food preservation: Concentration of moist foods: Candied and glacéed fruits are made by slow impregnation of the fruit with syrup until the concentration of sugar in the tissue is sufficiently high to prevent growth of spoilage microorganisms. The candying process is conducted by treating fruits with syrups of progressively increasing sugar concentrations, so…

lake: Basins formed by glaciation: Ice sheets moving over relatively level surfaces have produced large numbers of small lake basins through scouring in many areas. This type of glacial rock basin contains what are known as ice-scour lakes and is represented in North America, for example, by basins in parts…

acetic acid (CH3COOH), the most important of the carboxylic acids. A dilute (approximately 5 percent by volume) solution of acetic acid produced by fermentation and oxidation of natural carbohydrates is called vinegar; a salt, ester, or acylal of acetic acid is called acetate. Industrially, acetic

glacial stage, in geology, a cold episode during an ice age, or glacial period. An ice age is a portion of geologic time during which a much larger part of Earth’s surface was covered by glaciers than at present. The Pleistocene Epoch (2.6 million to 11,700 years ago) is sometimes called the Great

Reginald Aldworth Daly: …came his theory of “glacial control” of the formation of coral atolls and reefs. He found that the fluctuations of sea level during the building up and melting down of glaciers during the Pleistocene Epoch played a major role in allowing the coral to slowly build up structures more…

iceberg: Iceberg distribution and drift trajectories: In the Antarctic, a freshly calved iceberg usually begins by moving westward in the Antarctic Coastal Current, with the coastline on its left. Since its trajectory is also turned to the left by the Coriolis force owing to Earth’s rotation, it may run…

ice age, any geologic period during which thick ice sheets cover vast areas of land. Such periods of large-scale glaciation may last several million years and drastically reshape surface features of entire continents. A number of major ice ages have occurred throughout Earth history. The earliest

Quaternary: Landforms: …glacial sediments and evidence of glacial erosion.

geology: Glacial geology: Glacial geology can be regarded as a branch of geomorphology, though it is such a large area of research that it stands as a distinct subdiscipline within the geologic sciences. Glacial geology is concerned with the properties of glaciers themselves as well as…

glacial landform: P-forms and glacial grooves: Straight P-forms are frequently called glacial grooves, even though the term is also applied to large striations, which, unlike the P-forms, were cut by a single tool. Some researchers believe that P-forms were not carved directly by the ice but rather were eroded by pressurized mud slurries flowing beneath the…

Lake Clark National Park and Preserve: …more than a score of glacial lakes on the rim of the Chigmit Mountains, a range located where the Alaska and Aleutian ranges meet. The lake is the headwaters for the most important spawning ground for sockeye, or red, salmon in North America. The park’s great geologic diversity includes jagged…

glacial landform, any product of flowing ice and meltwater. Such landforms are being produced today in glaciated areas, such as Greenland, Antarctica, and many of the world’s higher mountain ranges. In addition, large expansions of present-day glaciers have recurred during the course of Earth

moulin, (French: “mill”), a nearly cylindrical, vertical shaft that extends through a glacier and is carved by meltwater from the glacier’s surface. Postglacial evidence of a moulin, also called a glacial mill, is a giant kettle, or, more properly, a moulin pothole, scoured to great depth in the

outwash, deposit of sand and gravel carried by running water from the melting ice of a glacier and laid down in stratified deposits. An outwash may attain a thickness of 100 m (328 feet) at the edge of a glacier, although the thickness is usually much less; it may also extend many kilometres in

glacial landform: Glacial erosion: …generally included under the terms glacial plucking or quarrying. This process involves the removal of larger pieces of rock from the glacier bed. Various explanations for this phenomenon have been proposed. Some of the mechanisms suggested are based on differential stresses in the rock caused by ice being forced to…

lake: Basins formed by glaciation: …the formation of giant’s kettles, glacial potholes in the form of deep cylindrical holes. Their origin is still uncertain. Sand, gravel, or boulders are sometimes found at their bottom. The kettles vary from a few centimetres to a metre or more in diameter. Good examples are found in the Alps,…

glacial landform: …are being produced today in glaciated areas, such as Greenland, Antarctica, and many of the world’s higher mountain ranges. In addition, large expansions of present-day glaciers have recurred during the course of Earth history. At the maximum of the last ice age, which ended about 20,000 to 15,000 years ago,…

glacial landform: Glacial erosion: …generally included under the terms glacial plucking or quarrying. This process involves the removal of larger pieces of rock from the glacier bed. Various explanations for this phenomenon have been proposed. Some of the mechanisms suggested are based on differential stresses in the rock caused by ice being forced to…

lake: Basins formed by glaciation: Ice sheets moving over relatively level surfaces have produced large numbers of small lake basins through scouring in many areas. This type of glacial rock basin contains what are known as ice-scour lakes and is represented in North America, for example, by basins in parts…

glacial stage, in geology, a cold episode during an ice age, or glacial period. An ice age is a portion of geologic time during which a much larger part of Earth’s surface was covered by glaciers than at present. The Pleistocene Epoch (2.6 million to 11,700 years ago) is sometimes called the Great

river: Falls attributable to discordance of river profile: …glaciation include glacial potholes and glacial steps. The former are thought to originate principally as a result of the plastic flow of ice at the base of a glacier; this permits the gouging of semicylindrical holes in the bedrock beneath the path of flow. The holes or depressions are subsequently…

river: Falls attributable to discordance of river profile: …glaciation include glacial potholes and glacial steps. The former are thought to originate principally as a result of the plastic flow of ice at the base of a glacier; this permits the gouging of semicylindrical holes in the bedrock beneath the path of flow. The holes or depressions are subsequently…

till, in geology, unsorted material deposited directly by glacial ice and showing no stratification. Till is sometimes called boulder clay because it is composed of clay, boulders of intermediate sizes, or a mixture of these. The rock fragments are usually angular and sharp rather than rounded,

glacial valley, stream valley that has been glaciated, usually to a typical catenary, or U-shaped, cross section. U-shaped valleys occur in many parts of the world and are characteristic features of mountain glaciation. These glacial troughs may be several thousand feet deep and tens of miles long.

glacial valley, stream valley that has been glaciated, usually to a typical catenary, or U-shaped, cross section. U-shaped valleys occur in many parts of the world and are characteristic features of mountain glaciation. These glacial troughs may be several thousand feet deep and tens of miles long.

glacial stage, in geology, a cold episode during an ice age, or glacial period. An ice age is a portion of geologic time during which a much larger part of Earth’s surface was covered by glaciers than at present. The Pleistocene Epoch (2.6 million to 11,700 years ago) is sometimes called the Great

glacial landform: …are being produced today in glaciated areas, such as Greenland, Antarctica, and many of the world’s higher mountain ranges. In addition, large expansions of present-day glaciers have recurred during the course of Earth history. At the maximum of the last ice age, which ended about 20,000 to 15,000 years ago,…

glacial landform: Periglacial landforms: …adjacent to and beyond the limit of glaciers, a zone of intense freeze-thaw activity produces periglacial features and landforms. This happens because of the unique behaviour of water as it changes from the liquid to the solid state. As water freezes, its volume increases about 9 percent. This is often…

glacier, any large mass of perennial ice that originates on land by the recrystallization of snow or other forms of solid precipitation and that shows evidence of past or present flow. Exact limits for the terms large, perennial, and flow cannot be set. Except in size, a small snow patch that

lake: Basins formed by glaciation: Ice sheets moving over relatively level surfaces have produced large numbers of small lake basins through scouring in many areas. This type of glacial rock basin contains what are known as ice-scour lakes and is represented in North America, for example, by basins in parts…

Glacier Bay, scenic indentation, about 50 miles (80 km) long, on the coast of southeastern Alaska, U.S. Situated about 100 miles (160 km) northwest of Juneau, it contains a spectacular display of glaciers that descend from the lofty ice-draped St. Elias Range in the east and the Fairweather Range

Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, large natural area in southeastern Alaska, U.S., on the Gulf of Alaska. It was proclaimed a national monument in 1925, established as a national park and preserve in 1980, and designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1992. The park and preserve cover an

Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, large natural area in southeastern Alaska, U.S., on the Gulf of Alaska. It was proclaimed a national monument in 1925, established as a national park and preserve in 1980, and designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1992. The park and preserve cover an

breeze: A glacier breeze is a draft of cold air that is cooled by contact with a glacier, descends along its edge, and then dies out within a short distance.

cave: Glacier caves: These are long tunnels formed near the snouts of glaciers between the glacial ice and the underlying bedrock. Meltwater from the surface of a glacier drains downward through crevasses, which are enlarged to form shafts leading to the base of the glacier. Because…

glacier: Glacier floods: Glacier outburst floods, or jökulhlaups, can be spectacular or even catastrophic. These happen when drainage within a glacier is blocked by internal plastic flow and water is stored in or behind the glacier. The water eventually finds a narrow path to trickle out.…

Karakoram Range: Glaciation and drainage: Suspended pulverized stone, or rock flour, makes glacial meltwater opaque. Rock flour and eroded material from the mountain channels give the Indus the highest suspended sediment load of any major river. Groundwater accumulates in the rocky talus and contributes to the flow throughout the year.

glacier: Glacier flow: In the accumulation area the mass balance is positive year after year. Here the glacier would become thicker and thicker were it not for the compensating flow of ice away from the area (see video). This flow supplies mass to the ablation zone,…

glacier: Response of glaciers to climatic change: …result is known as a glacier fluctuation—in this case an advance—and it incorporates the sum of all the changes that have taken place up-glacier during the time it took them to propagate to the terminus.

Glacier National Park, park in southeastern British Columbia, Canada, lying in the heart of the Selkirk Mountains, within the great northern bend of the Columbia River, east of Revelstoke. Established in 1886, it occupies an area of 521 square miles (1,349 square km). Majestic snowcapped peaks,

Glacier National Park, scenic wilderness area in the northern Rocky Mountains in northwestern Montana, U.S., adjoining the Canadian border and Canada’s Waterton Lakes National Park. The two parks together comprise Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, dedicated in 1932. Glacier National Park

glacier: Glacier floods: Glacier outburst floods, or jökulhlaups, can be spectacular or even catastrophic. These happen when drainage within a glacier is blocked by internal plastic flow and water is stored in or behind the glacier. The water eventually finds a narrow path to trickle out.…

lake: Basins formed by glaciation: Ice sheets moving over relatively level surfaces have produced large numbers of small lake basins through scouring in many areas. This type of glacial rock basin contains what are known as ice-scour lakes and is represented in North America, for example, by basins in parts…

outwash, deposit of sand and gravel carried by running water from the melting ice of a glacier and laid down in stratified deposits. An outwash may attain a thickness of 100 m (328 feet) at the edge of a glacier, although the thickness is usually much less; it may also extend many kilometres in

glacial landform: Glaciolacustrine deposits: Glacial and proglacial lakes are found in a variety of environments and in considerable numbers. Erosional lake basins have already been mentioned, but many lakes are formed as streams are dammed by the ice itself, by glacial deposits, or by a combination of…

glaciology, scientific discipline concerned with all aspects of ice on landmasses. It deals with the structure and properties of glacier ice, its formation and distribution, the dynamics of ice flow, and the interactions of ice accumulation with climate. Glaciological research is conducted with a

military technology: The sunken profile: …was the sloping of the glacis, or forward face of the ramparts, in such a manner that it could be swept by cannon and harquebus fire from the parapet behind the ditch. As a practical matter the scarp, or main fortress wall, now protected from artillery fire by the glacis,…

William J. Glackens was an American artist whose paintings of street scenes and middle-class urban life rejected the dictates of 19th-century academic art and introduced a matter-of-fact realism into the art of the United States. Glackens studied at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and at

William J. Glackens was an American artist whose paintings of street scenes and middle-class urban life rejected the dictates of 19th-century academic art and introduced a matter-of-fact realism into the art of the United States. Glackens studied at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and at

Diana Krall: …an experiment with bossa nova; Glad Rag Doll (2012), an exploration of lesser-known jazz tunes beloved by her father; and Wallflower (2015), a collection of light rock covers. She returned to the standards for Turn Up the Quiet (2017). On Love Is Here to Stay (2018) Krall and Tony Bennett…

Mönchengladbach, city, North Rhine–Westphalia Land (state), western Germany. It lies near the border with the Netherlands, west of Düsseldorf. It developed around a Benedictine monastery (founded in 972, suppressed in 1802), from which the name Mönchengladbach (“Monks’ Gladbach”) is derived, and it

Gladbeck, city, North Rhine–Westphalia Land (state), western Germany. It lies in the Ruhr industrial region. First documented in 1019, Gladbeck was a small rural village until the first coal mine was opened in 1873. Thereafter it developed rapidly, its economy resting almost exclusively on coal. It

Washington Gladden was an American Congregational minister, crusading journalist, author, and prominent early advocate of the Social Gospel movement. Gladden grew up on a farm, worked in a small-town newspaper office, and attended Williams College, Williamstown, Mass. After serving as religious

gladiator, professional combatant in ancient Rome. The gladiators originally performed at Etruscan funerals, no doubt with intent to give the dead man armed attendants in the next world; hence the fights were usually to the death. At shows in Rome these exhibitions became wildly popular and

rocket and missile system: Surface-to-air: …range of 17 miles; the SA-12 Gladiator, a track-mobile replacement of Ganef; the SA-13 Gopher, a replacement for Gaskin; and the SA-14, a shoulder-fired Grail replacement. Both Grumble and Gadfly had naval equivalents, the SA-N-6 and SA-N-7. The Gladiator might have been designed with an antimissile capability, making it an…

Gladiator, American historical epic film, released in 2000, that was directed by Ridley Scott and starred Russell Crowe. It won critical accolades, large audiences, and five Academy Awards. Gladiator takes place in ad 180 and is loosely based on historical figures. Roman forces, led by the general

gladiator bug, (order Mantophasmatodea), any of approximately 15 species of insects found only in certain regions of Africa, the common name of which is derived from their stout appearance and predatory behaviour. These insects have modified raptorial legs that give them the ability to grasp their

Robert Montgomery Bird: …his day—one of his tragedies, The Gladiator, achieved more than 1,000 performances in Bird’s lifetime—his writings are principally of interest in the 21st century to the literary historian.

Third Servile War, (73–71 bce) slave rebellion against Rome led by the gladiator Spartacus. Spartacus was a Thracian who had served in the Roman army but seems to have deserted. He was captured and subsequently sold as a slave. Destined for the arena, in 73 bce he, with a band of his fellow

gladiolus, (genus Gladiolus), genus of about 300 species of flowering plants of the iris family, native to Europe, Africa, and the Mediterranean area. Several species are widely cultivated for cut flowers and as garden ornamentals. Taxonomy The flowering spike, which springs from a bulblike

gladiolus, (genus Gladiolus), genus of about 300 species of flowering plants of the iris family, native to Europe, Africa, and the Mediterranean area. Several species are widely cultivated for cut flowers and as garden ornamentals. Taxonomy The flowering spike, which springs from a bulblike

gladiolus, (genus Gladiolus), genus of about 300 species of flowering plants of the iris family, native to Europe, Africa, and the Mediterranean area. Several species are widely cultivated for cut flowers and as garden ornamentals. Taxonomy The flowering spike, which springs from a bulblike

gladiolus, (genus Gladiolus), genus of about 300 species of flowering plants of the iris family, native to Europe, Africa, and the Mediterranean area. Several species are widely cultivated for cut flowers and as garden ornamentals. Taxonomy The flowering spike, which springs from a bulblike

gladiolus: Major species: …in Europe, including the magenta field gladiolus (G. italicus) that grows in grainfields, and the marsh gladiolus (G. palustris) of marshy areas.

gladiolus, (genus Gladiolus), genus of about 300 species of flowering plants of the iris family, native to Europe, Africa, and the Mediterranean area. Several species are widely cultivated for cut flowers and as garden ornamentals. Taxonomy The flowering spike, which springs from a bulblike

military technology: The sword: …classic Roman stabbing sword, the gladius, was only some two feet long, though in the twilight years of the empire the gladius gave way to the spatha, the long slashing sword of the barbarians.

Fyodor Vasilyevich Gladkov was a Russian writer best known for Tsement (1925; Cement, 1929), the first postrevolutionary novel to dramatize Soviet industrial development. Although crudely written, this story of a Red Army fighter who returns to find his hometown in ruins and dedicates himself to

Gladstone, city, eastern Queensland, eastern Australia, on Port Curtis, an inlet of the Coral Sea. Originally settled in 1847 as a colony by the New South Wales government, it was abandoned in 1848 but was resettled by squatters in 1853. It was named for the British chancellor of the Exchequer

Sir Evelyn Ruggles-Brise: …applying the recommendations of the Gladstone Committee. The committee held that offenders between 16 and 21 years of age should not be subjected to the harsh punitive treatment that was administered to older, less tractable prisoners and should be given education and industrial training at a penal reformatory under the…

Herbert John Gladstone, 1st Viscount Gladstone was a British statesman and the son of William Ewart Gladstone. He was the first governor-general and high commissioner of the Union of South Africa. Educated at Eton and at University College, Oxford, Gladstone lectured on history at Keble College for

Lily Gladstone is an actress who rose to fame portraying Osage woman Mollie Burkhart in director Martin Scorsese’s true-crime drama Killers of the Flower Moon (2023). Gladstone also drew praise for her performance as a reclusive rancher in director Kelly Reichardt’s drama Certain Women (2016). In

William Ewart Gladstone was a statesman and four-time prime minister of Great Britain (1868–74, 1880–85, 1886, 1892–94). Gladstone was of purely Scottish descent. His father, John, made himself a merchant prince and was a member of Parliament (1818–27). Gladstone was sent to Eton, where he did not

Malcolm Gladwell is a Canadian journalist and writer best known for his unique perspective on popular culture. He adeptly treads the boundary between popularizer and intellectual. Gladwell’s family moved in 1969 from England to Elmira, Ontario, where his father taught at the nearby University of

Gladys Porter Zoo, zoological park in Brownsville, Texas, U.S., which has one of the world’s finest reptile collections. Opened in 1971, the 31-acre (12.5-hectare) park is owned by the city and operated by a local zoological society. It was named for one of the daughters of Earl C. Sams, a longtime

Glagolitic alphabet, script invented for the Slavic languages about 860 ce by the Eastern Orthodox Christian missionaries Constantine (later known as St. Cyril) and his brother Methodius (later St. Methodius). The two missionaries originated in Thessalonica (now Thessaloníki, Greece), on the

weather forecasting: Progress during the early 20th century: The British meteorologist Glaisher made a series of ascents by balloon during the 1860s, reaching an unprecedented height of nine kilometres. At about this time investigators on the Continent began using unmanned balloons to carry recording barographs, thermographs, and hygrographs to high altitudes. During the late 1890s meteorologists…

sword, preeminent hand weapon through a long period of history. It consists of a metal blade varying in length, breadth, and configuration but longer than a dagger and fitted with a handle or hilt usually equipped with a guard. The sword became differentiated from the dagger during the Bronze Age

alternative rock: …of slick, digitally metallicized “hair rock”—the sound of such million-selling bands as Warrant and Poison—seemed as hopelessly passé as the spandex pants worn by such bands. No matter how loudly some alternative rockers professed to despise the classic rock that preceded them, bands such as Soundgarden and Screaming Trees…

glam rock, musical movement that began in Britain in the early 1970s and celebrated the spectacle of the rock star and concert. Often dappled with glitter, male musicians took the stage in women’s makeup and clothing, adopted theatrical personas, and mounted glamorous musical productions frequently

Glomma, river, eastern Norway. Rising in a series of small lakes and streams that drain into Aursunden (lake) about 80 miles (130 km) southeast of Trondheim, near the Swedish-Norwegian border, the Glomma flows out of the lake southward through Østerdalen (Eastern Valley) to Kongsvinger, then

Glamis, castle and village in the council area and historic county of Angus, eastern Scotland. The present castle, a fine example of Scottish Baronial architecture, dates from the late 17th century, though the site is believed to have been occupied since the 11th century, when the Scottish monarch

Glamorgan, historic county, southern Wales, extending inland from the Bristol Channel coast between the Rivers Loughor and Rhymney. In the north it comprises a barren upland moor dissected by narrow river valleys. Glamorgan’s southern coastal section centres on an undulating plain known as the Vale

naval warfare: The age of the guided missile: …and damaged the destroyer HMS Glamorgan (June 12), presaging more strikes from land in future maritime wars. Third, the British relearned lessons of damage control and ship survivability, while the Argentines found that aircraft armed only with unguided bombs were outclassed by ships with surface-to-air missiles. Fourth, and perhaps most…

Edward Somerset, 2nd marquess of Worcester was a prominent Royalist during the English Civil Wars. His father, Henry Somerset, 5th Earl of Worcester, advanced large sums of money to Charles I at the outbreak of the wars and was created Marquess of Worcester in 1643. In the following year, Edward

Cardiff: In 1794 the Glamorganshire Canal opened between Merthyr Tydfil and Cardiff, and in 1798 the first dock was built at the canal’s Cardiff terminus. In 1801 Cardiff’s population was only 1,870, but the town developed rapidly and continuously over the next 100 years as an exporter of coal…

Bell X-1, U.S. rocket-powered supersonic research airplane built by Bell Aircraft Corporation, the first aircraft to exceed the speed of sound in level flight. On October 14, 1947, an X-1 launched from the bomb bay of a B-29 bomber and piloted by U.S. Air Force Captain Chuck Yeager over the Mojave

John Jones was a Welsh-language satirical poet and social reformer who, under the impact of the French Revolution, produced some of the earliest Welsh political writings. Greatly influenced by the political and social essays of the American and French Revolutionary propagandist Thomas Paine, he

John Edgar Wideman: …he published his first novel, A Glance Away, about a day in the lives of a reformed drug addict and a homosexual English professor. His second novel, Hurry Home (1970), is the story of an intellectual alienated from his Black ancestry and the Black community. After serving as director of…

asphaltite: …three groups: Gilsonite (or uintaite), glance pitch (or manjak), and grahamite. These substances differ from one another basically in terms of specific gravity and temperature at which they soften. Gilsonite occurs chiefly along the Colorado–Utah border, U.S.; glance pitch on Barbados and in Colombia; and grahamite in Cuba and Mexico,…

gland, cell or tissue that removes specific substances from the blood, alters or concentrates them, and then either releases them for further use or eliminates them. Typically, a gland consists of either cuboidal or columnar epithelium resting on a basement membrane and is surrounded by a plexus,

gland, cell or tissue that removes specific substances from the blood, alters or concentrates them, and then either releases them for further use or eliminates them. Typically, a gland consists of either cuboidal or columnar epithelium resting on a basement membrane and is surrounded by a plexus,

glanders, infectious disease of primarily horses, but also mules and donkeys, that is caused by the bacterium Burkholderia mallei. Humans may become infected secondarily, such as through contact with diseased animals or by inoculation while handling diseased tissues and making laboratory cultures

mononucleosis, infection in humans, caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), whose most common symptoms are fever, general malaise, and sore throat. The disease occurs predominantly in persons from 10 to 35 years old, but it is known to appear at any age. Infection of young children by the EBV

Agnès Varda: …Glaneurs et la glaneuse (2000; The Gleaners and I), an intimate look at French country life; Les Plages d’Agnès (2008; The Beaches of Agnès), an account of her life; and the Academy Award-nominated Visages villages (2017; Faces Places), in which Varda and artist JR travel throughout France, photographing various people…

Tibet: Plant and animal life: …used to make food containers), glang-ma (a willow tree used for basketry), and rtsi-shings (the seeds of which are used for making varnish). Fruit-bearing trees and certain roots are used for food, as are the leaves of the lca-wa, khumag, and sre-ral, all of which grow in the low, wet…

Glans, genus of small pelecypods (clams) especially characteristic of the Miocene Epoch (between 23.7 and 5.3 million years ago). The ornamentation of the shell includes prominent ribbing that extends from the apex to the broadly expanding margin. The ribs are broken up into a nodose pattern by

human reproductive system: External genitalia: …of spongy erectile tissue, the glans clitoridis. The external opening of the urethra is some 2.5 cm (about 1 inch) behind the clitoris and immediately in front of the vaginal opening.

animal reproductive system: Adaptations for internal fertilization: …the penis terminates in a glans penis, a swelling of the corpus spongiosum that caps the ends of the corpora cavernosa and contains the urinogenital aperture. The glans is supplied with nerve endings and is partly or wholly sheathed, except during erection, by a circular fold of skin, the prepuce.…

Joseph Glanvill was an English self-styled Skeptic and apologist for the Royal Society who defended the reality of witchcraft and ghosts and the preexistence of the soul. Thereby, according to some, he initiated psychical research. Glanvill was educated at Exeter and Lincoln Colleges, Oxford, and

Joseph Glanvill was an English self-styled Skeptic and apologist for the Royal Society who defended the reality of witchcraft and ghosts and the preexistence of the soul. Thereby, according to some, he initiated psychical research. Glanvill was educated at Exeter and Lincoln Colleges, Oxford, and