Hundred Days of Reform, (1898), in Chinese history, imperial attempt at renovating the Chinese state and social system. It occurred after the Chinese defeat in the Sino-Japanese War (1894–95) and the ensuing rush for concessions in China on the part of Western imperialist powers. Following the

Hundred Flowers Campaign, movement begun in May 1956 within the communist government of China to lift the restrictions imposed upon Chinese intellectuals and thus grant greater freedom of thought and speech. Motivated by the relaxation of strict communist controls in the Soviet Union that

Rembrandt: The myth of Rembrandt’s fall: …Jan Six and especially the Hundred Guilder Print, a large (unfinished) print with episodes from chapter 19 of The Gospel According to Matthew.

America’s Cup, one of the oldest and best-known trophies in international sailing yacht competition. It was first offered as the Hundred Guinea Cup on August 20, 1851, by the Royal Yacht Squadron of Great Britain for a race around the Isle of Wight. The cup was won by the America, a 100-foot

children’s literature: The 20th century: …in the United States as The Horse Without a Head and was made into a successful Disney film. A “gang” story, using a hard, unemotional tone that recalls Simenon, it may be the best of its kind since Emil and the Detectives.

Murray Bridge, city, southeastern South Australia, on the Murray River, 52 miles (84 km) by road southeast of Adelaide. Originally a stop for cattle drovers, the town was organized in 1860 as the Hundred of Mobilong and grew as a river port. A bridge spanned the Murray in 1879, and the town of

United Kingdom: Law and government: …place that yielded the so-called Hundred Rolls, a heterogeneous group of records, and brought home the need for changes in the law. In 1275 the First Statute of Westminster was issued. A succession of other statutes followed in later years, providing a kind of supplement to the common law. Some…

education: Dong (Eastern) Zhou (770–256 bce): …China’s intellectual history, when the Hundred Schools of thought vied with one another to expound their views and proposals for attaining a happy social and political order. Some urged a return to the teachings of the sages of old, while others sought better conditions by radical change. Among the major…

Amy Tan: In The Hundred Secret Senses (1995), an American woman gradually learns to appreciate her Chinese half sister and the knowledge she imparts. Tan again explored the complex relationships of mothers and daughters in The Bonesetter’s Daughter (2001), in which a woman cares for her mother, who…

Hundred Years’ War, intermittent struggle between England and France in the 14th–15th century over a series of disputes, including the question of the legitimate succession to the French crown. The struggle involved several generations of English and French claimants to the crown and actually

Italian literature: The veristi and other narrative writers: …life, I cento anni (The Hundred Years), was issued in installments (1856–58 and 1864–65); Emilio Praga, a poet tormented by contradictions; and Arrigo Boito, poet, musician, and librettist for Giuseppe Verdi’s Falstaff and Otello.

Helen Mirren: Later films: …Indian actor Om Puri in The Hundred-Foot Journey (2014), in which the two played the owners of competing restaurants. In Woman in Gold (2015) Mirren portrayed Maria Altmann, a Jewish refugee who successfully sued the Austrian government to recover paintings by Gustav Klimt stolen from her family by the Nazis…

George Gascoigne: …in his first published work, A Hundreth sundrie Flowres (1573), a collection of verse and prose. In The Posies of George Gascoigne (1575), an authorized revision of the earlier work, which had been published anonymously, he included also “Certayne notes of Instruction,” the first treatise on prosody in English. In…

history of the Low Countries: Neolithic (4000–2900 bce): …megalithic burial monuments (the so-called hunebedden), the precise origins of which are still unknown. Composed of large stone blocks left behind by receding glaciers, these monuments mark collective tombs and may extend for up to 160 feet (about 50 metres) in length. In addition to the beakers for which the…

history of the Low Countries: Neolithic (4000–2900 bce): …megalithic burial monuments (the so-called hunebedden), the precise origins of which are still unknown. Composed of large stone blocks left behind by receding glaciers, these monuments mark collective tombs and may extend for up to 160 feet (about 50 metres) in length. In addition to the beakers for which the…

Hunedoara, judeƫ (county), western Romania, occupying an area of 2,727 square mi (7,063 square km). The Transylvanian Alps (Southern Carpathians) and the Western Carpathians rise above settlement areas in the valleys. The Mureş River and its tributaries drain the county southwestward. Deva is the

Hunedoara, city, Hunedoara judeƫ (county), west-central Romania, in the eastern foothills of the iron-ore-bearing Poiana Ruscăi Mountains, 185 miles (300 km) northwest of Bucharest. The ore deposits at nearby Ghelari and Teliucu were known in Roman times. Hunedoara Castle, west of the city, was

Hunedoara: Hunedoara Castle, west of the city, was completed in 1453 on the ruins of a 13th-century predecessor; it was later expanded by Matthias I Corvinus.

James Gibbons Huneker was an American critic of music, art, and literature, a leading exponent of impressionistic criticism. His perceptive comments and brilliant style won him a wide audience in both Europe and the United States. Huneker studied piano in Philadelphia, Paris, and New York, taught

North Africa: The Vandal conquest: Gaiseric’s successors were less formidable: Huneric (477–484) launched a general persecution of the Latin church, apparently from genuine religious fanaticism rather than for political reasons, but his successor adopted a milder policy. Later, under Thrasamund (496–523), there is evidence that many Vandals adopted Roman culture, but the tribe retained its…

Japan: The Mongol invasions: …command of the Mongol general Hung Ch’a-ch’iu. The two armies met at Hirado and in a combined assault breached the defenses at Hakata Bay. But again a fierce typhoon destroyed nearly all of the invading fleet, forcing Hung Ch’a-ch’iu to retreat precipitately. The remnants of the invading army were captured…

Hong Chengchou was a leading Ming dynasty (1368–1644) official who became an important minister of the Qing (Manchu) dynasty (1644–1911/12) after he was captured by Manchu troops in 1642. Hong served the new government as grand secretary, the top ministerial position. He was responsible for

Tran Hung Dao was a figure of almost legendary proportions in Vietnamese history, a brilliant military strategist who defeated two Mongol invasions and became a cultural hero among modern Vietnamese. By the early 1280s the Vietnamese kingdom faced a growing threat from the Mongols under Kublai

Vietnam: Legendary kingdoms: …as the first of the Hung (or Hong Bang) kings (vuong) of Vietnam’s first dynasty; as such, he is regarded as the founder of the Vietnamese nation.

Hong Xiuquan was a Chinese religious prophet and leader of the Taiping Rebellion (1850–64), during which he declared his own new dynasty, which centred on the captured (1853) city of Nanjing. This great upheaval, in which more than 20,000,000 people are said to have been killed, drastically altered

Hong Rengan was a leader of the Taiping Rebellion, the great uprising that occupied South China between 1850 and 1864. He tried to reorganize the Taiping movement by introducing Western ideas of government and religion. Hong Rengan was a cousin and neighbour of Hong Xiuquan, the supreme Taiping

Conservative Party: History: …outright majority led to a hung Parliament. Conservative and Labour Party leaders met with the Liberal Democrats over the ensuing days in an effort to secure enough seats to form a new government. When it appeared that those talks would result in a formal “Lib-Con” coalition, Brown announced his resignation…

Hong Shen was a pioneering Chinese dramatist and filmmaker. Educated in Beijing and at Harvard University in the United States, Hong Shen taught dramatic arts and Western literature at various universities after his return to China in 1922. He was invited to join the Shanghai Dramatic Society in

Hung Vuong was the legendary founder of the first Vietnamese state—Van Lang (the Land of the Tattooed Men)—probably located north of what is now Hanoi. Existing archaeological evidence does not support the Vietnamese ancient texts that credit Hung Vuong with establishing, in 2879 bc, the Hong Bang

Hongqi Canal, canal and irrigation system in northern Henan province and in Shanxi province, eastern China. The canal was constructed in 1960–69 to irrigate the poor and infertile area of Linxian county (now Linzhou municipality) in the foothills of the Taihang Mountains west of Anyang. To relieve

Hongren was the foremost painter of the Anhui (Xinan) school, a centre of painting in southeast China during the Qing period that was noted for its unusual land features, especially of Huang Shan (“Yellow Mountain”), which frequently appears in paintings of the school. Jiang Tao adopted his

Dream of the Red Chamber, novel written by Cao Zhan in the 18th century that is generally considered to be the greatest of all Chinese novels and among the greatest in world literature. The work, published in English as Dream of the Red Chamber (1929), first appeared in manuscript form in Beijing

Hongshan culture, (c. 4000–3000 bce) prehistoric culture of far northern China. It appears to have had a three-tiered elite whose members were honoured with complex burials. Painted pottery found there may link it to Yangshao culture, while its beautiful jade artifacts link it to other jade-working

Hongshui River, river in Guizhou province and in the Zhuang Autonomous Region of Guangxi, southwestern China. It is one of the principal tributaries of the Xi River, which forms its delta at Guangzhou (Canton). The Hongshui River rises on Mount Maxiong in Qujing, Yunnan province. Its upper course

Hongze Lake, large lake in the Huai River valley, on the border between Jiangsu and Anhui provinces, eastern China. It was given the name Hongze Lake by the emperor Yangdi (reigned ad 604–617/618) of the Sui dynasty (581–618). In Tang and early Song times (from the 7th to the 10th century) it was

Red Guards, in Chinese history, groups of militant university and high school students formed into paramilitary units as part of the Cultural Revolution (1966–76). These young people, such as student leader Song Binbin , often wore green jackets similar to the uniforms of the Chinese army at the

Hongwu was the Chinese emperor (reigned 1368–98) who founded the Ming dynasty that ruled China for nearly 300 years. During his reign, the Hongwu emperor instituted military, administrative, and educational reforms that centred power in the emperor. The future Hongwu emperor was born in 1328 as Zhu

asteroid: Distribution and Kirkwood gaps: 78 AU, called the Hungaria group), 7:4 (at 3.58 AU, the Cybele group), 3:2 (at 3.97 AU, the Hilda group), 4:3 (at 4.29 AU, the Thule group), and 1:1 (at 5.20 AU, the Trojan groups). (See below Hungarias and outer-belt asteroids and Trojan asteroids for additional discussion of these…

Hungarian, member of a people speaking the Hungarian language of the Finno-Ugric family and living primarily in Hungary, but represented also by large minority populations in Romania, Croatia, Vojvodina (Yugoslavia), Slovakia, and Ukraine. Those in Romania, living mostly in the area of the former

Hungary: Cultural institutions: …dozen research institutes of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (established in 1825) as well as to the institutes of various ministries. The academy was at the apex of Hungarian scientific and scholarly life for over four decades following its reorganization in 1949. Beginning in the early 1990s, however, it fell…

Béla Kun: …communist newspaper and founded the Hungarian Communist Party on December 20, 1918. Though imprisoned in February 1919 by the government of Mihály Károlyi, Kun was allowed to continue directing Hungary’s Communist Party from his cell. His extensive propaganda combined social agitation with promises that, if given power, he would secure…

Ausgleich, the compact, finally concluded on Feb. 8, 1867, that regulated the relations between Austria and Hungary and established the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. The kingdom of Hungary had desired equal status with the Austrian Empire, which was weakened by its defeat in the Seven Weeks’

Franz Liszt: Eight years in Rome: In 1867 he wrote the Hungarian Coronation Mass for the coronation of the emperor Francis Joseph I of Austria as king of Hungary. This commission renewed his links with his native land. Meanwhile, his daughter Cosima, who, at the age of 19, had married Liszt’s favourite pupil, Hans von Bülow,…

Hungarian Dances, set of 21 dances composed by Johannes Brahms. Originally intended for two pianists, the dances were published in that form in two sets in 1869 and in 1880. Some were orchestrated by Brahms himself, and others were orchestrated by his colleagues, including Antonín Dvořák. The

Hungary: Political reforms: …the new parties was the Hungarian Democratic Forum, followed by Fidesz and the Alliance of Free Democrats. Soon several of the traditional political parties that had been destroyed or emasculated by the communists in the late 1940s also emerged, including the Independent Smallholders’ Party, the Social Democratic Party, the National…

Danube River: Physiography: …to the gorge called the Hungarian Gates, in the Austrian Alps and the Western Carpathian Mountains. The middle course runs from the Hungarian Gates Gorge to the Iron Gate in the Southern Romanian Carpathians. The lower course flows from the Iron Gate to the deltalike estuary at the Black Sea.

Hungarian language, member of the Finno-Ugric group of the Uralic language family, spoken primarily in Hungary but also in Slovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia, as well as in scattered groups elsewhere in the world. Hungarian belongs to the Ugric branch of Finno-Ugric, along with the Ob-Ugric

Corpus Juris Hungarici, unofficial collection of Hungarian legal statutes dating to the 16th century. The core of the collection consists of copies of the decrees of various kings and dates from about 1544. The collection was assembled by István Illosfalvy, provost of Eger. The same documents were

lilac: Major species: …with pinkish flowers; and the Hungarian lilac (S. josikaèa), about 3 metres tall, with scentless bluish purple flowers. The Chinese, or Rouen, lilac (S. chinensis) is a thickly branched hybrid, a cross of the Persian and common lilacs.

Hungarian literature, the body of written works produced in the Hungarian language. No written evidence remains of the earliest Hungarian literature, but, through Hungarian folktales and folk songs, elements have survived that can be traced back to pagan times. Also extant, although only in Latin

Gyula Harangozó: …of the founders of the Hungarian National Ballet and an exceptional dancer of the ballet d’action, or dramatic ballet.

Hungary: Finance: …Soviet-style single-tier banking system, the National Bank both issued money and monopolized the financing of the entire Hungarian economy. Beginning in 1987, Hungary moved toward a market-oriented two-tier system in which the National Bank remained the bank of issue but in which commercial banks were established. Foreign investment was permitted,…

World War I: The collapse of Austria-Hungary: …their very timely offensive), a Hungarian National Council prescribing peace and severance from Austria was set up in Budapest. On October 27 a note accepting the U.S. note of October 18 was sent from Vienna to Washington—to remain unacknowledged. On October 28 the Czechoslovak committee in Prague passed a “law”…

Budapest: Cultural life: Founded in 1802, the Hungarian National Museum has extensive historical and archaeological holdings. The music academy, established in 1875 by the pianist and composer Franz Liszt, has acquired international fame. The Opera House was restored to its 19th-century splendour in 1984. Completed in 2002 and located on the Danube…

partridge: …partridge of Europe is the gray partridge (Perdix perdix), called Hungarian (or hun) partridge in North America, where it was introduced in 1889 (Virginia) and again, much more successfully, in 1908–09 (Alberta). It ranges throughout the British Isles and across Europe to the Caspian region. The gray partridge has a…

Hungary, landlocked country of central Europe. The capital is Budapest. At the end of World War I, defeated Hungary lost 71 percent of its territory as a result of the Treaty of Trianon (1920). Since then, grappling with the loss of more than two-thirds of their territory and people, Hungarians

Hungarian Revolution, popular uprising in Hungary in 1956, following a speech by Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev in which he attacked the period of Joseph Stalin’s rule. Encouraged by the new freedom of debate and criticism, a rising tide of unrest and discontent in Hungary broke out into active

Budapest: Buda, Óbuda, and Pest: After the outbreak of revolution in Pest in March 1848, a Hungarian ministry, transferred from Pozsony (modern Bratislava, Slovakia) and responsible to the Diet, was established there. In the ensuing civil war Buda was besieged in May 1849 by the revolutionary army of the patriot Lajos Kossuth. Repression followed…

Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2 in C-Sharp Minor, the second and most famous of the 19 Hungarian Rhapsodies composed for piano by Franz Liszt between 1846–53. Originally composed in 1851 for solo piano, the work was soon converted into orchestral form by Liszt’s colleague, Franz Doppler, who also added a

saddle: The English, or Hungarian, saddle is lighter, flatter, and padded and was designed for sport and recreational uses.

Hungarian Socialist Party (MSzP), left-wing Hungarian political party. Although the Hungarian Socialist Party (MSzP) was founded in 1989, its origins date to 1948, when the Hungarian Social Democratic Party merged into what was first called the Hungarian Workers’ Party and then, following the

Hungary: Overview: …it was reorganized as the Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party, which survived until the fall of communism in 1989.

bargello work: …the flamelike gradation of colour, flame stitch; its 17th-century name was Hungarian stitch.

Hungarian Revolution, popular uprising in Hungary in 1956, following a speech by Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev in which he attacked the period of Joseph Stalin’s rule. Encouraged by the new freedom of debate and criticism, a rising tide of unrest and discontent in Hungary broke out into active

Hungary: Overview: …it was reorganized as the Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party, which survived until the fall of communism in 1989.

Hungary, landlocked country of central Europe. The capital is Budapest. At the end of World War I, defeated Hungary lost 71 percent of its territory as a result of the Treaty of Trianon (1920). Since then, grappling with the loss of more than two-thirds of their territory and people, Hungarians

Held in Melbourne, Australia, in 1956, the 16th Olympiad coincided with one of the signal events of Cold War history: the Soviet army’s repression of an uprising in Hungary against the pro-Soviet government there. Thousands of Hungarians were killed during the incident, and in the following months

horizontally striped red-white-green national flag. Its width-to-length ratio is 2 to 3.The tricolour flag of Hungary was officially adopted on October 12, 1957, after the abortive revolution in 1956. The colours are the same as those found in the traditional coat of arms of Hungary. The white is

history of Hungary, a survey of important events and people in the history of Hungary from ancient times to the present. The citizens of Hungary know their landlocked central European country as Magyarország, “Land of Magyars.” They are unique among the nations of Europe in that they speak a

Reformed Church in Hungary, Reformed church that developed in Hungary during and after the 16th-century Protestant Reformation. The influence of the Reformation was felt early in Hungary. A synod at Erdod adopted the Lutheran Augsburg Confession in 1545, and by 1567 the Synod of Debrecen adopted

Hungary, landlocked country of central Europe. The capital is Budapest. At the end of World War I, defeated Hungary lost 71 percent of its territory as a result of the Treaty of Trianon (1920). Since then, grappling with the loss of more than two-thirds of their territory and people, Hungarians

Steve McQueen: …his first feature-length commercial film, Hunger (winner of the Cannes film festival’s Caméra d’Or). Using long takes, claustrophobic camera angles, and much human silence, the film chillingly tells the story of the last days of the Irish nationalist Bobby Sands (played by Michael Fassbender), who undertook a hunger strike at…

Hunger, novel by Knut Hamsun, published in 1890 as Sult. It is the semiautobiographical chronicle of the physical and psychological hunger experienced by an aspiring writer in late 19th-century Norway. The unnamed narrator of this plotless episodic work is an introspective young man whose hunger to

motivation: Hunger: The question of why we eat when we do appears to involve two separate mechanisms. The first mechanism, typically called short-term regulation, attempts to take in sufficient energy to balance what is being expended. It is usually assumed that time between meals and meal…

Suzanne Collins: …were also central concerns of The Hunger Games (2008), a dystopian tale in which two dozen adolescents are compelled by a futuristic authoritarian state to fight to the death in a televised competition. Inspired equally by reality television and Classical mythology, the novel, aimed at teenage readers, attracted intense interest…

T Bone Burnett: …sound track of the movie The Hunger Games (2012). Ghost Brothers of Darkland County, a Southern gothic musical he created with Stephen King and John Mellencamp, premiered in 2014.

Woody Harrelson: …the Hunger Games series (2012, 2013, 2014, and 2015), which was adapted from Suzanne Collins’s popular young-adult books. He was compelling in the title role of Rob Reiner’s LBJ (2016).

the Chemical Brothers: …Is Not a Game” for The Hunger Games: Mockingjay Part 1 (2014). For No Geography (2019), the duo won another Grammy for best dance/electronic album, and the single “Got to Keep On” took the Grammy for best dance recording.

Woody Harrelson: 2013, 2014, and 2015), which was adapted from Suzanne Collins’s popular young-adult books. He was compelling in the title role of Rob Reiner’s LBJ (2016).

fasting: Fasting as a form of protest: …a Belfast prison during a hunger strike conducted to urge recognition of themselves and their associates as political prisoners.

Susan Sarandon: …scientist-turned-vampire in the horror film The Hunger (1983), although these films were less successful.

Michael Bolton: …he scored a hit with The Hunger (1987), which featured the hit singles “That’s What Love Is All About,” “Walk Away,” and his rendition of Otis Redding’s classic 1968 hit “(Sittin’ on) the Dock of the Bay.”

Wilhelm Raabe: (1864; The Hunger-Pastor), Abu Telfan, oder Die Heimkehr vom Mondgebirge, 3 vol. (1868; Abu Telfan, Return from the Mountains of the Moon), and Der Schüdderump, 3 vol. (1870; “The Rickety Cart”). These three novels are often viewed as a trilogy that is central to Raabe’s generally…

Roxane Gay: Hunger, Not That Bad, and other works: In 2017 Gay published Hunger: A Memoir of (My) Body, which details her experiences as a large woman, her relationship with food, and her struggles with body image. The book was another bestseller and a National Book Critics Circle finalist for best autobiography. That same year, she released her…

Ed Bullins: …well as the short-story collection The Hungered One (1971) and the novel The Reluctant Rapist (1973).

Wilhelm Raabe: (1864; The Hunger-Pastor), Abu Telfan, oder Die Heimkehr vom Mondgebirge, 3 vol. (1868; Abu Telfan, Return from the Mountains of the Moon), and Der Schüdderump, 3 vol. (1870; “The Rickety Cart”). These three novels are often viewed as a trilogy that is central to Raabe’s generally…

Icelandic literature: The sagas: …13th century, such as the Hungrvaka (“The Appetizer”), a short history of the bishops of Skálholt from Ísleifr to Kloengr. In the late 12th century several short histories of Norwegian kings were taken from Norway to Iceland, where they influenced Icelandic historians. The Ágriþ, a summary of the histories, or…

Hungry Ghost Festival, frightening and festive Buddhist and Daoist holiday celebrated in East Asia and Southeast Asia, particularly in areas with Chinese cultural influence, to propitiate the ghosts of the deceased. The holiday is celebrated on the 15th day of the 7th month on the Chinese lunar

Michael Imperioli: Stardom: The Sopranos and White Lotus: …2009 Imperioli wrote and directed The Hungry Ghosts, a drama involving intertwined stories; the film starred Steve Schirripa, a Sopranos castmate. Imperioli later appeared in Regina King’s well-received directorial debut, One Night in Miami… (2020), a fictional talk between Muhammad Ali, Malcolm X, Sam Cooke, and Jim Brown

Yiddish literature: The 21st century: Many of Yezierska’s characters in Hungry Hearts (1920), for example, speak English that is Yiddish-inflected; some phrases are translated word-for-word from Yiddish expressions. In the masterpiece of American Jewish immigrant fiction, Henry Roth’s novel Call It Sleep (1934), the characters’ Yiddish speech is rendered in eloquent English, while their English…

Adam Driver: …in the uncomfortable domestic drama Hungry Hearts and a charming if entitled hipster in Baumbach’s While We’re Young.

Henri Rousseau: Later paintings and recognition of Henri Rousseau: …the academicians), where his painting The Hungry Lion (1905) was hung in the same room as the works of the group of avant-garde painters known as the Fauves (“Wild Beasts”)—Henri Matisse, André Derain, and Maurice de Vlaminck. At last the critics began to speak of Rousseau in a positive light.…

Maydūm: …pyramid was probably begun by Huni, the last king of the 3rd dynasty (c. 2650–c. 2575), but was apparently completed by his successor, Snefru, the first king of the 4th dynasty (c. 2575–c. 2465). Late in its reconstruction under Snefru, the outer casing and fill of the pyramid began to…

János Hunyadi was a Hungarian general and governor of the kingdom of Hungary from 1446 to 1452, who was a leading commander against the Turks in the 15th century. Hunyadi is first mentioned, probably as a small child, in the diplomas by which King Sigismund transferred possessions of Hunyad castle

Kiss of Death: Nick Bianco (played by Victor Mature) decides to testify against his former mob cronies in order to win release from prison and be reunited with his family. The caveat is that he must reintegrate himself into the mob and risk his life to bring the top criminals to justice.…

Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi, (July 8, 1833), defensive alliance signed between the Ottoman Empire and Russia at the village of Hünkâr İskelesi, near Istanbul, by which the Ottoman Empire became a virtual protectorate of Russia. Facing defeat by the insurgent Muḥammad ʿAlī Pasha of Egypt, the Ottoman

Sioux: …Blackfoot; Brulé (Upper and Lower); Hunkpapa; Miniconjou; Oglala; Sans Arcs; and Oohenonpa, or Two-Kettle.

David Bowie: Not until Hunky Dory (1971) did he hit on the attractively postmodern notion of presenting his chameleonism as an identity rather than the lack of one.

H.L. Hunley, Confederate submarine that operated (1863–64) during the American Civil War and was the first submarine to sink (1864) an enemy ship, the Union vessel Housatonic. The Hunley was designed and built at Mobile, Alabama, and named for its chief financial backer, Horace L. Hunley. Less than

Hangul, alphabetic system used for writing the Korean language. The system, known as Chosŏn muntcha in North Korea, consists of 24 letters (originally 28), including 14 consonants and 10 vowels. The consonant characters are formed with curved or angled lines. The vowels are composed of vertical or