Bulgaria: Constitutional framework: In July 1991 the National Assembly adopted a new constitution establishing a parliamentary government and guaranteeing direct presidential elections, separation of powers, and freedom of speech, press, conscience, and religion. New laws allowed for the return of the properties that had been confiscated by the previous communist governments. Other…

Afghanistan: Constitutional framework: The Grand Assembly (Loya Jirga) adopted a new constitution in February 1977, but it was abrogated in 1978 when another coup established the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, governed by the Afghan Revolutionary Council. Political turmoil continued, marked by a third coup in September 1979, a massive…

Mehmed VI: The Grand National Assembly on Nov. 1, 1922, abolished the sultanate. Sixteen days later Mehmed VI boarded a British warship and fled to Malta. His later attempts to install himself as caliph in the Hejaz failed.

Robert Owen: Leadership of the trade union movement: … and the establishment of the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union (1834). Although the enthusiasm of the unions and the numbers of labourers joining them were remarkable, determined opposition by employers and severe repression by the government and courts ended the movement within a few months. It was two generations before…

curling: In the United States the Grand National Curling Club of America, affiliated with the Royal Caledonian, was formed in 1867. The oldest club in the United States is the Orchard Lake Club near Detroit, Michigan, founded in 1832. The first U.S. championship was held in Chicago in 1957, and in…

Grand National, British horse race held annually over the Aintree course, Liverpool, in late March or early April; it attracts more attention throughout the world than any other steeplechase. The race was instituted in 1839 by William Lynn, a Liverpool innkeeper, and its present name was adopted in

Liberty Korea Party, conservative political party in South Korea. It advocates fiscal responsibility, a market-based economy, and caution in dealing with North Korea. The party was originally formed (as the Grand National Party [GNP]) in 1997 through the merger of the New Korea Party (NKP; formerly

Stéphane Mallarmé: …in what he called his Grand Oeuvre (“Great Work”), or Le Livre (“The Book”). He never came near to completing this work, however, and the few preparatory notes that have survived give little or no idea of what the end result might have been.

Mauretania, transatlantic passenger liner of the Cunard Line, called the “Grand Old Lady of the Atlantic.” It was launched in 1906 and made its maiden voyage in 1907; thereafter, it held the Atlantic Blue Riband for speed until 1929, challenged only by its sister ship, the Lusitania (sunk by a

Republican Party, in the United States, one of the two major political parties, the other being the Democratic Party. During the 19th century the Republican Party stood against the extension of slavery to the country’s new territories and, ultimately, for slavery’s complete abolition. During the

Grand Ole Opry, country music show in Nashville, Tenn., U.S., which began weekly radio broadcasts in December 1925, playing traditional country or hillbilly music. Founded by George Dewey Hay, who had helped organize a similar program, the WLS “National Barn Dance,” in Chicago, the show was

opera: Grand opera and beyond: Nineteenth-century Paris was to foster and witness the birth of “grand opera,” an international style of large-scale operatic spectacle employing historical or pseudohistorical librettos and filling the stage with elaborate scenery and costumes, ballets, and multitudes of supernumeraries.…

keyboard instrument: France: …many as three on the Grand Orgue (the manual analogous to the German Hauptwerk and the English Great Organ). When French organs had more than two manuals (Grand Orgue and Positif), the others (Récit and Écho) were usually of short compass; but if, as sometimes, there was a fifth manual,…

Yayoi Kusama: In Grand Orgy to Awaken the Dead (1969), Kusama painted dots on participants’ naked bodies in an unauthorized performance in the fountain of the sculpture garden of New York’s Museum of Modern Art. Critics accused her of intense self-promotion, and her work was regularly covered in…

Grand Palace, complex of buildings within walls in Bangkok, Thailand. It has been the official and ceremonial residence of the country’s kings since it was originally built in 1782. This major architectural symbol of the Thai royal family is also the city’s premier tourist attraction. The Grand

Peterhof: The Baroque Grand Palace (1714–28) was designed by Domenico Trezzini and the palace’s gardens by Alexandre Le Blond; Bartolomeo Rastrelli enlarged the structure in 1752. Peterhof subsequently became the most lavish and popular of the Russian royal summer residences. Nicholas II spent much time in Peterhof, and…

Pushkin: Catherine I commissioned the palace (1717–23); it was later enlarged (1743–48) and rebuilt (1752–57) in the Russian Baroque style by Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli. The palace and its park, also laid out by Rastrelli, were considerably embellished under Catherine II (the Great) by the Scottish architect Charles Cameron. Deliberately gutted…

Grand Palais, exhibition hall and museum complex built between the Champs-Élysées and the Seine River in Paris for the 1900 Exposition Universelle. A masterpiece of Classicism and Art Nouveau, this Beaux Arts structure (built 1897–1900), with its large stone colonnades and enormous

keyboard instrument: The English action: …and Americus Backers, devised for grand pianos an adaptation of Zumpe’s action that included an escapement. This important development made London a major centre of piano building and created a characteristic English piano of fuller and louder sound than the Viennese piano but with a heavier, deeper touch and a…

plié: …second the heels rise (grand plié).

Battle of Grand Port, (22–27 August 1810), naval battle between France and Britain, the latter’s worst defeat at sea during the Napoleonic Wars. The Isle de France (Mauritius) was one of the last French overseas possessions to be captured by Britain. The Indian Ocean island was used as a base for

Grand Portage National Monument, historic site in the northeastern corner of Minnesota, U.S., on Lake Superior near the Canadian border, 140 miles (225 km) northeast of Duluth. Designated a national historic site in 1951 and a national monument in 1958, it has an area of 1.1 square miles (2.8

grand duke, title of sovereign princes ranking between kings and dukes and of certain members of the Russian imperial family. The first grand duchy of western Europe was that of Tuscany, the title of grand duke being accorded by Pope Pius V to Cosimo de’ Medici in 1569 and recognized, for Cosimo’s

John Frankenheimer: Films of the 1960s: …gears for his next film, Grand Prix (1966), a race-car drama starring James Garner and Yves Montand. The racing sequences were entertaining, but the rest of the film (Frankenheimer’s first in colour) was largely dull.

horsemanship: Olympic equestrian competition: The Grand Prix de Dressage involves performance of the walk, trot, canter, and collected paces and several conventional dressage figures and movements, as well as the correct rider’s position. Scoring on each item is from a maximum of 10 for excellent down to 1 for very…

Prix de Rome, any of a group of scholarships awarded by the French government between 1663 and 1968 to enable young French artists to study in Rome. It was so named because the students who won the grand, or first, prize in each artistic category went to study at the Académie de France in Rome. As

24 Hours of Le Mans, probably the world’s best-known automobile race, run annually (with few exceptions) since 1923 at the Sarthe road-racing circuit, near Le Mans, France. Since 1928 the winner has been the car that travels the greatest distance in a 24-hour time period. The racing circuit is

time trial: …as self-contained events in the Grand Prix des Nations, an amateur and professional cycling event. British cycle clubs promote time trials as an amateur spring and summer sport. National men’s championships are held for 25-, 50-, and 100-mile (40-, 80-, and 160-kilometre) courses and for 12- and 24-hour contests; for…

24 Hours of Le Mans, probably the world’s best-known automobile race, run annually (with few exceptions) since 1923 at the Sarthe road-racing circuit, near Le Mans, France. Since 1928 the winner has been the car that travels the greatest distance in a 24-hour time period. The racing circuit is

Grand Prix racing, automobile racing on closed highways or other courses somewhat simulating road conditions. Such racing began in 1906 and, in the second half of the 20th century, became the most popular kind of racing internationally. From the beginning, Grand Prix racing was national and

Grand Rapids, city, seat (1836) of Kent county, western Michigan, U.S. It is situated along the Grand River, 25 miles (40 km) east of Lake Michigan and about 30 miles (50 km) southeast of Muskegon. It was founded in 1826 by Frenchman Louis Campau as a trading post where several important Ottawa

Charles I: Conflict with Parliament: …159 to 148 votes the Grand Remonstrance to the king, setting out all that had gone wrong since his accession. At the same time news of a rebellion in Ireland had reached Westminster. Leaders of the Commons, fearing that if any army were raised to repress the Irish rebellion it…

nativism: Rationales of nativist ideology: …influential presentation of replacement theory, Le Grand Remplacement (2011), the French writer and activist Renaud Camus argued that since the 1970s, Muslim immigrants in France have shown disdain for French society and have been intent on destroying the country’s cultural identity and ultimately replacing its white Christian population in retaliation…

rhétoriqueur, any of the principal poets of the school that flourished in 15th- and early 16th-century France (particularly in Burgundy), whose poetry, based on historical and moral themes, employed allegory, dreams, symbols, and mythology for didactic effect. Guillaume de Machaut, who popularized

Grand River, river formed by the confluence of the North and South forks in Perkins county, northern South Dakota, U.S. The Grand River flows southeast and a little south to join the Missouri River near Mobridge after a course of 209 miles (336 km). Shadehill Dam (1950) impounds a reservoir in the

Grand River, river rising near Creston, Union county, south-central Iowa, U.S., and flowing in a southerly direction into Missouri. It merges with the Thompson River and Shoal, Medicine, and Locust creeks near Chillicothe, Mo., before joining the Missouri River near Brunswick after a course of 215

Beastie Boys: The band launched the Grand Royal record label in 1992. In addition to the Beastie Boys, its roster included the alternative girl group Luscious Jackson, Australian singer-songwriter Ben Lee, and German techno act Atari Teenage Riot. Check Your Head (1992), the Beastie Boys’ first release on Grand Royal, featured…

China: Later innovations: …quickly evolved into a stable Grand Secretariat (Neige) through which emperors guided and responded to the ministries and other central government agencies. Similarly, the need for coordinating provincial-level affairs led to delegating high-ranking central government dignitaries to serve as regional commanders (zongbing guan) and governor-like grand coordinators (xunfu) in the…

sergeanty: In England there was a grand sergeanty, a tenure so noble that it ranked socially above knight service, and a petty sergeanty, a tenure so meagre that it ranked with the peasants’ tenure, called socage. In origin there was no distinction between sergeanties, but inevitably those bringing their holders into…

sergeanty: In England there was a grand sergeanty, a tenure so noble that it ranked socially above knight service, and a petty sergeanty, a tenure so meagre that it ranked with the peasants’ tenure, called socage. In origin there was no distinction between sergeanties, but inevitably those bringing their holders into…

Ise Shrine, one of the principal shrines of Shintō (the indigenous religion of Japan). It is located near the city of Ise in Mie ken (prefecture), central Honshu. The large shrine complex includes scores of buildings, the two most important being the Inner Shrine (Naikū) and Outer Shrine (Gekū),

Izumo: …to the northwest, is the Grand Shrine of Izumo (Izumo-taisha), the oldest Shintō shrine in Japan, attracting pilgrims throughout the year. Its present buildings, constructed largely in the late 19th century, cover an area of 40 acres (16 hectares) and are approached through an avenue of pine trees. The temple…

Nara: The Grand Shrine of Kasuga is one of Japan’s oldest Shintō shrines. The Tōshōdai and Yakushi temples are also within Nara. The Hōryū Temple, at Ikaruga, southwest of the city, is Japan’s oldest surviving temple, and its compound abounds with priceless paintings and carvings and some…

Bobby Jones: …man to achieve the golf Grand Slam by winning in a single year the four major tournaments of the time: the British Open (Open Championship), the U.S. Open, and the British and U.S. amateur championships. From 1923 through 1930 he won 13 championships in those four annual tournaments, a feat…

Sir Barnes Wallis: …“Tallboy” and the 22,000-pound “Grand Slam” bombs. He was also responsible for the bombs that destroyed the German warship Tirpitz, the V-rocket sites, and much of Germany’s railway system. Wallis was chief of aeronautical research and development at the British Aircraft Corporation at Weybridge, Surrey, from 1945 to 1971.…

Roger Federer: …first player to claim 20 Grand Slam men’s singles titles.

Bobby Jones: …man to achieve the golf Grand Slam by winning in a single year the four major tournaments of the time: the British Open (Open Championship), the U.S. Open, and the British and U.S. amateur championships. From 1923 through 1930 he won 13 championships in those four annual tournaments, a feat…

Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument: The Grand Staircase is a series of five “steps” rising about 5,500 feet (1,675 metres) across the southwestern part of the monument; each step encompasses a different coloured expanse of cliffs and a different biome, ranging from nearly barren desert to evergreen forest. The arid Kaiparowits…

Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument, rugged remote region of colourful cliffs and canyons in southern Utah, U.S. It is bounded by Capitol Reef National Park to the northeast, Glen Canyon National Recreation Area to the east and southeast, and Dixie National Forest to the north and

grand strategy, a country’s most complex form of planning toward the fulfillment of a long-term objective. The formulation and implementation of a grand strategy require the identification of a national goal, a thorough assessment of the state’s resources, and, ultimately, the marshaling of those

Vientiane: Vientiane’s outstanding building is the That Luang, a stupa (temple), dating from about 1566 and restored by Lao civil servants under Prince Phetsarath during the French colonial period. Pop. (2003 est.) city, 194,200; (2005 est.) urban agglom., 702,000.

tactics: Evolution of the term: …individuals or small units, and grand tactics, a term coined about 1780 by the French military author Jacques-Antoine-Hippolyte de Guibert to describe the conduct of major battles. However, this distinction seems to have been lost recently, and the concept of grand tactics has been replaced by the concept of the…

Le Grand Tango, single-movement piece for cello and piano by Argentine composer Astor Piazzolla that expresses the spirit of nuevo tango (“new tango”), a melding of traditional tango rhythms and jazz-inspired syncopation. Written in 1982, Le Grand Tango was published in Paris—thus its French rather

Le Testament, long poem by François Villon, written in 1461 and published in 1489. It consists of 2,023 octosyllabic lines arranged in 185 huitains (eight-line stanzas). These huitains are interspersed with a number of fixed-form poems, chiefly ballades and chansons, including the well-known

mountaineering: History: …first climbed in 1897, and Grand Teton (13,770 feet [4,197 metres]) in North America’s Rocky Mountains was ascended in 1898. The Italian duke d’Abruzzi in 1897 made the first ascent of Mount St. Elias (18,008 feet [5,489 metres]), which stands athwart the international boundary of the U.S. state of Alaska…

Snake River: In 1976 the Teton Dam collapsed, causing disastrous flooding of the upper Snake River valley. Principal tributaries below Heise are Henrys Fork (the largest), Blackfoot, Portneuf, Raft, and Big Wood rivers. Henrys Fork and Big Wood enter the Snake River from the north. Other northern side streams sink…

Grand Teton National Park, spectacular glaciated mountain region in northwestern Wyoming, U.S. It lies just south of Yellowstone National Park (to which it is connected by the John D. Rockefeller, Jr., Memorial Parkway) and north of the city of Jackson; the National Elk Refuge adjoins the park’s

Bordeaux: The Grand Théâtre (1775–80), with its statue-topped colonnade, is one of the finest in France; its imposing double stairway and cupola were later imitated by the architect Charles Garnier for the Paris Opéra. Farther down the quay is the Esplanade des Quinconces, one of the largest…

Ron Howard: …made his directorial debut with Grand Theft Auto, and its financial success led to further opportunities. Among his early hits were a series of comedies that included Night Shift (1982), which centred on two morgue employees (played by Henry Winkler and Michael Keaton) who turn their workplace into an escort…

Grand Theft Auto, video game created by the American company Rockstar Games and published in 1997 and 1998 by the American Softworks Corporation (ASC Games) for play on video game consoles and personal computers. After an immensely popular debut, Grand Theft Auto went on to generate multiple

grand tour, multiyear journey, typically running through France and Italy. It was undertaken by aristocratic or wealthy young men from northern Europe, especially England, to complete their education. The term was coined in 1670 by priest and writer Richard Lassels in his Voyage of Italy, but the

Pompeo Girolamo Batoni: …he invented the type of “grand tourist” portrait, very popular among the English, which shows the sitter at his ease among the ruins of antiquity. Batoni first gained fame as a painter of florid and elaborate mythological allegories. From the 1750s until his death, however, he was the preeminent portraitist…

Grand Traverse Bay, northeastern arm of Lake Michigan, indenting the northwest coast of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, U.S. The bay is 32 miles (51 km) long and 12 miles (19 km) wide; Old Mission Peninsula, which is just 3 miles (5 km) wide, juts into the bay for 17 miles (27 km), dividing it

James Brindley: …canal encouraged similar projects: the Grand Trunk Canal, penetrating the central ridge of England by the Harecastle Tunnel, and the Staffordshire and Worcestershire, the Coventry, the Oxford, the old Birmingham, and the Chesterfield canals, all designed and, with one exception, executed by Brindley. In all, he was responsible for a…

Grand Trunk Railway: Eventually, a western branch, the Grand Trunk Pacific, was constructed, but this new rail network proved so unprofitable that it passed into government receivership in 1919. As a result of the liabilities incurred by its Pacific subsidiary, the Grand Trunk Railway was nationalized and became part of the Canadian National…

Grand Trunk Railway, early Canadian railway line, incorporated in 1852–53 to build a railway connecting the key cities of the Province of Canada (the area now known as Ontario and Quebec) with the American seacoast city of Portland, Maine. By completing its final link in July 1853 between Montreal

Kolkata: Transportation: The Grand Trunk Road, a national highway, is one of the oldest road routes in India. It runs through Haora to Pakistan and is the main route connecting the city with northern India. National highways also connect Kolkata with the west coast of India, the northern…

Grand Trunk Railway, early Canadian railway line, incorporated in 1852–53 to build a railway connecting the key cities of the Province of Canada (the area now known as Ontario and Quebec) with the American seacoast city of Portland, Maine. By completing its final link in July 1853 between Montreal

Grand Turk, chief island of the British overseas territory of the Turks and Caicos Islands, in the West Indies north of Hispaniola. The territorial seat of government is at Cockburn Town, directly across Turks Island Passage from the port of Cockburn Harbour on South Caicos Island. Traditionally,

Cockburn Town, town and seat of government of the Turks and Caicos Islands, West Indies. Cockburn Town is on the west coast of Grand Turk Island, about 20 miles (32 km) directly across a channel (Turks Island Passage) from the port of Cockburn Harbour on South Caicos Island. Cockburn Town has

unified field theory, in particle physics, an attempt to describe all fundamental forces and the relationships between elementary particles in terms of a single theoretical framework. In physics, forces can be described by fields that mediate interactions between separate objects. In the mid-19th

unified field theory, in particle physics, an attempt to describe all fundamental forces and the relationships between elementary particles in terms of a single theoretical framework. In physics, forces can be described by fields that mediate interactions between separate objects. In the mid-19th

Zadie Smith: Other works and honors: Grand Union, a volume of her short stories, was released in 2019. Smith also wrote the play The Wife of Willesden, which debuted in London in 2021. The work is a reimagining of The Wife of Bath’s Tale from Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales. In…

Grand Union Flag, American colonial banner first displayed by George Washington on Jan. 1, 1776. It showed the British Union Flag of 1606 in the canton. Its field consisted of seven red and six white alternated stripes representing the 13 colonies. The Stars and Stripes officially replaced it on

Maggie Lena Draper Walker: …executive secretary-treasurer of the renamed Independent Order of St. Luke in 1899. At the time she took office, the order had some 3,400 members in 57 local chapters and was in debt.

Grand Junction: It lies in the Grand Valley (elevation 4,586 feet [1,398 metres]), at the confluence of the Colorado and Gunnison rivers.

Grand Valley State University, public coeducational institution of higher learning in Allendale, Michigan, U.S. It is a liberal arts university that grants bachelor’s degrees in more than 70 areas of study, including biology, business administration, and economics. It also offers nearly 30 graduate

Grand Valley State University, public coeducational institution of higher learning in Allendale, Michigan, U.S. It is a liberal arts university that grants bachelor’s degrees in more than 70 areas of study, including biology, business administration, and economics. It also offers nearly 30 graduate

restaurant: French restaurants of the 19th century: …in 1869 by the neighbouring Le Grand Véfour. This restaurant was still in business in the 2020s and was regarded as one of the finest eating places in France. Another outstanding Paris establishment of the 19th century was the Café Foy, later called Chez Bignon, a favourite dining place of…

victoria: The Grand Victoria had a rumble seat for two extra passengers, and the Victoria-Hansom was an improved hansom cab with a collapsible hood.

Des Moines: …site of Drake University (1881), Grand View College (1896), Des Moines University Osteopathic Medical Center (1898), and AIB College of Business (1921).

Des Moines: …site of Drake University (1881), Grand View College (1896), Des Moines University Osteopathic Medical Center (1898), and AIB College of Business (1921).

vizier: …use the distinguishing epithet “grand.” A number of viziers, known as the “dome viziers,” were appointed to assist the grand vizier, to replace him when he was absent on campaign, and to command armies when required. Later the title vizier was granted to provincial governors and to high officials…

canals and inland waterways: Technological development: …seven was built on the Grand Western Canal, while at Anderton in Cheshire a lift was later converted to electrical power and was still operating in the 20th century.

Ku Klux Klan: The original Ku Klux Klan: …was presided over by a grand wizard (Confederate cavalry general Nathan Bedford Forrest is believed to have been the first grand wizard) and a descending hierarchy of grand dragons, grand titans, and grand cyclopses. Dressed in robes and sheets designed to frighten superstitious Blacks and to prevent identification by the…

Brussels: City layout: …medieval marketplace known as the Grand’ Place (Flemish: Grote Markt), the city’s premier architectural tourist attraction. This square, with its elaborately decorated 17th-century guildhalls, lies at the heart of the Old Town. It is occupied on its south side by the imposing Town Hall (French: Hôtel de Ville; Flemish: Stadhuis)…

Cartesianism: Cartesian mechanism: … (1614–87) and was popularized by Antoine Le Grand (1629–99), a French Franciscan, who wrote an exposition of the Cartesians’ ingenious account of light and colour. According to popular versions of this account, light consists of tiny spinning globes of highly elastic subtle matter that fly through the air in straight…

Erik VI: …Schleswig and the new archbishop, Jens Grand, raided the Danish coasts. Erik defeated Valdemar and reached an agreement with Norway in 1295, but he continued to feud with Grand, whose imprisonment led to a papal interdict of the king in 1297.

Igor Sikorsky: Education and early career: …first four-engined airplane, called “Le Grand,” the precursor of many modern bombers and commercial transports, which he built and flew successfully by 1913. Among its innovative features, not adopted elsewhere until the middle 1920s, was a completely enclosed cabin for pilots and passengers.

Montrouge, town, Hauts-de-Seine département, Paris région, southern suburb of Paris, in north-central France. The area—recorded as Mons Rubicus (Latin: “Red Mountain”), from the local reddish soil, in ancient charters—was divided in 1860: Le Petit Montrouge was absorbed into the 14th arrondissement

Benin: Relief: In the west the Grand-Popo Lagoon extends into neighbouring Togo, while in the east the Porto-Novo Lagoon provides a natural waterway to the port of Lagos, Nigeria, although its use is discouraged by the political boundary. Only at Grand-Popo and at Cotonou do the lagoons have outlets to the…

Eurovision Song Contest, annual singing contest organized by the European Broadcasting Union. The competition, begun in 1956, gathers performers—selected at the national level by each participating country’s public broadcasting service—from across Europe and representing virtually every genre of

Great St. Bernard Pass, one of the highest of the Alpine frontier passes, at 8,100 feet (2,469 metres). It lies on the Italian-Swiss border east of the Mont Blanc group in the southwestern Pennine Alps. The pass connects Martigny-Ville, Switzerland (24 miles [39 km] north-northwest), in the Rhône

Michael Grandage is an English theatre director who created critically and commercially successful productions of a diverse variety of plays in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Grandage grew up in Penzance, England, and at age 18 he enrolled in the Central School of Speech and Drama in

Alain Grandbois was a French Canadian poet whose use of unconventional verse forms, abstract metaphors of voyage and death, and colourful imagery influenced younger experimental poets. Born of a wealthy family, Grandbois traveled widely until World War II forced his return to Canada in 1940. Much

Texas City: …harbor of the French freighter Grandcamp, loaded with ammonium nitrate fertilizer, in 1947, which killed 576 people and injured some 4,000 others; and a hurricane that destroyed much of the city in 1961. Construction of a protective seawall began in 1962; parts of the barrier were completed the following year,…

Grandcamp-Maisy, resort town and marina, Normandy région, northwestern France. Located on the English Channel, it is framed by sea cliffs just east of the mouth of the Vire River. It lies 13 miles (21 km) northeast of Carentan by road. The town was designated as part of Omaha Beach during the

Google Voice, telecommunications service introduced in 2009 by the American search engine company Google Inc. In 2007 Google acquired GrandCentral, a start-up subscription service that offered the promise of “one telephone number to rule them all”—a single number that users could give out to

Grandchamp and Taizé communities, two associated Protestant religious communities founded in the mid-20th century in Switzerland and France. In the 1940s Roger Schutz, later the prior, founded a community of men at Taizé, a small village in Burgundy, France, for a life of worship and dedication in

grandee, a title of honour borne by the highest class of the Spanish nobility. The title appears first to have been assumed during the late Middle Ages by certain of the ricos hombres, or powerful magnates of the realm, who had by then acquired vast influence and considerable privileges, including