Hotchkiss machine gun, originally a big-bore, hand-cranked, rapid-fire weapon developed in 1878 by Benjamin B. Hotchkiss (1826–85), a U.S. ordnance engineer with a factory in Paris. It was first used by the French army in 1896. Another gun from the Hotchkiss factory, the Hotchkiss Model 1914, was

Hotchkiss machine gun: …from the Hotchkiss factory, the Hotchkiss Model 1914, was one of the first gas-operated, air-cooled machine guns. Developed in 1914, it was widely used by the French during World War I. It had a heavy barrel with external fins to dissipate heat, and weighed 88 pounds (40 kilograms). It could…

Hotchkiss machine gun: …weapon developed in 1878 by Benjamin B. Hotchkiss (1826–85), a U.S. ordnance engineer with a factory in Paris. It was first used by the French army in 1896.

Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman was an American tennis player who dominated women’s competition before World War I. Known as the “queen mother of American tennis,” she was instrumental in organizing the Wightman Cup match between British and American women’s teams. The winner of 45 U.S. titles, Hazel

Sedang language, North Bahnaric language of the Mon-Khmer family, which is itself a part of the Austroasiatic stock. Sedang is spoken by some 110,000 people living in south-central Vietnam. The Tadrah language, spoken south of Sedang in the same region, may be a dialect but is usually considered a

Sedang language, North Bahnaric language of the Mon-Khmer family, which is itself a part of the Austroasiatic stock. Sedang is spoken by some 110,000 people living in south-central Vietnam. The Tadrah language, spoken south of Sedang in the same region, may be a dialect but is usually considered a

Hotei, in Japanese mythology, one of the Shichi-fuku-jin (“Seven Gods of Luck”). This popular figure is depicted frequently in contemporary crafts as a cheerful, contented Buddhist monk with a large exposed belly, often accompanied by children. Tradition relates him to a Chinese monk called Pu-tai,

hotel, building that provides lodging, meals, and other services to the traveling public on a commercial basis. A motel performs the same functions as a hotel but in a format designed for travelers using automobiles. Inns have existed since very ancient times to serve merchants and other travelers.

Richard Quine: Quine helmed the star-studded Hotel (1967), which was based on Arthur Hailey’s best seller, before focusing on television in the 1970s, directing several episodes of the crime series Columbo. Quine’s last films were the thriller W (1974), which may best be remembered for providing fashion model Twiggy with her…

Gabriel Josipovici: …In a Hotel Garden (1993), Hotel Andromeda (2014), and The Cemetery in Barnes (2018). The radio play Vergil Dying (1981) was perhaps his most acclaimed drama. He also wrote the short-fiction collections Mobius the Stripper (1974), Four Stories (1977), and In the Fertile Land (1987). Josipovici’s later nonfiction works included…

Jodie Foster: She later starred in Hotel Artemis (2018), playing a nurse who runs a clandestine emergency room for criminals, and in The Mauritanian (2021), which was based on the memoir of a man held at the Guantánamo Bay detention camp for 14 years. The latter film earned her a Golden…

Rodin Museum, museum in Paris, France, showcasing the sculptures, drawings, and other works of the French artist Auguste Rodin and based in the Hôtel Biron. The Hôtel Biron, covering 3 hectares (7.4 acres) of land in Paris, was completed in 1730 by Jean Aubert. Rodin moved into the Hôtel Biron in

Asylum Records and the Sound of Southern California: …easy” but occasionally dug deeper—Hotel California (1976) was an unexpectedly sardonic take on the hedonistic lifestyle of Los Angeles in the 1970s. Those lampooned by the album’s title song were sometimes its most ardent admirers, unaware of the irony that it was recorded on the opposite coast in Miami’s…

Ethan Hawke: …who live at the infamous Chelsea Hotel in New York City. That year he starred opposite Denzel Washington in the crime drama Training Day, directed by Antoine Fuqua. Hawke’s performance as a police officer new to a corrupt narcotics squad earned him his first Academy Award nomination. He continued to…

whiteware: Products: Typical products include hotel china, a lower grade of china tableware with a strength and impact resistance suiting it to commercial use; fine china (including bone china), a highly vitreous, translucent tableware; and sanitary plumbing fixtures.

Glenwood Springs: The Hotel Colorado (1893), now on the National Register of Historic Places, was a favourite hunting retreat of President Theodore Roosevelt and is famed as the birthplace of the “Teddy bear.” Inc. 1885. Pop. (2000) 7,736; (2010) 9,614.

Antoine Le Pautre: …in 1654 to design the Hôtel de Beauvais on the rue François Miron in Paris. This is considered his masterwork because of his ingenious treatment of the irregular building site, in which no side of the building is parallel to any other.

Théâtre de l’Hôtel de Bourgogne, the first permanent theatre in Paris, built in 1548 on the ruins of the palace of the dukes of Burgundy. The theatre was built by the Confrérie de la Passion (“Confraternity of the Passion”), a group of artisans and tradesmen who held a monopoly on the presentation

Western architecture: France: … of about 1770 and the Hôtel de Brunoy of 1772 deserve mention. The former has a central facade featuring giant Ionic pilasters divided by sculptured panels and the latter a giant Ionic colonnade flanked by arcaded wings forming the three-sided court (cour d’honneur). Boullée’s project for a cenotaph to Sir…

Edmund White: …A Novella and Stories (2007), Hotel de Dream (2007), Jack Holmes and His Friend (2012), Our Young Man (2016), A Saint from Texas (2020), and A Previous Life (2022). White also wrote several plays, notably Terre Haute (2006), about an imagined encounter between characters based on Oklahoma City bomber

Western architecture: France: …Paris townhouses, or hôtels, the Hôtel de Monville of about 1770 and the Hôtel de Brunoy of 1772 deserve mention. The former has a central facade featuring giant Ionic pilasters divided by sculptured panels and the latter a giant Ionic colonnade flanked by arcaded wings forming the three-sided court (cour…

Rococo: …salons (begun 1732) of the Hôtel de Soubise, Paris, by Germain Boffrand. The Rococo style was also manifested in the decorative arts. Its asymmetrical forms and rocaille ornament were quickly adapted to silver and porcelain, and French furniture of the period also displayed curving forms, naturalistic shell and floral ornament,…

Paris: The Hôtel de Ville: Back in the city centre, the Hôtel de Ville (City Hall) is situated on the Right Bank, just across from the eastern end of the Île de la Cité. It contains the official apartments of the mayor of Paris. Three city halls…

Poitiers: …been incorporated into the 19th-century Hôtel de Ville, which houses the Museum of Fine Arts that contains a collection of Roman and medieval sculptures.

Le Havre: The Place de l’Hôtel de Ville in the centre is one of the most spacious public squares in Europe. The 16th–17th-century church of Notre-Dame is one of the few surviving old buildings; although damaged during World War II, it was restored in the 1970s. The Church…

hotel dieu, in France, any medieval hospital; the name now refers only to those whose history goes back to the Middle Ages. Many examples from the Gothic period still remain, notably that of Angers (1153–84), the so-called salle des morts at Ourscamp (early 13th century), and that of Tonnerre (c.

Anita Brookner: …Look at Me (1983), and Hotel du Lac (1984; TV adaptation 1986). The latter work was a surprise winner of the Booker Prize, beating J.G. Ballard’s heavily favoured Empire of the Sun. Brookner’s other novels included Latecomers (1988), chronicling the lives of two male German Jews orphaned during the Holocaust…

Arletty: …for a better life, in Hôtel du Nord (1938), she achieved star status. Similar roles in Carné’s Le Jour se lève (1939; Daybreak) and Les Visiteurs du soir (1942; The Devil’s Envoys) established her worldwide reputation as the interpreter of the quintessential sophisticated Parisian woman. Arletty’s most famous motion-picture role,…

Les Invalides, an extensive complex of 17th-century structures and courtyards in Paris designed for the care and housing of disabled veterans and as a place of worship. Parts of Les Invalides were later converted into museums and into tombs for Napoleon I and others. Situated on the Left Bank of

Tony Richardson: He also directed The Hotel New Hampshire (1984), from a novel by John Irving. Richardson’s final film, the drama Blue Sky (1994), for which Jessica Lange earned an Oscar, was released three years after his death from complications of AIDS.

John Irving: In The Hotel New Hampshire (1981; film 1984), concerning a family of unconventional personalities beset by tragedy, and A Prayer for Owen Meany (1989; adapted as the film Simon Birch, 1998), about the effects of a diminutive boy with messianic qualities on the life of the…

Les Invalides, an extensive complex of 17th-century structures and courtyards in Paris designed for the care and housing of disabled veterans and as a place of worship. Parts of Les Invalides were later converted into museums and into tombs for Napoleon I and others. Situated on the Left Bank of

Don Cheadle: …Rwanda genocide of 1994, in Hotel Rwanda (2004) earned him a best-actor Academy Award nomination.

fiacre: …for hire, named for the Hôtel Saint-Fiacre, in Paris, where it was introduced in the 1640s. The first fiacres were boxlike, four-wheeled, open, hooded vehicles that were drawn by three horses and were designed to navigate the muddy Parisian streets. In 1794 about 800 were in use in Paris, and…

Victor, Baron Horta: …first independent building, the four-storied Hôtel Tassel in Brussels (1892–93), was among the first Continental examples of Art Nouveau, although it incorporated Neo-Gothic and Neo-Rococo stylistic elements. An important feature was its octagonal hall with a staircase leading to various levels. The curved line, characteristic of the Art Nouveau style,…

Selena Gomez: …a character in the animated Hotel Transylvania (2012) and its sequels (2015, 2018) as well as Dolittle (2020). In 2019 she appeared in Jim Jarmusch’s zombie movie The Dead Don’t Die and in Woody Allen’s A Rainy Day in New York. She returned to TV for Only Murders in the…

Adam Sandler: …Nights (2002), Hotel Transylvania (2012), Hotel Transylvania 2 (2015), and Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation (2018). In 2023 Sandler received the Kennedy Center’s Mark Twain Prize for American Humor.

Keegan-Michael Key: Career: …and in the animated films Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation (2018) and Toy Story 4 (2019).

Western architecture: Art Nouveau: In the Hôtel Van Eetvelde (1895) he used floral, tendrilous ornaments, while his Maison du Peuple (1896–99) exhibits undulating enclosures of space. Decorative exploitation of the architectural surface with flexible, S-shaped linear ornament, commonly called whiplash or eel styles, was indulged in by the Jugendstil and Sezessionstil…

Elizabeth Bowen: …was followed in 1927 by The Hotel, which contains a typical Bowen heroine—a young woman attempting to cope with a life for which she is unprepared. The Last September (1929) is an autumnal picture of the Anglo-Irish gentry. The House in Paris (1935), another of Bowen’s highly praised novels, is…

hotel dieu, in France, any medieval hospital; the name now refers only to those whose history goes back to the Middle Ages. Many examples from the Gothic period still remain, notably that of Angers (1153–84), the so-called salle des morts at Ourscamp (early 13th century), and that of Tonnerre (c.

Montreal: Early settlement: The first hospital, the Hôtel-Dieu, was founded in 1644 by Jeanne Mance and the first school for girls in 1653 by Marguerite Bourgeoys. Almost immediately, a society of priests, Les Messieurs de Saint-Sulpice, took charge of education for boys.

hospital: History of hospitals: …1639 at Quebec city, the Hôtel-Dieu du Précieux Sang, which is still in operation (as the Hôtel-Dieu de Québec), although not at its original location. In 1644 Jeanne Mance, a French noblewoman, built a hospital of ax-hewn logs on the island of Montreal; this was the beginning of the Hôtel-Dieu…

Bae Yong-Jun: …starring in the television series Hotelier. The story of a businessman who had everything he wanted except someone with whom to share it, Hotelier was a smash in Korea and drew a following throughout Asia. Its wide-ranging popularity was one of the early signs of an emerging Korean presence in…

World War II: The invasion of the Low Countries and France: …a smaller one under General Hermann Hoth, and amounting in all to 44 divisions, seven of them armoured, with 27 divisions in reserve. Army Group A thus amounted to more than 1,500,000 men and more than 1,500 tanks, and it would strike at the weak hinge of the Allies’ wheel…

Horatio Nelson: Service in the Mediterranean: …replaced by the uninspiring Admiral William Hotham, who was subsequently replaced by Sir John Jervis, an officer more to Nelson’s liking. At the age of 60, Jervis was an immensely experienced seaman who quickly recognized Nelson’s qualities and who regarded Nelson “more as an associate than a subordinate Officer.” The…

greenhouse: In a tropical greenhouse, or hothouse, which has nighttime temperatures of 16–21 °C (60–70 °F), caladiums, philodendrons, gardenias, poinsettias, bougainvilleas,

François Hotman was a French jurist and one of the most learned of humanist scholars, who took a leading part in the legal, political, and religious controversies of his time. Born in Paris of a family of Silesian origin, Hotman took his doctorate in law at Orléans and practiced law in Paris,

François Hotman was a French jurist and one of the most learned of humanist scholars, who took a leading part in the legal, political, and religious controversies of his time. Born in Paris of a family of Silesian origin, Hotman took his doctorate in law at Orléans and practiced law in Paris,

Hōtoku, semireligious movement among Japanese peasants initiated in the 19th century by Ninomiya Sontoku, who was known as the “peasant sage.” He combined an eclectic, nonsectarian ethic of cooperation and mutual help with practical economic measures such as crop rotation and famine relief. Hōtoku

François Hotman was a French jurist and one of the most learned of humanist scholars, who took a leading part in the legal, political, and religious controversies of his time. Born in Paris of a family of Silesian origin, Hotman took his doctorate in law at Orléans and practiced law in Paris,

Tokutomi Roka: Namiko), a melodramatic tale of tragic parental interference in a young marriage. Shizen to jinsei (1900; “Nature and Man”), a series of nature sketches, and the semiautobiographical Omoide no ki (1901; Footprints in the Snow) confirmed his decision to pursue his own literary career. Through…

Takahama Kyoshi: …Takahama became the editor of Hototogisu, a magazine of haiku that was started by Shiki. He and Kawahigashi, the two outstanding disciples of Shiki, became pitted against each other after Shiki’s death.

Chongqing: Cultural life: …is renowned for its distinctive huoguo (“hotpot”), a style of cooking in which portions of vegetables and meat are cooked at the table in a chafing dish filled with a spicy soup base.

Ashvalayana: …the class of priests called hotar, or hotri, whose main function was to invoke the gods. Belonging to the “forest tradition” of hermits and wandering holy men yet still a member of the Vedic priesthood, Ashvalayana is mentioned as a teacher as well as a sage in Vedic litanies. He…

hotspot, region of Earth’s upper mantle that upwells to melt through the crust to form a volcanic feature. Most volcanoes that cannot be ascribed either to a subduction zone or to seafloor spreading at mid-ocean ridges are attributed to hotspots. The 5 percent of known world volcanoes not closely

hot spot, any one of several biodiverse regions which requires protection on the grounds that it hosts a significant number of endangered species. There are currently 36 biodiversity hot spots worldwide, home to almost two billion people and covering two-thirds of the planet’s mammal, reptile,

Henry IV, Part 1: …that Henry Percy, known as Hotspur, son of the earl of Northumberland, has refused to release his Scottish prisoners until the king has ransomed Mortimer. Henry laments that his own son is not like the fearless Hotspur. As the war escalates, Glendower, Mortimer (now married to Glendower’s daughter), and Hotspur…

Sir Henry Percy was an English rebel who led the most serious of the uprisings against King Henry IV (reigned 1399–1413). His fame rests to a large extent on his inclusion as a major character in William Shakespeare’s Henry IV. He was the eldest son of Henry Percy, 1st earl of Northumberland, and

Hotta Masatoshi was a statesman who began his career as an adviser to the fourth Tokugawa shogun of Japan, Ietsuna (shogun 1651–80), when he was still heir apparent. After Ietsuna became shogun, Hotta was made one of his top officials and did much to reorganize and reconsolidate the Tokugawa

Hotta Masayoshi was a Japanese statesman who negotiated the commercial treaty that established trade between the United States and Japan, thus opening that country to commerce with the outside world for the first time in two centuries. A prominent feudal lord who had studied Western languages and

dengue: Dengue through history: …cultured independently by Japanese physicians Susumu Hotta and Ren Kimura and by American microbiologist Albert Bruce Sabin.

Haiti: Relief and drainage: …Massif de la Hotte (Massif du Sud), which rises to 7,700 feet (2,345 meters) at Macaya Peak. The Cayes Plain lies on the coast to the southeast of the peak.

Khoekhoe, any member of a people of Southern Africa whom the first European explorers found in areas of the hinterland and who now generally live either in European settlements or on official reserves in South Africa or Namibia. Khoekhoe (meaning “men of men”) is their name for themselves;

Khoekhoe languages, a subgroup of the Khoe language family, one of three branches of the Southern African Khoisan languages. Two main varieties have been distinguished: the first includes the extinct South African languages !Ora and Gri (click here for an audio clip of !Ora) and the dialects that

Ethan Hawke: …novels The Hottest State (1996; film 2006), Ash Wednesday (2002), and A Bright Ray of Darkness (2021). Rules for a Knight (2015) is an epistolary parable.

Ethan Hawke: …the author of the novels The Hottest State (1996; film 2006), Ash Wednesday (2002), and A Bright Ray of Darkness (2021). Rules for a Knight (2015) is an epistolary parable.

Jacques Hotteterre was a French musician, teacher, and musical-instrument maker. Hotteterre was descended from a distinguished family of woodwind-makers and performers. His nickname, “le Romain” (“the Roman”), is presumed to be the result of a journey to Italy. By 1708 Hotteterre was a bassoonist

Jacques Hotteterre was a French musician, teacher, and musical-instrument maker. Hotteterre was descended from a distinguished family of woodwind-makers and performers. His nickname, “le Romain” (“the Roman”), is presumed to be the result of a journey to Italy. By 1708 Hotteterre was a bassoonist

Nazarene: Franz Pforr, Ludwig Vogel, and Johann Konrad Hottinger, moved in 1810 to Rome, where they occupied the abandoned monastery of Sant’Isidoro. There they were joined by Peter von Cornelius, Wilhelm von Schadow, and others who at various times were associated with the movement. They soon acquired the originally derisive nickname…

Wired: …including the 1994 debut of HotWired, the first major online publication to feature original, Web-only content. That same year, Wired won the first of several National Magazine Awards for general excellence. In 1998 the magazine was sold to the conglomerate Advance Publications for its Condé Nast magazine publishing group, with…

Baden-Württemberg: …into the Hotzen Forest (Hotzenwald) in the south, where many lakes and reservoirs feed numerous power stations. Fruit is grown in valleys cutting into the western escarpment, most commonly grapes, plums, and cherries used in kirsch, the famous Black Forest cherry brandy.

Franz Graf Conrad von Hötzendorf was a controversial military strategist and one of the most-influential conservative propagandists of Austria-Hungary, who planned the Habsburg monarchy’s campaigns during World War I. Advancing rapidly in the Austro-Hungarian army, Conrad became chief of staff in

Baden-Württemberg: …into the Hotzen Forest (Hotzenwald) in the south, where many lakes and reservoirs feed numerous power stations. Fruit is grown in valleys cutting into the western escarpment, most commonly grapes, plums, and cherries used in kirsch, the famous Black Forest cherry brandy.

Hou Ji, in Chinese mythology, Lord of Millet Grains, who was worshipped for the abundant harvests that he graciously provided for his people. The Chinese honoured him not only for past favours but in the hope that devotion to the deity would guarantee continued blessings. An old tradition explained

China: The rise of the Manchu: …banners were created as the Manchu conquered new regions, and eventually there were Manchu, Mongol, and Chinese banners, eight for each ethnic group. By 1648 less than one-sixth of the bannermen were actually of Manchu ancestry. The Manchu conquest was thus achieved with a multiethnic army led by Manchu nobles…

Five Dynasties: …name Liu Zhiyuan) founded the Hou (Later) Han dynasty and pushed the Khitan back into Inner Asia. But this regime lasted only four years before still another general usurped the throne, founding the Hou (Later) Zhou dynasty. Although progress toward a more stable government began to be made during this…

Hou Hsiao-hsien is a Chinese-born Taiwanese director known for his film explorations of Taiwan’s history and family life, which emphasized realism through their subject matter and measured pace. Hou was born in mainland China, but his family fled the Chinese Civil War (1945–49) and settled in

Hou Yi, in Chinese mythology, the Lord Archer whose prowess with a bow earned him undying fame. With his bow and arrow he saved the moon during an eclipse and rescued the country from a variety of plagues, one of which involved a wind monster who was wreaking havoc across the land. Hou Yi is also

Hou Ji, in Chinese mythology, Lord of Millet Grains, who was worshipped for the abundant harvests that he graciously provided for his people. The Chinese honoured him not only for past favours but in the hope that devotion to the deity would guarantee continued blessings. An old tradition explained

Five Dynasties: …Asia, and Gaozu established the Hou (Later) Jin dynasty. When Gaozu’s son attempted to halt his tribute payments to the Khitan in 946, they reinvaded North China and carried him into captivity, thus ending the 10-year Hou Jin dynasty. The following year a former Hou Jin general who also bore…

Five Dynasties: …the five dynasties was the Hou (Later) Liang, which was established by the rebel leader Zhu Wen after he usurped the Tang throne in 907. Zhu was murdered by his own son in 912, and the Hou Liang was overthrown by one of its generals, Zhuangzong (personal name Li Cunxu),…

China: The Sui dynasty: …dethroned the emperor of the Hou (Later) Liang, the state that had ruled the middle Yangtze valley as a puppet of the Bei Zhou since 555. In 589 he overwhelmed the last southern dynasty, the Chen, which had put up only token resistance. Several rebellions against the Sui regime subsequently…

Zhu Wen was a Chinese general who usurped the throne of the last emperor of the Tang dynasty (618–907) and proclaimed himself the first emperor of the Hou (Later) Liang dynasty (907–923). Originally, Zhu Wen was a follower of the great Tang rebel Huang Chao (d. 884), but at an opportune time he

China: The Shiguo (Ten Kingdoms): …Qian (Former) Shu (907–925), the Hou (Later) Shu (934–965), the Min (909–945), the Bei (Northern) Han (951–979), the Nan Han (917–971), and the Wu-Yue (907–978), the last located in China’s most rapidly advancing area—in and near the lower Yangtze delta.

Hou Tu, in Chinese mythology, the spirit of the earth, first worshipped in 113 bce by Wudi, a Han-dynasty emperor. Hou Tu as sovereign earth became identified with the dual patron deity of the soil and harvest, Sheji, and so received sacrifices under this title. In any case, it was the god of the

Five Dynasties: …Li Cunxu), who established the Hou (Later) Tang dynasty in 923. Although Zhuangzong and his successors ruled relatively well for 13 years, the Hou Tang was finally terminated when one of its generals, Gaozu (personal name Shi Jingtang), overthrew his master with the aid of the Khitan, a seminomadic people…

Hou Tu, in Chinese mythology, the spirit of the earth, first worshipped in 113 bce by Wudi, a Han-dynasty emperor. Hou Tu as sovereign earth became identified with the dual patron deity of the soil and harvest, Sheji, and so received sacrifices under this title. In any case, it was the god of the

Hou Tu: …woman who is known as Hou Tu Nainai.

Hou Hsiao-hsien is a Chinese-born Taiwanese director known for his film explorations of Taiwan’s history and family life, which emphasized realism through their subject matter and measured pace. Hou was born in mainland China, but his family fled the Chinese Civil War (1945–49) and settled in

Hou Yi, in Chinese mythology, the Lord Archer whose prowess with a bow earned him undying fame. With his bow and arrow he saved the moon during an eclipse and rescued the country from a variety of plagues, one of which involved a wind monster who was wreaking havoc across the land. Hou Yi is also

Hou Yifan is a Chinese chess player who was the youngest person to win the women’s world championship, in 2010; she also won the event in 2011, 2013, and 2016. Hou began playing chess when she was six years old. She began studying chess under Tong Yuanming, an International Master and a member of

Five Dynasties: …usurped the throne, founding the Hou (Later) Zhou dynasty. Although progress toward a more stable government began to be made during this time, the emperor died, leaving an infant on the throne. As a result, another general, Zhao Kuangyin (Taizu), seized the throne, founding the more long-lived Song dynasty, thus…

Louang Namtha, town, northwestern Laos. The town is situated about 10 miles (16 km) south of the Chinese border and about 50 miles (80 km) east of the border with (Myanmar) Burma, in the upper Tha River valley. It is linked to eastern Myanmar and Louangphrabang (95 miles [153 km] southeast) by

great Indian bustard: Conservation status: …Indian bustard along with the Bengal florican (Houbaropsis bengalensis), the lesser florican (Sypheotides indicus), and their habitats from further declines. The program was modeled after Project Tiger, a massive national effort initiated in the early 1970s to protect the tigers of India and their habitat.

Arnold Houbraken was a Dutch painter and art writer noted for his three-volume biographical study of Netherlandish painters, De groote Schouburgh der Nederlantsche Konstschilders en Schilderessen (1718–21). Houbraken was a competent if rather uninspired academic painter, but his De Groote

Jacobus Houbraken was the leading portrait engraver in 18th-century Holland. The son of the painter and art writer Arnold Houbraken, he settled in Amsterdam in 1707, and during his lifetime he engraved 400 portraits after paintings by contemporary Dutch

André Philippus Brink: …later works include Houd-den-bek (1982; A Chain of Voices), which recounts through many points of view a slave revolt in 1825; Die kreef raak gewoond daaraan (1991; An Act of Terror); Anderkant die stilte (2002; The Other Side of Silence); Bidsprinkaan (2005; Praying Mantis); and Philida (2012). He also wrote…

Raoul de Houdenc was a French trouvère poet-musician of courtly romances, credited with writing one of the first French romances, told in an ornate, allegorical style. Little is known of Raoul’s life. His name could have originated from a dozen cities. Certain passages in his writings suggest that

Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Years of seclusion and exile of Jean-Jacques Rousseau: …relationship—at once passionate and platonic—with Sophie d’Houdetot, a noblewoman who lived near him at Montmorency. He himself asserted in the Confessions that he was led to write the book by “a desire for loving, which I had never been able to satisfy and by which I felt myself devoured.” Saint-Preux’s…