Chinese architecture: The Song (960–1279), Liao (907–1125), and Jin (1115–1234) dynasties: …hall and library of the Huayan Temple in the Liao capital at Datong (Shanxi), which was accorded the right to house images of the Liao emperors, installed in 1062. The library, perhaps the most intricate and perfectly preserved example of the architecture of the period, was completed in 1038.

North China Plain, large alluvial plain of northern China, built up along the shore of the Yellow Sea by deposits of the Huang He (Yellow River) and the Huai, Hai, and a few other minor rivers of northern China. Covering an area of about 158,000 square miles (409,500 square km), most of which is

Chinese literature: Prose: …of story writing of the huaben (“vernacular story”) type was to open up new vistas in prose fiction in later periods.

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), committee of the U.S. House of Representatives, established in 1938 under Martin Dies as chairman, that conducted investigations through the 1940s and ’50s into alleged communist activities. Those investigated during the Red Scare of 1947–54 included

huaca, ancient Inca and modern Quechua and Aymara religious concept that is variously used to refer to sacred ritual, the state of being after death, or any sacred object. The Spanish conquistador Pedro de Cieza de León believed that the word meant “burial place.” Huaca also means spirits that

Moche: … (Huaca del Sol) and the Temple of the Moon (Huaca de la Luna), dominate the site, though there is no evidence that they were ever so dedicated. The Temple of the Sun is a causeway and stepped pyramid, about 1,090 × 446 feet (340 × 136 metres) at the base…

Moche: …giant structures, known as the Temple of the Sun (Huaca del Sol) and the Temple of the Moon (Huaca de la Luna), dominate the site, though there is no evidence that they were ever so dedicated. The Temple of the Sun is a causeway and stepped pyramid, about 1,090 ×…

Andes Mountains: Physiography of the Northern Andes: …Cumbal, Chiles) known as the Huaca Knot. Farther to the north is the great massif of the Pasto Mountains (latitude 1°–2° N), which is the most important Colombian physiographic complex and the source of many of the country’s rivers.

Huaca Prieta, pre-Columbian site of the Late Preceramic Period (c. 3500–1800 bc) in northern Peru, located at the mouth of the Chicama River. Archaeological excavations have revealed subterranean pit dwellings there. The inhabitants of these dwellings did not cultivate maize (corn) or make pottery

Moche: …archaeologists excavated a site called Huaca Rajada, near the village of Sipán in the Lambayeque valley, and uncovered the elaborate, jewelry-filled tomb of a Moche warrior-priest. Several more burial chambers containing the remains of Moche royalty were soon excavated, all dating from about 300 ce. In 1997 excavations at Dos…

alpaca: The fleece of the huacaya is shorter and coarser by comparison. (See specialty hair fibre.) The alpaca’s fleece is remarkably lightweight, strong, lustrous, high in insulation value, and resistant to rain and snow. It is used in parkas, sleeping bags, and fine coat linings. Alpaca fibre is sometimes combined…

Anacardiaceae, the sumac family of flowering plants (order Sapindales), with about 80 genera and about 870 species of evergreen or deciduous trees, shrubs, and woody vines. Most members of Anacardiaceae are native to tropical and subtropical areas of the world. A few species occur in temperate

Îles Sous le Vent: …is the fertile island of Huahine, which becomes two sections at high tide: Huahine Nui (“Great Huahine”) and Huahine Iti (“Little Huahine”), dominated respectively by Mount Turi (2,195 feet [852 metres]) and Mount Moufene (1,516 feet [462 metres]). The other inhabited islands are Maupiti (Maurua), known for its black basaltic…

Daoism: Confucianism and Buddhism: …Conversion of the Barbarians” (Huahujing), which was altered and expanded in subsequent centuries to encompass new developments in the continuing debate. Although there is no evidence that the earliest Daoist organization, literature, or ceremonies were in any way indebted to Buddhism, by the 4th century there was a distinct…

China: The Taiping Rebellion: …“Huai Braves” (later called the Huai Army), organized by Li Hongzhang in 1862. These armies were composed of the village farmers, inspired with a strong sense of mission for protecting the Confucian orthodoxy, and were used for wider operations than merely protecting their own villages. The necessary funds for maintaining…

Huai River: …course was diverted into the Huai River, leading to continual flooding.

China: The Taiping Rebellion: …“Huai Braves” (later called the Huai Army), organized by Li Hongzhang in 1862. These armies were composed of the village farmers, inspired with a strong sense of mission for protecting the Confucian orthodoxy, and were used for wider operations than merely protecting their own villages. The necessary funds for maintaining…

Huai River, river in east-central China that drains the plain between the Huang He (Yellow River) and the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang). The river has a length of 660 miles (1,100 km) and drains an area of 67,000 square miles (174,000 square km). It is fed by numerous tributary streams rising in the

Huai River, river in east-central China that drains the plain between the Huang He (Yellow River) and the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang). The river has a length of 660 miles (1,100 km) and drains an area of 67,000 square miles (174,000 square km). It is fed by numerous tributary streams rising in the

Huai River, river in east-central China that drains the plain between the Huang He (Yellow River) and the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang). The river has a length of 660 miles (1,100 km) and drains an area of 67,000 square miles (174,000 square km). It is fed by numerous tributary streams rising in the

Huai’an, city and river port, north-central Jiangsu sheng (province), eastern China. It is situated on the Grand Canal, located at the point where (until 1853) it crossed the lower course of the Huang He (Yellow River). The city came into being in 2001, when what were then the cities of Huai’an and

Huai’an, city and river port, north-central Jiangsu sheng (province), eastern China. It is situated on the Grand Canal, located at the point where (until 1853) it crossed the lower course of the Huang He (Yellow River). The city came into being in 2001, when what were then the cities of Huai’an and

Great Wall of China: The Ming dynasty to the present: …change in ruling strategy called huairou (“mollification”), wherein the Qing tried to pacify the leaders and peoples of Mongolia, Tibet, and other nationalities by not interfering with local social, cultural, or religious life. Because of the success of that strategy, the Great Wall was repaired less frequently, and it gradually…

Huainan, prefecture-level industrial city, north-central Anhui sheng (province), China. Until the 20th century Huainan was a minor town called Tianjia’an, under the jurisdiction of Shouxian, some 18 miles (30 km) to the west. Its development began with the discovery of coal deposits in the locality

Liu An was a Chinese nobleman and scholar who was one of the few prominent Daoist philosophers active during the 700-year period between the peak of Daoist thought in the 4th century bc and its resurgence in the 3rd and 4th centuries ad. Liu An was a grandson of Gaozu, the founder of the Western

Huainanzi, important Chinese classic written in the 2nd century bc under the patronage of the nobleman Huainanzi (Liu An). It is a compilation of 21 loosely connected chapters on metaphysics, cosmology, matters of state, and conduct. Although it contains little that is not included in two earlier

Huaiyin, former city, north-central Jiangsu sheng (province), China. It is situated on the Grand Canal, located at the point where (until 1853) it crossed the lower course of the Huang He (Yellow River). In 2001 Huaiyin and several other surrounding administrative entities were amalgamated to

Buddhism: Dhyana (Chan/Zen): …schools followed the doctrine of Huaihai, who taught that a monk who would not work should not eat and that work (as well as everything else) should be done spontaneously and naturally. The emphasis on work made the Chan schools self-sufficient and saved them from the worst effects of the…

Huainan, prefecture-level industrial city, north-central Anhui sheng (province), China. Until the 20th century Huainan was a minor town called Tianjia’an, under the jurisdiction of Shouxian, some 18 miles (30 km) to the west. Its development began with the discovery of coal deposits in the locality

Huainanzi, important Chinese classic written in the 2nd century bc under the patronage of the nobleman Huainanzi (Liu An). It is a compilation of 21 loosely connected chapters on metaphysics, cosmology, matters of state, and conduct. Although it contains little that is not included in two earlier

Liu An was a Chinese nobleman and scholar who was one of the few prominent Daoist philosophers active during the 700-year period between the peak of Daoist thought in the 4th century bc and its resurgence in the 3rd and 4th centuries ad. Liu An was a grandson of Gaozu, the founder of the Western

Huainanzi, important Chinese classic written in the 2nd century bc under the patronage of the nobleman Huainanzi (Liu An). It is a compilation of 21 loosely connected chapters on metaphysics, cosmology, matters of state, and conduct. Although it contains little that is not included in two earlier

Anqing, city situated on the north bank of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) in southwestern Anhui sheng (province), China. Situated at a crossing place on the Yangtze, it commands the narrow section of the floodplain between the Dabie Mountains to the north and the Huang Mountains on the south bank,

huayño, couple dance of the Quechua and Aymara Indians and of many mestizos (people of Spanish-Indian descent) of Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador. It antedates the Spanish conquest and was possibly an Inca funeral dance; today it is purely festive. A circle of dancing couples surrounds the musicians,

Qu Yuan: …favoured counselor of his kinsman Huaiwang, the ruler of Chu. Qu Yuan advocated the unpopular policy of resistance to Qin, the most powerful of the Warring States, causing his rival courtiers to intrigue successfully against him. Estranged from the throne through the malice of his rivals, Qu Yuan was banished…

Huaiyin, former city, north-central Jiangsu sheng (province), China. It is situated on the Grand Canal, located at the point where (until 1853) it crossed the lower course of the Huang He (Yellow River). In 2001 Huaiyin and several other surrounding administrative entities were amalgamated to

Xia Gui: Life: …by Zhuang Su and titled Huaji Buyi, states that he was active in the academy under the reign of the emperor Lizong (reigned 1224/25–1264/65). Perhaps his service in the academy overlapped these two reigns and can provisionally be dated about 1200 to 1240.

Wen Tingyun: …ci poetry, the Huajianji (Among the Flowers), compiled by Zhao Chongzuo in 940 to popularize the new genre.

huaju, form of Chinese drama featuring realistic spoken dialogue rather than the sung poetic dialogue of the traditional Chinese dramatic forms. Huaju was developed in the early 20th century by intellectuals who wanted to replace the traditional Chinese forms with Western-style drama. The first

Hualalai, dormant volcano (8,271 feet [2,521 metres]), northwestern Hawaii island, Hawaii, U.S. It emerged from the ocean some 300,000 years ago and is one of five volcanoes that form the island. Its dome, 24 miles (39 km) long and 20 miles (32 km) wide, covers an area of 290 square miles (751

Native American: Reorganization: …argument was cited by the Hualapai against the Santa Fe Railway, which in 1944 was required to relinquish about 500,000 acres (200,000 hectares) it thought it had been granted by the United States. A special Indian Claims Commission, created by an act of Congress on August 13, 1946, received petitions…

Taiwan: The Lai Ching-te presidency: …near the mountainous county of Hualien. The 7.4-magnitude quake—Taiwan’s most severe in 25 years—killed at least 9 people and left 50 missing and more than 1,000 injured. Numerous buildings were severely damaged. Train tracks were damaged in Taipei, about 74 miles (119 km) away, and shocks were felt in Shanghai…

Huallaga River, river in central and northern Peru. It rises in the Andes mountains just south of Cerro de Pasco and descends north-northeastward past Huánuco and Tingo María. The Huallaga carves a valley between the Cordillera Central and the Cordillera Azul and emerges into the Amazon River basin

pre-Columbian civilizations: Huayna Capac: A regent named Hualpaya (Walpaya) was appointed from this group to tutor Huayna Capac in the ways of government until the child was old enough to rule in his own name. Hualpaya, however, tried to assert the claims of his own son to the throne and, as a…

pre-Columbian civilizations: Huayna Capac: This group was led by Huaman Achachi (Waman ’Achachi), the child’s uncle and presumably the brother of the Emperor’s principal wife. A regent named Hualpaya (Walpaya) was appointed from this group to tutor Huayna Capac in the ways of government until the child was old enough to rule in his…

Ayacucho, city, south-central Peru. It lies in a fertile valley on the eastern slopes of the Andean Cordillera Occidental at an elevation of 9,007 feet (2,746 metres) above sea level and has a pleasant and invigorating climate. Ayacucho was founded in 1539 by the conquistador Francisco Pizarro and

Álvaro Siza: …in black corrugated metal (the Huamao Museum of Art and Education [2020; with Castanheira], Ningbo, China), and in limestone (611 West 56th Street skyscraper [2022], New York, New York).

Huambo, city, west-central Angola. It lies south of the Cuanza River on the Bié Plateau at an elevation of 5,581 feet (1,701 metres) and has a temperate climate. The city was founded in 1912 by Portuguese settlers and workers on the Benguela Railway, which was then under construction. It was first

Tequistlatecan languages: Huamelultec (also called Lowland Chontal) is spoken today by fewer than 100 elderly persons in San Pedro Huamelula and Santiago Astata near the coast in the Mexican state of Oaxaca. Tequistlatec (Tequistlatec proper) was formerly spoken in Tequisistlán, Oaxaca, but now has no speakers. Highland…

Jin dynasty: Huan Wen, the general responsible for this victory, deposed the reigning emperor and put a puppet ruler on the throne, but both the new ruler and the general died soon after. In 383 the Dong Jin turned back invading armies of the northern nomads at…

Qi: …semi-legendary prince Duke Huan (Qi Huangong) and his famous adviser Guan Zhong, a uniform tax system was instituted, a central army was created, and state monopolies of salt and iron production were formed. At the same time, a centralized bureaucracy based on talent rather than hereditary rank began to…

European exploration: The exploration of the coastlines of the Indian Ocean and the China Sea: …Marcus Aurelius to the emperor Huan-ti, bearing goods that Huan-ti gratefully received as “tribute.” Ptolemy, however, did not know of these voyages: he swept his peninsula of Colmorgo (Malay) southwestward to join the eastward trend of his coast of Africa, thus creating a closed Indian Ocean. He presumably did not…

Champa, ancient Indochinese kingdom lasting from the 2nd to the 17th century ce and extending over the central and southern coastal region of Vietnam from roughly the 18th parallel in the north to Point Ke Ga (Cape Varella) in the south. Established by the Cham, a people of Malayo-Polynesian stock

Huancavelica, city, central Peru. It is located about 140 miles (225 km) southeast of Lima, in the inter-Andean Huancavelica River valley at an elevation of 12,060 feet (3,676 m). Huancavelica was established as a mining settlement in 1563 after the local discovery of mercury, which was essential

Huancayo, city, central highlands of Peru. It lies at 10,659 feet (3,249 m) above sea level in a fertile basin drained by the Mantaro River. The settlement at Huancayo (from the Quechua word meaning “clan of the Huancas,” a powerful Indian people) was given the status of a city in 1823. The major

Huang Binhong was a painter and art theorist who, faced with the challenge of a new society in 20th-century China, incorporated fresh ideas into traditional Chinese painting. Huang’s father was a merchant and art enthusiast who encouraged his son’s interest in painting. In 1888 his business

Huang Chao was a Chinese rebel leader whose uprising so weakened the Tang dynasty (618–907) that it collapsed a few years after the rebellion ended. Although well-educated, Huang Chao failed to pass his civil-service examinations and turned to salt smuggling, defying the government-granted

Chinese literature: Literature in Taiwan after 1949: Huang Ch’un-ming’s Ni-szu i-chih lao-mao (1980; The Drowning of an Old Cat) is representative of this nativist school, which in later years gave way to a more nationalistic literature that reflected Taiwan’s current political situation. Mainland literature occasionally appears in Taiwanese periodicals, while firsthand experiences…

Huang Chao was a Chinese rebel leader whose uprising so weakened the Tang dynasty (618–907) that it collapsed a few years after the rebellion ended. Although well-educated, Huang Chao failed to pass his civil-service examinations and turned to salt smuggling, defying the government-granted

lacquerwork: China: …written by a celebrated lacquerer, Huang Cheng, and bears a preface by Yang Ming, another lacquerer, dated 1625. The work itself was probably written toward the end of the 16th century. From these works one can ascertain the excellence of the carved lacquer made during the reigns of the Yongle…

Huangdi, third of ancient China’s mythological emperors, a culture hero and patron saint of Daoism. Huangdi is reputed to have been born about 2704 bc and to have begun his rule as emperor in 2697. His legendary reign is credited with the introduction of wooden houses, carts, boats, the bow and

Huang Zunxian was a Chinese poet and government official who instituted both literary and social reforms. Huang came from a wealthy merchant family; his father once served as governor in the ministry of finance. Frustrated several times in the civil service examination, Huang eventually earned his

Huang Gongwang was the oldest of the group of Chinese painters later known as the Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty (1206–1368). He was often cited meritoriously by later painters and critics for his rectitude (even though he briefly served in a junior capacity in the Mongol administration) and for

Yellow Sea, large inlet of the western Pacific Ocean lying between mainland China on the west and north and the Korean peninsula on the east. It is situated to the north of the East China Sea, which it bounds on a line running from the mouth of the Yangtze River (Chiang Jiang) to Cheju Island off

Yellow River, principal river of northern China, east-central and eastern Asia. The Yellow River is often called the cradle of Chinese civilization. With a length of 3,395 miles (5,464 km), it is the country’s second longest river—surpassed only by the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang)—and its drainage

Asia: Geologic and climatic influences: …East Asia, particularly in the Huang He (Yellow River) basin, are covered with loess (a loamy unstratified deposit formed by wind or by glacial meltwater deposition); the thickness of the deposits on the Loess Plateau of China sometimes exceeds 1,000 feet (300 metres). There are broad expanses of badlands, eolian…

Huang He floods, (1887, 1931, 1938), series of devastating floods in China caused by the overflowing of the Huang He (Yellow River), the country’s second longest river. These three floods collectively killed millions and are considered to be the three deadliest floods in history and among the most

Yellow River, principal river of northern China, east-central and eastern Asia. The Yellow River is often called the cradle of Chinese civilization. With a length of 3,395 miles (5,464 km), it is the country’s second longest river—surpassed only by the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang)—and its drainage

Huang Xing was a revolutionary who helped organize the Chinese uprising of 1911 that overthrew the Qing dynasty and ended 2,000 years of imperial rule in China. Huang Xing founded the Huaxinghui (“Society for the Revival of China”), a revolutionary group dedicated to the overthrow of the Qing

Huang Gongwang was the oldest of the group of Chinese painters later known as the Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty (1206–1368). He was often cited meritoriously by later painters and critics for his rectitude (even though he briefly served in a junior capacity in the Mongol administration) and for

Huang Zongxi was one of the foremost Chinese scholars and reformers in the early Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12), whose major contribution was a critique of the excessive authoritarianism of the Chinese political system. Study of his works was revived by Chinese reformers around the beginning of the

Huang Tingjian was a Chinese poet and calligrapher esteemed as the founder of the Jiangxi school of poetry. Born into a family of poets, Huang Tingjian was educated in the Confucian classics, history, and literature, and he received the jinshi (“advanced scholar”) degree in 1067. He passed the

Huang Mountains, complex mountain system in southern Anhui province, China. Some 160 miles (250 km) in length, the range has a generally southwest-to-northeast axis, extending from the area east of Lake Poyang to the eastern point of the province near Guangde. Its general elevation is about 3,300

Huang Binhong was a painter and art theorist who, faced with the challenge of a new society in 20th-century China, incorporated fresh ideas into traditional Chinese painting. Huang’s father was a merchant and art enthusiast who encouraged his son’s interest in painting. In 1888 his business

Chinese painting: Flower painting: At Chengdu, the master Huang Quan brought to maturity the technique of mogu hua (“boneless painting”), in which he applied light colours with delicate skill, hiding the intentionally pale underdrawing and seeming thereby to dispense with the usually dominant element of a strong brush outline. His great rival, Xu…

Huangshan: …named for the famous scenic Mount Huang (Huang Shan). According to Chinese legend, Huangdi (the “Yellow Emperor”), the third of the mythical emperors of ancient China, went to the mountain (then called Mount Yi) to gather herbal medicines from which to make pills of immortality. In 747 the name was…

Huang Mountains, complex mountain system in southern Anhui province, China. Some 160 miles (250 km) in length, the range has a generally southwest-to-northeast axis, extending from the area east of Lake Poyang to the eastern point of the province near Guangde. Its general elevation is about 3,300

Abahai was a Manchurian tribal leader who in 1636 became emperor of the Manchu, Mongols, and Chinese in Manchuria (Northeast China). In addition, for his family he adopted the name of Qing (“Pure”), which also became the name of the Chinese dynasty (1644–1911/12) ruled by the Manchu. Abahai was the

Huang Tingjian was a Chinese poet and calligrapher esteemed as the founder of the Jiangxi school of poetry. Born into a family of poets, Huang Tingjian was educated in the Confucian classics, history, and literature, and he received the jinshi (“advanced scholar”) degree in 1067. He passed the

Abahai was a Manchurian tribal leader who in 1636 became emperor of the Manchu, Mongols, and Chinese in Manchuria (Northeast China). In addition, for his family he adopted the name of Qing (“Pure”), which also became the name of the Chinese dynasty (1644–1911/12) ruled by the Manchu. Abahai was the

Huang Tingjian was a Chinese poet and calligrapher esteemed as the founder of the Jiangxi school of poetry. Born into a family of poets, Huang Tingjian was educated in the Confucian classics, history, and literature, and he received the jinshi (“advanced scholar”) degree in 1067. He passed the

Huang Zunxian was a Chinese poet and government official who instituted both literary and social reforms. Huang came from a wealthy merchant family; his father once served as governor in the ministry of finance. Frustrated several times in the civil service examination, Huang eventually earned his

Huang Zongxi was one of the foremost Chinese scholars and reformers in the early Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12), whose major contribution was a critique of the excessive authoritarianism of the Chinese political system. Study of his works was revived by Chinese reformers around the beginning of the

Chen Kaige: …first film, Huang tudi (1984; Yellow Earth), won critical acclaim. It tells the story of a communist soldier who visits a village to collect old songs. This film was followed the next year by Dayuebing (The Big Parade), which depicts young soldiers training for a military parade in Beijing. Haizi…

Huang Xing was a revolutionary who helped organize the Chinese uprising of 1911 that overthrew the Qing dynasty and ended 2,000 years of imperial rule in China. Huang Xing founded the Huaxinghui (“Society for the Revival of China”), a revolutionary group dedicated to the overthrow of the Qing

Huang Yong Ping was a Chinese-born French avant-garde artist, best known for his massive installations that explore East-West perspectives. Huang began his studies in 1977 at the Zhejiang Academy of Fine Arts (now the China Academy of Art) in Hangzhou, shortly after the end of the Cultural

Xia Yan was a Chinese writer, journalist, and playwright known for his leftist plays and films. Xia was sent to study in Japan in 1920, and, after his forced return to China in 1927, he joined the Chinese Communist Party. In 1929 he founded the Shanghai Art Theatre, was the first to call for a

Huang Zongxi was one of the foremost Chinese scholars and reformers in the early Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12), whose major contribution was a critique of the excessive authoritarianism of the Chinese political system. Study of his works was revived by Chinese reformers around the beginning of the

Huang Zunxian was a Chinese poet and government official who instituted both literary and social reforms. Huang came from a wealthy merchant family; his father once served as governor in the ministry of finance. Frustrated several times in the civil service examination, Huang eventually earned his

David Baltimore: …MIT in 1968, accompanied by Alice Huang, a postdoctoral fellow who had worked on vesicular stomatitus virus (VSV) at the Salk Institute. In Boston, Baltimore and Huang, who had married, showed that VSV, an RNA virus, reproduced itself by means of an unusual enzyme (an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase) that copies…

Jensen Huang is a Taiwan-born American entrepreneur who cofounded the American semiconductor company NVIDIA Corporation. Under Huang’s leadership, NVIDIA has become one of the leading providers of graphics processing units (GPUs) and has taken center stage in the current artificial intelligence

Jensen Huang is a Taiwan-born American entrepreneur who cofounded the American semiconductor company NVIDIA Corporation. Under Huang’s leadership, NVIDIA has become one of the leading providers of graphics processing units (GPUs) and has taken center stage in the current artificial intelligence

Huangshan: …named for the famous scenic Mount Huang (Huang Shan). According to Chinese legend, Huangdi (the “Yellow Emperor”), the third of the mythical emperors of ancient China, went to the mountain (then called Mount Yi) to gather herbal medicines from which to make pills of immortality. In 747 the name was…

Wei Yuan: In 1826 he published the Huangchao jingshi wenbian (“Collected Essays on Statecraft Under the Reigning Dynasty”), a study of political and economic issues. It inspired a series of similar anthologies aimed at making the ideas of officials on governmental problems readily accessible.

North China Plain, large alluvial plain of northern China, built up along the shore of the Yellow Sea by deposits of the Huang He (Yellow River) and the Huai, Hai, and a few other minor rivers of northern China. Covering an area of about 158,000 square miles (409,500 square km), most of which is

Confucianism: The Confucianization of politics: …known in history as the Huang-Lao method, referring to the art of rulership attributed to the Yellow Emperor (Huangdi) and the mysterious founder of Daoism, Laozi. Although a few Confucian thinkers, such as Lu Jia and Jia Yi, made important policy recommendations, Confucianism before the emergence of Dong Zhongshu (c.…

Ōbaku, one of the three Zen sects in Japan, founded in 1654 by the Chinese priest Yin-yüan (Japanese Ingen); it continues to preserve elements of the Chinese tradition in its architecture, religious ceremonies, and teachings. Although the methods of achieving sudden insight as developed by the

Huangshan, city, southern Anhui sheng (province), China. The city was established and named for the famous scenic Mount Huang (Huang Shan). According to Chinese legend, Huangdi (the “Yellow Emperor”), the third of the mythical emperors of ancient China, went to the mountain (then called Mount Yi)

Huangshi, city, southeastern Hubei sheng (province), China. It is situated on the south bank of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) about 60 miles (100 km) southeast of Wuhan, the provincial capital. The nucleus of the present city was a small market town called Shihuiyao; Huangshi was the name of the

Loess Plateau, highland area in north-central China, covering much of Shanxi, northern Henan, Shaanxi, and eastern Gansu provinces and the middle part of the Huang He (Yellow River) basin. Averaging about 4,000 feet (1,200 metres) in elevation and covering some 154,000 square miles (400,000 square