settled in permanent villages of dome-shaped wickiups (wigwams), the Ho-Chunk cultivated corn (maize), squash, beans, and tobacco. They also

Hefei, city and capital of Anhui sheng (province), China. It has been the provincial capital since 1952. Hefei, in central Anhui, is a natural hub of communications, being situated to the north of Chao Lake and standing on a low saddle crossing the northeastern extension of the Dabie Mountains,

Nan-t’ou: …a wooded mountain setting, and Ho-huan (Hehuan) Mountain (11,210 feet [3,420 metres]), providing Taiwan’s only ski slope, are the major tourist attractions. Chung-hsing Hsin-ts’un (Zhongxing Xincun), a new town about 4 miles (6 km) north of central Nan-t’ou city, is the seat of the Taiwan Provincial Government. The Wan-ta (Wanda)…

Hegang, city, eastern Heilongjiang sheng (province), northeastern China. It is a prefecture-level municipality (shi) situated in the southeastern section of the Xiao Hinggan (Lesser Khingan) Range and is one of the principal coal-producing cities in China. The Hegang mines were founded in 1916 by a

Ho-musubi, in the Shintō religion of Japan, a god of fire. His mother, the female creator Izanami, was fatally burned giving birth to him; and his father, Izanagi, cut him into pieces, creating several new gods. The fire god is revered as a purificatory agent as much as out of fear for his

Henan, sheng (province) of north-central China. The province stretches some 300 miles (480 km) from north to south and 350 miles (560 km) east to west at its widest point. It is bounded to the north by the provinces of Shanxi and Hebei, to the east by Shandong and Anhui, to the west by Shaanxi, and

dress: Japan: …and it is patterned with hō-ō birds and kilin (Japanized versions of the mythical Chinese fenghuang and qilin). The outer and most important of three kimonos worn under the ho is the shitagasane, which has an elongated back panel that forms a train some 12 feet (4 metres) long. The…

Hebei, sheng (province) of northern China, located on the Bo Hai (Gulf of Chihli) of the Yellow Sea. It is bounded to the northwest by the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and by the provinces of Liaoning to the northeast, Shandong to the southeast, Henan to the south, and Shanxi to the west. Hebei

Hebi, prefecture-level city, northern Henan sheng (province), China. Once a county seat in Anyang prefecture, Hebi is situated in the foothills of the southern Taihang Mountains, some 16 miles (25 km) southwest of Anyang. Until the early 1950s Hebi was little more than a local market town, but the

Central Asian arts: Buddhist monastic dance: This buffoon represents Ho-shang, the Chinese monk who was defeated in an 8th-century debate on the merits of Indian versus Chinese Buddhism. Ho-shang is represented in the ’cham of the Sherpas of Nepal by a dancer wearing a mask portraying a balding, bearded old man, called Mi-tshe-ring (Long-Life…

Heshen was an infamous Chinese courtier whose influence with the aged Qianlong emperor (reigned 1735–96) allowed him to monopolize major governmental posts and oppress the people. At the age of 25, Heshen was an imperial bodyguard. His handsome features, affable manner, and clever wit made a great

Hotan, oasis town, southwestern Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang, far western China. Hotan forms a county-level city and is the administrative centre of the Hotan prefecture (diqu), which administers a string of counties based on the oases along the southern edge of the Takla Makan Desert. The

Hoa Binh, city, northern Vietnam. It lies along the Black River (Song Da) about 45 miles (75 km) southwest of Hanoi. Located in a plateau region that forms the southwestern limits of the Red River (Song Hong) delta, it is a market centre for rice and forestry products. The Muong are the principal

Black River: The Hoa Binh Dam went into operation in 1988, though work on its hydroelectric generating station was not completed until 1994. The dam’s 1,920-megawatt power plant generates a significant portion of Vietnam’s total electricity requirement. After passing the dam, the Black River turns sharply north and…

Hoa Hao, Vietnamese Buddhist religious movement that was formed in 1939 by the Buddhist reformer Huynh Phu So. The Hoa Hao, along with the syncretic religious group Cao Dai, was one of the first groups to initiate armed hostilities against the French and later the Japanese colonialists. Based in

Hoa Lo Prison, former prison in Hanoi, Vietnam, that was originally constructed by Vietnam’s French colonial rulers and largely used to house political prisoners. It was later used for American prisoners of war (mainly airmen) during the Vietnam War. The Hoa Lo Prison was built around the turn of

Hephthalite, member of a people important in the history of India and Persia during the 5th and 6th centuries ce. According to Chinese chronicles, they were originally a tribe living to the north of the Great Wall and were known as Hoa or Hoadun. Elsewhere they were called White Huns or Hunas. They

history of Southeast Asia: Origins: …human development observed in the Hoabinhian culture, which lasted from about 13,000 to 5000 or 4000 bce. The stone tools used by hunting and gathering societies across Southeast Asia during this period show a remarkable degree of similarity in design and development. When the sea level rose to approximately its…

Lew Hoad was an Australian tennis player who rose to prominence in the 1950s, winning 13 major singles and doubles titles. With his rival and partner, Ken Rosewall, Hoad led Australia to win the Davis Cup in 1953 over the United States. The two were formidable in cup competition and helped

Lew Hoad was an Australian tennis player who rose to prominence in the 1950s, winning 13 major singles and doubles titles. With his rival and partner, Ken Rosewall, Hoad led Australia to win the Davis Cup in 1953 over the United States. The two were formidable in cup competition and helped

Seth Thomas: …Eli Terry hired him and Silas Hoadley to join in a wholesale clock-making enterprise. Terry, Thomas, and Hoadley, after about a year of setting up the required machinery, produced some 4,000 clocks in the following two years. The weight-driven wooden clocks were movements only, made under contract to Edward and…

hoagie, submarine sandwich containing Italian meats, cheeses, and other fillings and condiments. The name likely comes from the Philadelphia area where, during World War I, Italian immigrants who worked at the Hog Island shipyard began making sandwiches; they were originally called “hoggies” before

Dennis Robert Hoagland: …solution now universally known as Hoagland’s solution.

Dennis Robert Hoagland was an American plant physiologist and authority on plant and soil interactions. Hoagland graduated from Stanford University (1907) with a major in chemistry. In 1908 he became an instructor and assistant in the Laboratory of Animal Nutrition at the University of California

Edward Hoagland is an American novelist, travel writer, and essayist, noted especially for his writings about nature and wildlife. Hoagland sold his first novel, Cat Man (1956), shortly before graduating from Harvard University (A.B., 1954). After serving in the U.S. Army (1955–57), he wrote The

Edward Hoagland is an American novelist, travel writer, and essayist, noted especially for his writings about nature and wildlife. Hoagland sold his first novel, Cat Man (1956), shortly before graduating from Harvard University (A.B., 1954). After serving in the U.S. Army (1955–57), he wrote The

Hanoi: The contemporary city: Among the latter is Lake Hoan Kiem (“Lake of the Restored Sword”). Historical sites include the Co Loa citadel, dating from the 3rd century bce; the Temple of Literature (1070), dedicated to Confucius; the Mot Cot (“One-Pillar”) Pagoda (1049); and the Temple of the Trung Sisters (1142). In addition,…

De Tham was a Vietnamese resistance fighter and enemy of French colonialism during the first two decades of French rule in Indochina. Hoang Hoa Tham’s family name was originally Truong; his parents were opponents of the Nguyen rulers of Vietnam. His mother was executed, and his father committed

Fan Si Peak, highest peak (10,312 feet [3,143 metres]) in Vietnam, lying in Lao Cai tinh (province) and forming part of the Fan Si–Sa Phin range, which extends northwest-southeast for nearly 19 miles (31 km) between the Red River (Song Hong) and the Black River (Song Da). Along most of the range

Ebenezer R. Hoar was an American politician, a leading antislavery Whig in Massachusetts who was briefly attorney general in President Ulysses S. Grant’s administration. Born into a distinguished New England family, Hoar graduated from Harvard College (1835) and Harvard Law School (1839). His entry

Ebenezer R. Hoar was an American politician, a leading antislavery Whig in Massachusetts who was briefly attorney general in President Ulysses S. Grant’s administration. Born into a distinguished New England family, Hoar graduated from Harvard College (1835) and Harvard Law School (1839). His entry

George Frisbie Hoar was an American politician who was one of the leading organizers of the Republican Party and a lifelong crusader for good government. Hoar graduated from Harvard College (1846) and Harvard Law School (1849) and then went into private law practice in Worcester. His political

Fleur Adcock: …The Land Ballot (2015), and Hoard (2017).

military technology: Stone fortifications: …were fitted with provisions for hoardings, which were overhanging wooden galleries from which arrows, stones, and unpleasant substances such as boiling tar and pitch could be dropped or poured on an attacker. Hoardings gave way to machicolations, permanent overhanging galleries of stone that became a distinctive feature of medieval European…

history of Europe: Rituals, religion, and art: …the most remarkable phenomena was hoarding. Objects, usually in large numbers, were deliberately hidden in the ground or deposited in water in the form of a hoard. Hoards were known in a modest form during the Neolithic Period, and in some areas, such as Scandinavia and France, there continued to…