Aleksei Gogua is an Abkhazian writer credited with introducing the psychological novel to Abkhazian literature. Gogua grew up in Abkhazia and began publishing in the late 1940s. He graduated from the Gorky Literary Institute in Moscow in 1960. He is best known as a prose writer, and much of his

Battle of Gogunda, (June 1576), battle fought in Rajasthan, northwestern India, between Pratap Singh of Mewar, the senior Rajput chief, and a Mughal army led by Raja Man Singh of Jaipur. It represented an attempt by the Mughal emperor Akbar to subdue the last of the independent chiefs of Rajasthan.

Goguryeo, the largest of the three kingdoms into which ancient Korea was divided until 668. Goguryeo is traditionally said to have been founded in 37 bce in the Tongge River basin of northern Korea by Chumo, leader of one of the Buyeo tribes native to the area, but modern historians believe it is

Celtic literature: The Middle Ages: …the country, composed by the gogynfeirdd, or poets of the princes, who continued and developed the tradition of their predecessors, the cynfeirdd. The bardic order seems to have been reorganized, although no clear picture of it emerges from references in the poetry and law texts, and it seems to have…

Lee Kuan Yew: Lee’s successor as prime minister, Goh Chok Tong, named Lee to the cabinet position of senior minister, from which Lee continued to exercise considerable political influence. Upon Goh’s resignation as prime minister in 2004 (he was succeeded by Lee’s son Lee Hsien Loong), Goh became senior minister. The elder Lee…

gohei, in the Shintō religion of Japan, a kind of paper or cloth offering made to a god. The gohei consists of an upright stick to which is attached a strip of paper or cloth folded in such a way that zigzag folds fall on either side. The many styles of gohei are differentiated from one another by

Nichiren Buddhism: The first, the honzon, is the chief object of worship in Nichiren temples and is a ritual drawing showing the name of the Lotus Sutra surrounded by the names of divinities mentioned in the sutra (discourse of the Buddha). The second great mystery is the daimoku, the “title”…

Göhrde, forest, Lower Saxony Land (state), northern Germany. The forest lies on the eastern edge of the Lüneburger Heath, southeast of Lüneburg. Set on a moraine near the Elbe River, it is famous for its oaks, beeches, and game preserves. About 23 square miles (60 square km) of the woodland is

Kasimir Fajans: In 1913, in collaboration with Otto Gohring, he discovered uranium X2, which is now called protactinium-234m. In 1917 he joined the Institute of Physical Chemistry, Munich, where he rose from associate professor to director. From 1936 to 1957, when he retired, Fajans was a professor at the University of Michigan,…

Goiânia, city, capital of Goiás estado (state), south-central Brazil. It is situated in the Brazilian Highlands in the Meia Ponte River valley, some 110 miles (177 km) southwest of Brasília, the federal capital. The city lies at an elevation of 2,493 feet (760 metres) above sea level. Goiânia was

Goiânia accident, a radioactive disaster resulting from the discovery and subsequent mishandling of a radioactive canister in Goiânia, Brazil, in September 1987 that caused the deaths of four people and the contamination of about 250 others. On September 13, 1987, scavengers combing through an

Goiás, estado (state), south-central Brazil. Goiás is the site of the Distrito Federal (Federal District) and national capital, Brasília. It is bounded by the states of Tocantins on the north, Bahia and Minas Gerais on the east, Minas Gerais and Mato Grosso do Sul on the south, and Mato Grosso on

Goiás, town, central Goiás estado (state), central Brazil. It lies on the Vermelho River, a tributary of the Araguaia River. After the explorer Bartolomeu Bueno da Silva discovered gold in the Vermelho in 1682, a settlement called Santa Anna was established on the site of what is now Goiás. The

Goibhniu, ancient Celtic smith god. Goibhniu figured in Irish tradition as one of a trio of divine craftsmen; the other two were Luchta the wright and Creidhne the metalworker. Goibhniu was also the provider of the sacred otherworld feast, the Fled Goibhnenn; he allegedly brewed the special ale

Goibhniu, ancient Celtic smith god. Goibhniu figured in Irish tradition as one of a trio of divine craftsmen; the other two were Luchta the wright and Creidhne the metalworker. Goibhniu was also the provider of the sacred otherworld feast, the Fled Goibhnenn; he allegedly brewed the special ale

Goidelic languages, one of two groups of the modern Celtic languages; the group includes Irish, Manx, and Scottish Gaelic. The Goidelic languages originated in Ireland and are distinguished from the other group of Insular Celtic tongues—the Brythonic—by the retention of the sound q (later

Jan van Goyen was a painter and etcher, one of the most gifted landscapists in the Netherlands during the early 17th century. He learned painting under several masters at Leiden and Haarlem and settled at The Hague in 1632. To support his family, he worked as an auctioneer, an appraiser of art, and

Ed Bullins: …notable works include the plays Goin’ a Buffalo (produced 1968) and Salaam, Huey Newton, Salaam (produced 1991), as well as the short-story collection The Hungered One (1971) and the novel The Reluctant Rapist (1973).

Arthur G. Dove: …many ironic collages, such as Goin’ Fishin’ (1925), made of a variety of materials. He worked extensively in pastels throughout the 1920s and experimented with a variety of graphic media.

John Belushi: Career: …Jack Nicholson’s Western comedy film Goin’ South (1978) attracted the attention of director John Landis, who cast Belushi in the college fraternity spoof film National Lampoon’s Animal House. He earned wide acclaim for playing John (“Bluto”) Blutarsky, a seventh-year undergraduate student who has not yet passed a college course. The…

Sikhism: Guru Amar Das: …of sacred hymns, the so-called Goindval Pothis. In addition, because the Sikhs had spread throughout the Punjab, he established manjis (dioceses) to help spread the faith and better organize its adherents. Despite these changes, there was no weakening of the obligation to meditate on the nam.

Guru Amar Das: …Das’s direction, the city of Goindwal became a centre of Sikh authority and learning. He strengthened the existing institutions of Sikh scripture, liturgy, and langar, making it a rule that anyone who wished to see him had to eat in the refectory first. He also introduced a religio-administrative structure of…

American literature: Realism and metafiction: …itself surreal—by Tim O’Brien in Going After Cacciato (1978) and the short-story collection The Things They Carried (1990).

Mavis Gallant: …published as Montreal Stories), and The Cost of Living: Early and Uncollected Stories (2009; also published as Going Ashore). In addition, she penned essays, two novels, and a play, What Is to Be Done? (1983).

watch: Mechanical watches: The going barrel, in which the mainspring barrel drives the wheeltrain directly, is fitted to all modern mechanical watches and has superseded the fusee. With better quality mainsprings, torque variations have been reduced to a minimum, and with a properly adjusted balance and balance spring, good…

Danielle Steel: Her first novel, Going Home, was published in 1973 but sold only moderately well. Steel also began writing copy for the Grey Advertising Agency in San Francisco. After divorcing and remarrying and while raising her children, Steel continued to write but did not achieve much success until the…

Alan Arkin: …Million Dollar Arm (2014), and Going in Style (2017). In 2019 he played a Wall Street tycoon in Dumbo, Tim Burton’s live-action remake of the 1941 Disney classic. During this time Arkin continued to appear on television, and in the Netflix series The Kominsky Method (2018–21) he starred as the…

Michael Caine: … (2017) of the 1970s film Going in Style, playing a retiree planning a bank heist with his fellow pensioners. He had a similar role in King of Thieves (2018), based on the true story of elderly burglars who targeted a safe-deposit facility in London. In 2020 Caine appeared in the…

It’s sometimes easy to despair about the future of mankind. Global climate change may make large portions of the planet uninhabitable. There are enough nuclear weapons to kill the world’s population several times over. Artificial intelligence is a potential threat to human control over our own

Leo McCarey: Middle years: …first film for the studio, Going My Way (1944), was a success. The shamelessly sentimental yarn—from McCarey’s own story—centres on Father Chuck O’Malley (Bing Crosby), a priest whose unorthodox methods initially earn the ire of a superior (Barry Fitzgerald). Going My Way was the biggest hit of 1944, and it…

Gérard Depardieu: …thug in Les Valseuses (1973; Going Places) brought him his first real notice, and he subsequently appeared in such major films as Bernardo Bertolucci’s 1900 (1976), François Truffaut’s Le Dernier Métro (1980; The Last Metro), Loulou (1980), Le Retour de Martin Guerre (1981; The Return of Martin Guerre), Andrzej Wajda’s…

Leonard Michaels: …two volumes of short fiction—Going Places (1969) and I Would Have Saved Them if I Could (1975)—contain bizarre stories of hostile urban life, replete with fantasy, sexual incident, and violence. The tales often centre on Phillip Liebowitz, a young picaresque Jewish American man who finds himself in a series…

James Baldwin: Civil rights activism and The Fire Next Time: …first collection of short stories, Going to Meet the Man. In March that year, he participated in the Selma March in Alabama, a civil rights march from Selma to Montgomery that was led by King in support of African Americans’ voting rights in the state.

Narodnik: …a diffuse movement known as khozhdenie v narod (“going to the people”) in the course of which hundreds of young intellectuals, dressed in peasant clothes, canvased rural regions and incited the peasantry to rise against the system. This led to police persecution, arrests, and political trials of the Narodniki, the…

American literature: Literary biography and the new journalism: …Shadow and Act (1964) and Going to the Territory (1986) were immensely influential. Norman Mailer’s “new journalism” proved especially effective in capturing the drama of political conventions and large protest demonstrations. The novelist Joan Didion published two collections of incisive social and literary commentary, Slouching Towards Bethlehem (1968) and The…

Ishmael Reed: …Jim Crow Media (2010) and Going Too Far: Essays About America’s Nervous Breakdown (2012). Six of Reed’s plays, including Mother Hubbard and The Preacher and the Rapper, were collected in a volume that was published in 2009.

Chinese architecture: The Song (960–1279), Liao (907–1125), and Jin (1115–1234) dynasties: …a remarkably realistic hand scroll, Going up the River at Qingming Festival Time, painted by the 12th-century court artist Zhang Zeduan (whether painted before or after the sacking is uncertain). From contemporary accounts, Bianjing was a city of towers, the tallest being a pagoda 110 metres (360 feet) high, built…

Glacier National Park: The 50-mile (80-km) Going-to-the-Sun Road (dedicated 1933) crosses the park, allowing scenic views of mountains, meadows, and lakes; the high-country part of the road is open only in summer (mid-June to mid-September). Of the three visitors’ centres, two are open only in summer.

Damião de Góis was a leading Portuguese humanist, who had an encyclopaedic mind and was one of the most critical spirits of his age. Born of a noble family, Góis spent 10 years of his childhood at the court of King Manuel I and was appointed to a secretarial post at a Portuguese trading

Mali: 2020 and 2021 coups and transitional administration: Assimi Goïta, the chairman of the CNSP, was named interim vice president. Because of his role in the coup, and because of the call for a civilian-led transitional administration, Goïta’s appointment was not without controversy. The interim president and vice president were inaugurated on September…

gazelle: Asian gazelles: gazella), the goitred, or sand, gazelle (G. subgutturosa), the Arabian gazelle (G. arabica; now extinct), the Saudi gazelle (G. saudiya; now extinct in the wild), the Queen of Sheba’s gazelle (G. bilkis; now extinct), and the dorcas gazelle (G. dorcas). The dorcas gazelle also ranges into North…

goitre, enlargement of the thyroid gland, resulting in a prominent swelling in the front of the neck. The normal human thyroid gland weighs 10 to 20 grams (about 0.3 to 0.6 ounce), and some goitrous thyroid glands weigh as much as 1,000 grams (more than 2 pounds). The entire thyroid gland may be

goitrogen, substance that inhibits the synthesis of the thyroid hormones (thyroxine and triiodothyronine), thereby reducing the output of these hormones. This inhibition causes, through negative feedback, an increased output of thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone). Increased thyrotropin

Christine Goitschel is a French Alpine skier who won the gold medal in the slalom at the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria. After her first run of the slalom event at the 1964 Olympics, Goitschel trailed her younger sister Marielle, but she managed to come back and secure the gold medal

Marielle Goitschel is a French Alpine ski racer who won Olympic gold medals in both the slalom and giant slalom events in the 1960s. Goitschel and her older sister Christine formed a dominant pair in the 1964 Winter Olympic games. In the slalom Marielle had the fastest time of the first run but

Roberto Crispulo Goizueta was a Cuban-born American businessman who served as chairman and CEO of the Coca-Cola Company. During his 16-year leadership he increased Coca-Cola’s market value from $4 billion in 1981 to roughly $150 billion at the time of his death. Goizueta was born into a prosperous

African music: Fiddles: …as exemplified by the rebeclike goje of Nigeria and the spike fiddles masenqo of Ethiopia and Eritrea and endingidi of Uganda—the last being a 20th-century invention.

Godzilla, Japanese horror film, released in 1954, that was directed and cowritten by Honda Ishirō and features innovative special effects by Tsuburaya Eiji. The landmark film was a sensation at the box office and sparked a spate of “giant monster” movies. Godzilla, a giant monster spawned from the

Gojong was the 26th monarch of the Joseon (Yi) dynasty and the last to effectively rule Korea. Gojong became king of Korea while still a young boy. During the first years of his reign, power was in the hands of his father, Daewon-gun, who as regent attempted to restore and revitalize the country.

Turkmenistan: Turkmen tribes and Russian invasion: Mikhail Dmitriyevich Skobelev at the Battle of Gök-Tepe (now Gökdepe) in 1881. The Turkmens took an active part in the revolt of 1916 against Russian rule, particularly in the town of Tejen, where many Russian settlers and officials were murdered.

Charter Oath, in Japanese history, statement of principle promulgated on April 6, 1868, by the emperor Meiji after the overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate and the restoration of direct participation in government by the imperial family. The Charter Oath opened the way for the modernization of the

Ziya Gökalp was a sociologist, writer, and poet, one of the most important intellectuals and spokesmen of the Turkish nationalist movement. While Gökalp was a student at the Constantinople Veterinary School, his active membership in a secret revolutionary society led to his imprisonment. After the

Trincomalee, town and port, Sri Lanka, on the island’s northeastern coast. It is situated on a peninsula in Trincomalee Bay—formerly called Koddiyar (meaning “Fort by the River”) Bay—one of the world’s finest natural harbours. Trincomalee was in early times a major settlement of Indo-Aryan

Gökçeada, island in the Aegean Sea, northwestern Turkey. Commanding the entrance to the Dardanelles, the island is strategically situated 10 miles (16 km) off the southern end of the Gallipoli Peninsula. Herodotus and Homer mentioned Imbros as an abode of the Pelasgians in antiquity. It fell to the

Gökçeada, island in the Aegean Sea, northwestern Turkey. Commanding the entrance to the Dardanelles, the island is strategically situated 10 miles (16 km) off the southern end of the Gallipoli Peninsula. Herodotus and Homer mentioned Imbros as an abode of the Pelasgians in antiquity. It fell to the

Turkmenistan: Turkmen tribes and Russian invasion: Mikhail Dmitriyevich Skobelev at the Battle of Gök-Tepe (now Gökdepe) in 1881. The Turkmens took an active part in the revolt of 1916 against Russian rule, particularly in the town of Tejen, where many Russian settlers and officials were murdered.

Japan: Decline of Kamakura society: …of the Kamakura period, the gokenin faced difficult times. They had borne virtually all the expense of military service against the Mongols, but their claims for reward went largely unanswered, since no lands or other wealth were confiscated from the invaders. Thus, they were financially pressed and often in debt.…

Gopal Krishna Gokhale was a social reformer who founded a sectarian organization to work for relief of the underprivileged of India. He led the moderate nationalists in the early years of the Indian independence movement. In 1902 Gokhale resigned as professor of history and political economy at

Turkmenistan: Turkmen tribes and Russian invasion: …Tekke and Yomut, while the Goklans, inhabiting part of the Khiva oasis, were opposed to both. Thus, while the Tekkes were the principal opponents of the Russian invasion in the 1860s and ’70s, the other tribes either failed to support them or helped the Russians.

yakuza, Japanese gangsters, members of what are formally called bōryokudan (“violence groups”), or Mafia-like criminal organizations. In Japan and elsewhere, especially in the West, the term yakuza can be used to refer to individual gangsters or criminals as well as to their organized groups and to

kolp’um: …classes in the system: two gols (sŏnggol, or “sacred bone,” and chin’gol, or “true bone”) and six dup’ums (or “head ranks”). The two gols were from the royal and formerly royal families; the sixth dup’um through the fourth were from the general nobility, and the third down to the first…

chaat: Gol gappa (also known as pani puri) is a popular bite-size chaat consisting of a hollow, crispy-fried puffed ball that is filled with potato, chickpeas, onions, spices, and flavoured water, usually tamarind or mint, and popped into one’s mouth whole. Many types of chaat are…

Vijayapura: …including the domed tomb of Gol Gumbaz and the mausoleum of Ibrahim Rawza.

Liberia: Ethnic groups and languages: The Mel group includes the Gola and Kisi, who are also found in Sierra Leone and are known to be the oldest inhabitants of Liberia. These people live in the north and in the coastal region of the northwest.

Sierra Leone: Agriculture, forestry, and fishing: …area of which is the Gola Forest Reserves, a tract of primary tropical rainforest near the Liberian border. Timber is produced for the domestic and export markets and includes Guarea cedrata, a cedar-scented, pink, mahogany-type wood, and the Lophira alata variety procera.

Golan Heights, hilly area overlooking the upper Jordan River valley on the west. The area was part of extreme southwestern Syria until 1967, when it came under Israeli military occupation, and in December 1981 Israel unilaterally annexed the part of the Golan it held. The area’s name is from the

Golan Heights, hilly area overlooking the upper Jordan River valley on the west. The area was part of extreme southwestern Syria until 1967, when it came under Israeli military occupation, and in December 1981 Israel unilaterally annexed the part of the Golan it held. The area’s name is from the

public domain: …in the 2012 case of Golan v. Holder.

Golan Heights, hilly area overlooking the upper Jordan River valley on the west. The area was part of extreme southwestern Syria until 1967, when it came under Israeli military occupation, and in December 1981 Israel unilaterally annexed the part of the Golan it held. The area’s name is from the

Friedrich von Logau was a German epigrammatist noted for his direct unostentatious style. Logau was of noble descent and became an orphan early. He spent his life in service to the petty courts of Brieg and Liegnitz. Logau resented the forced lowliness of his position, and he directed much of his

spectroscopy: Infrared instrumentation: A Golay detector employs the reflection of light from a thermally distortable reflecting film onto a photoelectric cell, while a bolometer exhibits a change in electrical resistance with a change in temperature. In both cases the device must respond to very small and very rapid changes.…

chromatography: Subsequent developments: …or Golay, columns, now called open-tubular columns and characterized by their open design and an internal diameter of less than one millimetre, had an explosive impact on chromatographic methodology. It is now possible to separate hundreds of components of a mixture in a single chromatographic experiment.

spectroscopy: Infrared instrumentation: A Golay detector employs the reflection of light from a thermally distortable reflecting film onto a photoelectric cell, while a bolometer exhibits a change in electrical resistance with a change in temperature. In both cases the device must respond to very small and very rapid changes.…

chromatography: Subsequent developments: …study of gas chromatographic columns, Marcel J.E. Golay, as a consultant for the Perkin-Elmer Corporation, concluded that a very long column (90 to 180 metres [300 to 600 feet]) of narrow-diameter tubing (internal diameter of 0.25 millimetres [0.0098 inch]) with its wall coated with a thin film of liquid would…

Golconda, historic fortress and ruined city lying 5 miles (8 km) west of Hyderabad in western Telangana state, southern India. From 1518 to 1591 it was the capital of the Quṭb Shāhī kingdom (1518–1687), one of five Muslim sultanates of the Deccan. The territory of Golconda lay between the lower

Vance Palmer: Golconda (1948) describes the conflict between miners and management in the Mount Isa area of Queensland; it is the first volume of a political trilogy that includes Seedtime (1957) and The Big Fellow (1959). He also wrote several plays on political themes. His short stories…

René Magritte: In Golconda (1953) bourgeois, bowler-hatted men fall like rain toward a street lined with houses.

İzmit earthquake of 1999, devastating earthquake that struck near the city of İzmit in northwestern Turkey on August 17, 1999. Thousands of people were killed, and large parts of a number of mid-sized towns and cities were destroyed. The earthquake, which occurred on the northernmost strand of the

Matthew McConaughey: …of Unionist principles, and in Gold (2016) as a brackish prospector who strikes it rich in the jungle in Indonesia. McConaughey also supplied the voice of a samurai beetle in Kubo and the Two Strings (2016) and a koala in Sing (2016) and Sing 2 (2021).

gold (Au), chemical element, a dense lustrous yellow precious metal of Group 11 (Ib), Period 6, of the periodic table of the elements. Gold has several qualities that have made it exceptionally valuable throughout history. It is attractive in colour and brightness, durable to the point of virtual

Gold Beach, the centre beach of the five designated landing areas of the Normandy Invasion of World War II. It was assaulted and taken from defending German troops on June 6, 1944 (D-Day of the invasion), by units of the British 50th Infantry Division. (Read Sir John Keegan’s Britannica entry on

mask: Funerary and commemorative uses: …tombs of about 1400 bce, beaten gold portrait masks were found. Gold masks also were placed on the faces of the dead kings of Cambodia and Siam (now Thailand).

The Gold Bug, mystery story by Edgar Allan Poe, published in 1843 in the Philadelphia Dollar Magazine; it was later published in the collection Tales (1845). The central character, William Legrand, has sequestered himself on Sullivan’s Island, South Carolina, after a series of economic setbacks.

Sharon Olds: …further developed this theme in The Gold Cell (1987). The poet presents arguments against her parents’ marriage in “I Go Back to May 1937” and explores their relationship in other poems in the collection. The Matter of This World: New and Selected Poems (1987) and The Father (1992) continue her…

ruby glass: …glass deriving its colour from gold chloride. Originally known in the ancient world, its rediscovery was long sought by European alchemists and glassmakers, who believed it had curative properties. A Hamburg physician, Andreas Cassius, in 1676 reported his discovery of the red colouring properties of a solution of gold chloride,…

Gold Coast, section of the coast of the Gulf of Guinea, in Africa. It extends approximately from Axim, Ghana, or nearby Cape Three Points, in the west to the Volta River in the east and is so called because it was an important source of gold. An area of intense colonial rivalry from the 17th

James Alan McPherson: …with the short story “Gold Coast,” which won a contest in The Atlantic Monthly in 1968, and the following year he became a contributing editor of the magazine. “Gold Coast” examines the race, class, and age barriers between Robert, a black Harvard student who aspires to be a writer,…

Gold Coast, city, extreme southeastern Queensland, Australia, about 20 miles (30 km) south-southeast of Brisbane. It extends for some 25 miles (40 km) along the state’s southeastern coastline, from Paradise Point along the Pacific Highway to Coolangatta at the New South Wales border. Tweed Heads,

Gold Cup, premier annual motorboat-racing prize in the United States, instituted by the American Power Boat Association in 1904. The first race for the cup was held on the Hudson River and was won by C.C. Riotte’s Standard with the fastest heat of 23.6 miles (38 km) per hour. The winning boats

Busby Berkeley: The Warner Brothers period: …regarded as classics: 42nd Street, Gold Diggers of 1933, and Footlight Parade. Those three films were backstage stories, all concerned with the production of a Broadway show. The nonmusical parts of those films had the gritty urban atmosphere for which Warners was renowned, but for the musical numbers Berkeley created…

Harry Warren: … (for “Lullaby of Broadway” from Gold Diggers of 1935 [1935], “You’ll Never Know” from Hello Frisco, Hello [1943], and “On the Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe” from The Harvey Girls [1946]). Nevertheless, he amassed a fortune from his Depression-era contracts with major motion-picture studios and from royalty payments.

Roy Del Ruth: Early films: …Desert Song, as well as Gold Diggers of Broadway, which established the studio’s cottage industry of “Gold Diggers” pictures and also unveiled the pop standard “Tiptoe Through the Tulips.”

online gaming: Birth of virtual economies: …business, employing hundreds of “gold farmers,” who play games in an effort to hoard resources that can be sold to players in South Korea or the United States. Most MMOG companies sought to control this behaviour by banning the accounts of suspected gold farmers (e.g., Activision Blizzard has closed…

online gaming: Birth of virtual economies: …business, employing hundreds of “gold farmers,” who play games in an effort to hoard resources that can be sold to players in South Korea or the United States. Most MMOG companies sought to control this behaviour by banning the accounts of suspected gold farmers (e.g., Activision Blizzard has closed…

Cecil Rhodes: Early struggles and financial successes: …in 1885, and formed the Gold Fields of South Africa Company in 1887. Both Rhodes’s major companies had terms in their articles of association allowing them to finance schemes of northward expansion.

baseball: Awards: The Gold Glove is awarded to the best defensive player at each of the nine positions (three outfielders are selected, but no consideration is given as to whether those players covered right, centre, or left field) in both the American League and the National League. The…

gold leaf, extremely thin sheet of gold (about 0.1 micrometre, or 4 millionths of an inch, thick) used for gilding. Medieval illuminated manuscripts gleam with gold leaf, and it is still widely used for gilding ornamental designs, lettering and edgings on paper, wood, ceramics, glass, textiles, and

Olympic Games: The medal ceremonies: Solid gold medals were last given in 1912. The obverse side of the medal awarded in 2004 at Athens was altered for the first time since 1928 to better reflect the Greek origins of both the ancient and modern Games, depicting the goddess Nike flying above…

Frost Medal, annual poetry award presented by the Poetry Society of America in recognition of the lifetime achievements of an American poet. The medal was first awarded in 1930. The award was originally called the Gold Medal for Distinguished Achievement, but the name was later changed to honour

Royal Astronomical Society: …Caroline Herschel was awarded a Gold Medal in 1828 and, with Mary Somerville, was elected an honorary member in 1835. Women were first admitted to fellowship in 1916.