Goddard Family: …cabinetmakers: Stephen (died 1804) and Thomas (1765–1858); Townsend Goddard (1750–90), probably his eldest son, was named executor of his will (written 1761). Both Stephen and Thomas had worked with John the elder and carried on his business for many years. Although they produced some works in their father’s style, they…

Townsend family: …with the Goddard family the Goddard-Townsend group, known for case furniture characterized by block fronts and decorative carved shell motifs, frequently in the graceful and ornate style developed by the English cabinetmaker Thomas Chippendale.

Julia O’Faolain: O’Faolain’s novel Godded and Codded (1970; also published as Three Lovers) concerns a young Irish woman’s sexual adventures in Paris. O’Faolain probed women’s roles in Women in the Wall (1975), a fictional account of Queen Radegund, who in the 6th century founded a monastery in Gaul. No…

Rumer Godden was a British writer whose many novels, poems, and nonfictional works reflect her personal experiences in colonial India and in England. Godden was taken in infancy to India and lived there until adolescence, when she was sent to a boarding school in England. She eventually returned to

United Kingdom: Church and king: …dispensing power was upheld in Godden v. Hales (1686). James made it clear that he intended to maintain his large military establishment, to promote Catholics to positions of leadership, and to dispense with the penal code. He set out systematically to create a Catholic state. Over the three years of…

Rumer Godden was a British writer whose many novels, poems, and nonfictional works reflect her personal experiences in colonial India and in England. Godden was taken in infancy to India and lived there until adolescence, when she was sent to a boarding school in England. She eventually returned to

god and goddess: Such deities may correspond to earthly and celestial phenomena or to human values, pastimes, and institutions, including love, marriage, hunting, war, and the arts. While some are capable of being killed, many are immortal. Although they are always more powerful than humans, they are often described…

Mick Jagger: Artist collaborations and other work: …solo albums—Wandering Spirit (1993) and Goddess in the Doorway (2001)—while simultaneously writing, recording, and performing with the Rolling Stones. He and British musician Dave Stewart collaborated on the soundtrack to the movie Alfie in 2004; the song “Old Habits Die Hard” won the Golden Globe Award for best original song…

Japanese cedar, (Cryptomeria japonica), a coniferous evergreen timber tree and only species of the genus Cryptomeria of the family Cupressaceae (sometimes classified in the so-called deciduous cypress family Taxodiaceae), native to eastern Asia. The tree may attain 45 metres (150 feet) or more in

Kosovo: The arts: …terra-cotta figure known as the Goddess on the Throne. Discovered near Pristina in the mid-20th century, it serves as a symbol of Kosovo. Kosovo is rich in folk art dating from the more recent past as well. Snake symbols are a common feature of Albanian architecture and decoration, and a…

John Cromwell: Later work: …and that year he directed The Goddess, writer Paddy Chayefsky’s dissection of the Marilyn Monroe phenomenon, with Kim Stanley as a troubled actress. The Scavengers (1959) was his last Hollywood film, and in 1961 he ended his film-directing career with A Matter of Morals, a low-budget drama made in Sweden.…

Interlingua: …and early 1950s, the linguist Alexander Gode, with the sponsorship of the International Auxiliary Language Association, reformulated and revived Interlingua and promoted its use in the international scientific community. As reformulated, Interlingua’s grammar is not much more complex than that of Esperanto; it has only one form for nouns (taken…

Godfrey of Bouillon was the duke of Lower Lorraine (as Godfrey IV; 1089–1100) and a leader of the First Crusade, who became the first Latin ruler in Palestine after the capture of Jerusalem from the Muslims in July 1099. Godfrey’s parents were Count Eustace II of Boulogne and Ida, daughter of Duke

Godefroid de Claire was an important Belgian Romanesque goldsmith and enamelist of the Mosan school. Little is known of his life, but he seems to have been most active in the service of the abbot of Stavelot Abbey. Among the best known works attributed to him are a bronze aquamanile (ewer)

Godefroid de Claire was an important Belgian Romanesque goldsmith and enamelist of the Mosan school. Little is known of his life, but he seems to have been most active in the service of the abbot of Stavelot Abbey. Among the best known works attributed to him are a bronze aquamanile (ewer)

Godefroy Family, distinguished French family of legal scholars and historians. Denis I Godefroy, called Denis the Old (1549–1621), was a Protestant who for that reason lived in exile in Switzerland and Germany. His Corpus juris civilis (1583) had a long life, going through 20 editions. His son

Godefroy Family: Denis I Godefroy, called Denis the Old (1549–1621), was a Protestant who for that reason lived in exile in Switzerland and Germany. His Corpus juris civilis (1583) had a long life, going through 20 editions. His son Théodore (1580–1649) abjured Protestantism and lived in France,…

Godefroy Family: Denis II Godefroy, called Denis the Young (1615–81), son of Théodore, was also a historian and archivist. Denis III (1653–1719), son of Denis II, was keeper of the books at the Chambre des Comptes, the central financial administration, in Paris. Jean Godefroy, sieur d’Aumont (1656–1732),…

Godefroy Family: Denis III (1653–1719), son of Denis II, was keeper of the books at the Chambre des Comptes, the central financial administration, in Paris. Jean Godefroy, sieur d’Aumont (1656–1732), also a son of Denis II, was editor of a number of historical documents.

Godefroy Family: Jacques Godefroy (1587–1652), also a son of Denis I, was a professor at the University of Geneva. His edition of the Codex Theodosianus, published posthumously, was his most important work. Denis II Godefroy, called Denis the Young (1615–81), son of Théodore, was also a historian…

Godefroy Family: Jean Godefroy, sieur d’Aumont (1656–1732), also a son of Denis II, was editor of a number of historical documents.

Godefroy Family: His son Théodore (1580–1649) abjured Protestantism and lived in France, where he wrote historical works. Jacques Godefroy (1587–1652), also a son of Denis I, was a professor at the University of Geneva. His edition of the Codex Theodosianus, published posthumously, was his most important work. Denis II…

Saint Gotthard ; canonized 1131; feast day May 4) was an abbot and archbishop, who helped foster the development of Hildesheim and who played an important role in the imperial campaign to reform and reorganize the Bavarian church. Gotthard was educated in the monastery school of Niederaltaich and

India: The Anglo-French struggle, 1740–63: …1754 by the director Charles-Robert Godeheu, who made a not unfavorable settlement with the British.

set theory: Limitations of axiomatic set theory: …with natural numbers (now called Gödel numbers) and by talking about these numbers, Gödel was able to make the metamathematics of S become part of the arithmetic of S and hence expressible in S. The theorem in question asserts that the formula of S that expresses (via a coding) “S…

history of logic: Gödel’s incompleteness theorems: …Gödel’s proof of the semantic completeness of first-order logic in 1930. Improved versions of the completeness of first-order logic were subsequently presented by various researchers, among them the American mathematician Leon Henkin and the Dutch logician Evert W. Beth.

foundations of mathematics: Boolean local topoi: A better candidate may be Gödel’s constructible universe, whose original purpose was to serve as a model of Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory in which the continuum hypothesis holds. It is formed like the von Neumann universe, except that the notion of subset, implicit in the power-set operation, is replaced by that…

incompleteness theorem: In 1931 Gödel published his first incompleteness theorem, “Über formal unentscheidbare Sätze der Principia Mathematica und verwandter Systeme” (“On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica and Related Systems”), which stands as a major turning point of 20th-century logic. This theorem established that it is impossible to use the axiomatic method…

incompleteness theorem, in foundations of mathematics, either of two theorems proved by the Austrian-born American logician Kurt Gödel. In 1931 Gödel published his first incompleteness theorem, “Über formal unentscheidbare Sätze der Principia Mathematica und verwandter Systeme” (“On Formally

incompleteness theorem: The second incompleteness theorem follows as an immediate consequence, or corollary, from Gödel’s paper. Although it was not stated explicitly in the paper, Gödel was aware of it, and other mathematicians, such as the Hungarian-born American mathematician John von Neumann, realized immediately that it followed as…

Kurt Gödel was an Austrian-born mathematician, logician, and philosopher who obtained what may be the most important mathematical result of the 20th century: his famous incompleteness theorem, which states that within any axiomatic mathematical system there are propositions that cannot be proved or

Shinran: Life: …life) known popularly as the Godenshō (“The Biography”), was written in 1295 by his great-grandson Kakunyo (1270–1351). Other works that offer insights into his life are Shinran’s own religious writings and the letters of his wife, Eshin Ni (1182–1268?), which were discovered in 1921.

Frederick John Robinson, 1st earl of Ripon was the prime minister of Great Britain from August 1827 to January 1828. He received from the radical journalist William Cobbett the sardonic nicknames “Prosperity Robinson” (for his unwarranted optimism on the eve of the 1825 economic crisis) and “Goody

chrysography: …among these masterpieces is the Godescalc Gospels, written between 781 and 783, in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

Gottschalk Of Orbais was a monk, poet, and theologian whose teachings on predestination shook the Roman Catholic church in the 9th century. Of noble birth, Gottschalk was an oblate (i.e., a child dedicated to monastic life by its parents) in the Benedictine abbey of Fulda. Over the objection of his

Gottschalk Of Orbais was a monk, poet, and theologian whose teachings on predestination shook the Roman Catholic church in the 9th century. Of noble birth, Gottschalk was an oblate (i.e., a child dedicated to monastic life by its parents) in the Benedictine abbey of Fulda. Over the objection of his

Godey’s Lady’s Book, American publication that, from 1830 to 1898, pioneered a format still employed by magazines devoted to women’s issues. Louis A. Godey, a publisher and former newspaper editor, established his magazine in 1830 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. During the first six years of its

Godey’s Lady’s Book, American publication that, from 1830 to 1898, pioneered a format still employed by magazines devoted to women’s issues. Louis A. Godey, a publisher and former newspaper editor, established his magazine in 1830 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. During the first six years of its

Godey’s Lady’s Book: Louis A. Godey, a publisher and former newspaper editor, established his magazine in 1830 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. During the first six years of its existence, it included mainly articles clipped from British women’s magazines and hand-coloured plates reproducing fashions of the day. Godey, wanting to…

godparent, in Christianity, one who stands surety for another in the rite of baptism. In the modern baptism of an infant or child, the godparent or godparents make a profession of faith for the person being baptized (the godchild) and assume an obligation to serve as proxies for the parents if the

Vincent D’Onofrio: …Vincent Gigante in the series Godfather of Harlem (2019–  ).

James Brown was an American singer, songwriter, arranger, and dancer, who was one of the most important and influential entertainers in 20th-century popular music and whose remarkable achievements earned him the sobriquet “the Hardest-Working Man in Show Business.” Brown was raised mainly in

Herman Cain: …over the struggling Pillsbury holding Godfather’s Pizza. He aggressively streamlined its menu and closed unproductive restaurants, rescuing the chain from bankruptcy in a little over a year. In 1988 Cain led a buyout of the company. He served as chief executive officer and president of Godfather’s until 1996, when he…

Mario Puzo: …its two sequels (1974 and 1990). The first two won nine Academy Awards, including best picture and best screenplay Oscars for each.

The Godfather, American gangster epic film, released in 1972, that was adapted from the 1969 best-selling novel by Mario Puzo and has been regarded as a masterpiece since its release. Its creative cinematography, haunting score, and unforgettable performances by such actors as Marlon Brando and Al

The Godfather, novel by Mario Puzo, published in 1969, which became one of the most successful fiction books ever—selling some 21 million copies worldwide, spawning three critically and financially successful motion pictures, and placing its characters into the contemporary American cultural

The Godfather: Part II, American gangster film, released in 1974, that was a sequel and companion piece to the 1972 blockbuster The Godfather, adapted from the 1969 novel by Mario Puzo. In the years since its release the film has gained the reputation of being the rare sequel that equals or perhaps

Godfrey was a king in Denmark who halted the northward extension of Charlemagne’s empire. He may have ruled over all Denmark, but his centre of power was in the extreme south of Jutland. There, Hedeby became an important station on the new Frankish trade route to the Muslim states of the East via

Kitty Godfree was a British tennis player, a dominant figure in women’s tennis in the 1920s. She won two singles titles at the All-England Championships at Wimbledon, five doubles titles in Grand Slam events, and five Olympic medals, including a gold in women’s doubles at the 1920 Olympics in

Kitty Godfree was a British tennis player, a dominant figure in women’s tennis in the 1920s. She won two singles titles at the All-England Championships at Wimbledon, five doubles titles in Grand Slam events, and five Olympic medals, including a gold in women’s doubles at the 1920 Olympics in

Godfrey was a king in Denmark who halted the northward extension of Charlemagne’s empire. He may have ruled over all Denmark, but his centre of power was in the extreme south of Jutland. There, Hedeby became an important station on the new Frankish trade route to the Muslim states of the East via

Breda: …its earliest known lord was Godfrey I (1125–70), in whose family it continued until it was sold to Brabant in 1327. Chartered in 1252, it passed to the house of Nassau in 1404 and, ultimately, to William I of Orange (1533–84). Fortified (1531–36) by Count Henry III of Nassau, who…

Godfrey of Bouillon was the duke of Lower Lorraine (as Godfrey IV; 1089–1100) and a leader of the First Crusade, who became the first Latin ruler in Palestine after the capture of Jerusalem from the Muslims in July 1099. Godfrey’s parents were Count Eustace II of Boulogne and Ida, daughter of Duke

Edward Fairfax: …was an English poet whose Godfrey of Bulloigne or the Recoverie of Jerusalem (1600), a translation of Gerusalemme liberata, an epic poem by his Italian contemporary Torquato Tasso, won fame and was praised by John Dryden. Although translating stanza by stanza, Fairfax freely altered poetic detail. The poem influenced the…

Godfrey Of Fontaines was a French Aristotelian philosopher and theologian prominent in the medieval controversy over faith versus reason that dominated the intellectual life of the University of Paris, then the academic centre of the West. At the Faculty of Arts in Paris, Godfrey studied with the

Godfrey of Saint-Victor was a French monk, philosopher, theologian, and poet whose writings summarized an early medieval Christian Humanism that strove to classify areas of knowledge, to integrate distinctive methods of learning, and to recognize the intrinsic dignity of man and nature. A student

mirror for princes: …true of such texts as Godfrey of Viterbo’s Mirror of Kings, Helinand of Froidmont’s On the Government of Princes, and Gerald of Wales’s Book on the Education of a Prince, all written between about 1180 and 1220.

Arthur Godfrey was an American radio and television entertainer widely popular in the 1940s and ’50s, whose many broadcast programs launched the careers of numerous popular singers and other entertainers. The child of a newspaperman-author-lecturer, Arthur Godfrey grew up in New Jersey not far from

Arthur Godfrey was an American radio and television entertainer widely popular in the 1940s and ’50s, whose many broadcast programs launched the careers of numerous popular singers and other entertainers. The child of a newspaperman-author-lecturer, Arthur Godfrey grew up in New Jersey not far from

Sir Edmund Godfrey was an English magistrate whose death, allegedly at the hands of Roman Catholics, touched off a wave of anti-Catholic hysteria that shook the government of King Charles II. Godfrey went into business in London and later became a justice of the peace for the city of Westminster.

Sir Edmund Godfrey was an English magistrate whose death, allegedly at the hands of Roman Catholics, touched off a wave of anti-Catholic hysteria that shook the government of King Charles II. Godfrey went into business in London and later became a justice of the peace for the city of Westminster.

Thomas Godfrey was a British-American colonial artisan, inventor, and mathematician. Godfrey became a glazier during his youth and later installed the windows in Philadelphia’s state house, now Independence Hall. He was also employed at the residence of the colonial statesman and botanist James

Olaf Guthfrithson was the king of Northumbria and of Dublin. Olaf was the son of Guthfrith (or Godfrey), king of Dublin. He is often confused with Olaf Sihtricson. Olaf Guthfrithson became king of Dublin in 934 and was in England in 937, where he took part in the Battle of Brunanburh against

Olaf Guthfrithson was the king of Northumbria and of Dublin. Olaf was the son of Guthfrith (or Godfrey), king of Dublin. He is often confused with Olaf Sihtricson. Olaf Guthfrithson became king of Dublin in 934 and was in England in 937, where he took part in the Battle of Brunanburh against

Lady Godiva was an Anglo-Saxon gentlewoman famous for her legendary ride while nude through Coventry, Warwickshire. Godiva was the wife of Leofric, earl of Mercia, with whom she founded and endowed a monastery at Coventry. The chronicler Florence of Worcester (d. 1118) mentions Leofric and Godiva

Qeqertarsuaq: Qeqertarsuaq (Danish: Godhavn), the largest settlement on the island, was established in 1773. Hunting and fishing are the main activities. A research station is located close to the town. The island was first explored by Erik the Red about 984. Area 3,312 square miles (8,578…

Arianism: Beliefs: Because the Godhead is unique, it cannot be shared or communicated. Because the Godhead is immutable, the Son, who is mutable, must, therefore, be deemed a creature who has been called into existence out of nothing and has had a beginning. Moreover, the Son can have no…

Godhra, city, northeastern Gujarat state, west-central India. It lies on a plain east of the Mahi River and about 40 miles (65 km) northeast of Vadodara. Godhra is a road and rail junction and a commercial centre for timber and agricultural produce. Industries include oilseed pressing, flour

Iceland: Commonwealth (c. 930–1262): …distinct class of chieftains called godar (singular godi), of which there were about 40. In the absence of royal power in Iceland, the godar were to form the ruling class in the country.

Andrea Palladio: Early life and works: The Villa Godi has a plan clearly derived from the Villa Trissino but with similarities to traditional Venetian country houses. It contains all the elements of Palladio’s future villa designs, including symmetrical flanking wings for stables and barns and a walled courtyard in front of the…

ancient Iran: The Neolithic Period (New Stone Age): …Khūzestān, Hajji Firuz in Azerbaijan, Godin Tepe VII in northeastern Lorestān, Tepe Sialk I on the rim of the central salt desert, and Tepe Yahya VI C–E in the southeast are all sites that have yielded evidence of fairly sophisticated patterns of agricultural life (Roman numerals identify the level of…

Lady Godiva was an Anglo-Saxon gentlewoman famous for her legendary ride while nude through Coventry, Warwickshire. Godiva was the wife of Leofric, earl of Mercia, with whom she founded and endowed a monastery at Coventry. The chronicler Florence of Worcester (d. 1118) mentions Leofric and Godiva

E. L. Godkin was an Anglo-American editor and founder of The Nation, a news and opinion magazine. After graduating in 1851 from Queen’s College, Belfast, studying law, and working for newspapers in London and Belfast, Godkin went to the United States late in 1856. He continued a connection with the

E. L. Godkin was an Anglo-American editor and founder of The Nation, a news and opinion magazine. After graduating in 1851 from Queen’s College, Belfast, studying law, and working for newspapers in London and Belfast, Godkin went to the United States late in 1856. He continued a connection with the

Cecil B. DeMille: Early life and silent films: The Squaw Man to The Godless Girl: …and his last silent film, The Godless Girl (1929), was about atheism sweeping through a high school and was also an indictment of the harsh conditions in juvenile reform schools.

Samuel Hopkins Adams: …biographies of Daniel Webster (The Godlike Daniel, 1930) and Alexander Woollcott (1945). Several of his novels became movie scenarios, notably It Happened One Night (1934) and a musical, The Harvey Girls (1942). Grandfather Stories (1955) was based on reminiscences of his grandfather in upper New York State. He also…

Margaret of Angoulême: …Elizabeth I of England as A Godly Meditation of the Soul, 1548), was published during her lifetime, her best verse, including Le Navire, was not compiled until 1896, under the title of Les Dernières Poésies (“Last Poems”).

Vladimir Sergeyevich Solovyov: …delivered his celebrated lectures on Godmanhood (1880). This appointment was later rescinded because of Solovyov’s clemency appeal for the March 1881 assassins of Tsar Alexander II. He also encountered official opposition to his writings and to his activity in promoting the union of Eastern Orthodoxy with the Roman Catholic church.

Latvia: Independence restored: …the government of Prime Minister Ivars Godmanis collapsed in February 2009. A shaky coalition was forged by former opposition leader Valdis Dombrovskis, and a series of economic reforms were pushed through the Saeima. With the Latvian economy showing signs of modest recovery, the Dombrovskis government survived a parliamentary general election…

godparent, in Christianity, one who stands surety for another in the rite of baptism. In the modern baptism of an infant or child, the godparent or godparents make a profession of faith for the person being baptized (the godchild) and assume an obligation to serve as proxies for the parents if the

Griselda Blanco was a Colombian cocaine trafficker who amassed a vast empire and was a central figure in the violent drug wars in Miami in the 1970s and ’80s. Although there is some confusion about her birth location, a number of sources give it as Santa Marta, Colombia, where Blanco was baptized.

Edinburgh: Strategic importance: The Votadini, the dominant Celtic tribe of the Lothians, with whom Rome had a relatively stable relationship, were the group most likely to have occupied the Castle Rock site. The Votadini capital was on Traprain Law, a cone-shaped hill (law) some 20 miles (30 km) east…

horse racing: Bloodlines and studbooks: …stallions (the Darley Arabian, the Godolphin Barb, and the Byerly Turk, all brought to Great Britain, 1690–1730) and from 43 “royal” mares (those imported by Charles II). The preeminence of English racing and hence of the General Stud Book from 1791 provided a standard for judging a horse’s breeding (and…

John Evelyn: …a paternal affection for Margaret Blagge, a maid of honour at court, who later secretly married Sidney Godolphin, future lord high treasurer. She died after giving birth to a child in 1678; Evelyn’s Life of Mrs. Godolphin (1847; ed. H. Sampson, 1939), is one of the most moving of 17th-century…

Sidney Godolphin was an English poet and Royalist during the reign of Charles I. Educated at Exeter College, Oxford (1624–27), and at one of the Inns of Court, Godolphin traveled abroad and also became friends with Ben Jonson, Thomas Hobbes, and other men of letters. He was elected a member of the

Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin was a British politician and administrator who did much to stabilize British financial administration during the 20 years after the Glorious Revolution of 1688. A member of a cadet branch of an ancient Cornish family, Godolphin became page of honour to King

Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin was a British politician and administrator who did much to stabilize British financial administration during the 20 years after the Glorious Revolution of 1688. A member of a cadet branch of an ancient Cornish family, Godolphin became page of honour to King

France: The conquest of Burgundy: Godomer, the new Burgundian king, defeated the Franks at Vézeronce and forced them to retreat; Clodomir was killed in the battle. Childebert I, Chlotar I, and Theodebert I, the son of Theodoric I, regained the offensive in 532–534. The Burgundian kingdom was annexed and divided…

Dingiswayo was an African chief or king of the Mthethwa of Southern Africa. Few hard facts are known about Dingiswayo, but it is clear that he was dominant during the first two decades of the 19th century (though he may have been influential in the 1790s, or even earlier). It is likely that

Leopold Godowsky was a renowned Russian-born American virtuoso pianist and composer, known for his exceptional piano technique. Godowsky entered the Berlin High School for Music at age 14; soon thereafter he went to the United States, where he spent most of the remainder of his life. His first

Leopold Godowsky, Jr. was an American musician and photographic technician primarily known as a codeveloper of Kodachrome film (1935). Son of the pianist Leopold Godowsky, the young Godowsky attended New York City’s Riverdale School, where he met his future photographic partner, Leopold Mannes, who

Godoy Cruz, suburb immediately south of the city of Mendoza in northern Mendoza provincia (province), western Argentina. Originally an agricultural oasis supplying wine grapes, fruit, potatoes, and alfalfa, Godoy Cruz has become an important manufacturing and industrial centre within Greater

Manuel de Godoy was a Spanish royal favourite and twice prime minister, whose disastrous foreign policy contributed to a series of misfortunes and defeats that culminated in the abdication of King Charles IV and the occupation of Spain by the armies of Napoleon Bonaparte. Born into an old but poor

godparent, in Christianity, one who stands surety for another in the rite of baptism. In the modern baptism of an infant or child, the godparent or godparents make a profession of faith for the person being baptized (the godchild) and assume an obligation to serve as proxies for the parents if the

Godhra, city, northeastern Gujarat state, west-central India. It lies on a plain east of the Mahi River and about 40 miles (65 km) northeast of Vadodara. Godhra is a road and rail junction and a commercial centre for timber and agricultural produce. Industries include oilseed pressing, flour

Guthrum was a leader of a major Danish invasion of Anglo-Saxon England who waged war against the West Saxon king Alfred the Great (reigned 871–899) and later made himself king of East Anglia (reigned 880–890). Guthrum went to England in the great Danish invasion of 865, and in mid-January 878 he

Five Percent Nation, American revisionist movement, led by Clarence 13X, which split from the Nation of Islam in 1963. The movement rejected being called a religion, preferring instead to be known as a culture and way of life. Its teachings are referred to as “Supreme Mathematics.” In the early

Robert Duvall: … in the Civil War saga Gods and Generals (2003) and as a wealthy eccentric old man who takes custody of his young nephew in Secondhand Lions (2003). Duvall won an Emmy for his role as a rancher who rescues five young Chinese girls sold into prostitution in the Old West…

Ian McKellen: …portrayed director James Whale in Gods and Monsters, for which he received his first Academy Award nomination, for best actor. He later played Gandalf in The Lord of the Rings (2001, 2002, 2003), a film trilogy based on J.R.R. Tolkien’s epic fantasy (1954–55). He

French literature: The novel later in the century: …Les Dieux ont soif (1912; The Gods Are Athirst). For Anglophone readers right up to the end of World War II, he spoke for that Voltairean liberal humanism, reason, and justice of which France became the symbol in a Europe twice overrun by German imperial ambitions.