Alfred G. Gilman was an American pharmacologist who shared the 1994 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with American biochemist Martin Rodbell for their separate research in discovering molecules called G proteins. These are intermediaries in the multistep pathway cells use to react to an

Caroline Howard Gilman was a popular American writer and publisher, much of whose work reflected her conviction of the importance of the family as a foundation for societal harmony. Caroline Howard grew up in a succession of towns near Boston until her widowed mother settled in Cambridge,

Charlotte Perkins Gilman was an American feminist, lecturer, writer, and publisher who was a leading theorist of the women’s movement in the United States. Charlotte Perkins grew up in poverty, her father having essentially abandoned the family. Her education was irregular and limited, but she did

Charlotte Perkins Gilman was an American feminist, lecturer, writer, and publisher who was a leading theorist of the women’s movement in the United States. Charlotte Perkins grew up in poverty, her father having essentially abandoned the family. Her education was irregular and limited, but she did

Charlotte Perkins Gilman was an American feminist, lecturer, writer, and publisher who was a leading theorist of the women’s movement in the United States. Charlotte Perkins grew up in poverty, her father having essentially abandoned the family. Her education was irregular and limited, but she did

Daniel Coit Gilman was an American educator and the first president of Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. After graduating from Yale University in 1852, Gilman traveled to St. Petersburg, Russia, with his friend A.D. White (who became the first president of Cornell University in 1868). Gilman

London Group: …whose members included the painters Harold Gilman, Walter Sickert, and Spencer Gore. These artists, along with their allies Charles Ginner and Lucien Pissarro, advocated depicting the urban and working classes, and they favoured the light palette and high-keyed colour of the Impressionists and Post-Impressionists.

Gilman reagent: …1930s by the American chemist Henry Gilman, for whom they are named. The most widely used organocopper compounds are the lithium diorganocuprates, which are prepared by the reaction between organolithium reagents (RLi) and copper(I) halides (CuX); for example, ArLi gives Ar2CuLi.

Elizabeth Meriwether Gilmer was an American journalist who achieved great popular success as an advice columnist and with sentimentalized coverage of sensational crime stories. Elizabeth Meriwether received little formal schooling before her marriage in 1888 to George O. Gilmer. A short time later

Ireland: The debt crisis and beyond: …became taoiseach, while Labour’s leader, Eamon Gilmore, assumed the post of tánaiste (deputy prime minister).

Gary Gilmore was an American murderer whose execution by the state of Utah in 1977 ended a de facto nationwide moratorium on capital punishment that had lasted nearly 10 years. His case also attracted widespread attention because Gilmore resisted efforts made on his behalf to commute the sentence.

Gary Gilmore was an American murderer whose execution by the state of Utah in 1977 ended a de facto nationwide moratorium on capital punishment that had lasted nearly 10 years. His case also attracted widespread attention because Gilmore resisted efforts made on his behalf to commute the sentence.

Mahershala Ali is an American actor who rose to prominence in the 2010s and won an Academy Award for his moving and nuanced performance as the fatherly drug dealer Juan in the film Moonlight (2016). Ali grew up in Hayward, California. His mother was a Baptist minister, and his father left the

Australian literature: Nationalism and expansion: …of such diverse writers as Mary Gilmore, Walter Murdoch, and Miles Franklin. The life span of each of them stretched from colonial times into the modern era; in both their lives and their writing, they represented continuity. Each expressed a kind of independence from time: Gilmore by the long reach…

Patrick Gilmore was a leading American bandmaster and a virtuoso cornetist, noted for his flamboyant showmanship, innovations in instrumentation, and the excellence of his bands. Gilmore immigrated to the United States at age 19, and, after leading several bands, he took over the Boston Brigade

Patrick Gilmore was a leading American bandmaster and a virtuoso cornetist, noted for his flamboyant showmanship, innovations in instrumentation, and the excellence of his bands. Gilmore immigrated to the United States at age 19, and, after leading several bands, he took over the Boston Brigade

Carissa Moore: World champion and Olympian: …four-time winner and defending champion Stephanie Gilmore—who would later attend Moore’s wedding—18-year-old Moore became the youngest surfing world champion. She also won world championships in 2013, 2015, 2019, and 2021. She lost in the finals of 2022 and 2023, despite being ranked number one, due to a controversial rule change…

David Gilmour is a British musician best known for being the lead guitarist and singer for the British rock band Pink Floyd, one of the most famous rock groups in history. Gilmour’s bluesy musical style appears most prominently in his guitar solos, which are often improvised and rely on rich

David Gilmour is a British musician best known for being the lead guitarist and singer for the British rock band Pink Floyd, one of the most famous rock groups in history. Gilmour’s bluesy musical style appears most prominently in his guitar solos, which are often improvised and rely on rich

underwater diving: …notably by the American diver Guy Gilpatric, whose The Compleat Goggler (1938) gave great impetus to the sport and aroused the interest of the French naval engineer and diver Jacques Cousteau. The goggles, flippers, snorkel (the name given the air tube from the German submarine air exhaust and intake device…

Bernard Gilpin was an English cleric, one of the most conscientious and broad-minded upholders of the Elizabethan church settlement, which recognized the English sovereign, rather than the pope, as head of the English church. Gilpin was educated at Queen’s College, Oxford, and was ordained in 1542.

Drew Gilpin Faust is an American educator and historian who was the first female president of Harvard University (2007–18). Gilpin grew up in Virginia’s Shenandoah Valley, where her parents raised Thoroughbred horses. She graduated from Concord (Massachusetts) Academy in 1964 and received a B.A. in

Laura Gilpin was an American photographer noted for her images of the landscape and native peoples of the American Southwest. On the advice of photographer Gertrude Käsebier, Gilpin went to New York City in 1916 to study at the Clarence H. White School of Photography (1916–18). In her early work

Sir Uvedale Price, 1st Baronet: …designer and, with the writer-artist William Gilpin and Richard Payne Knight, one of the chief aestheticians of the Picturesque movement in landscaping.

insect: Ecological factors: …the early 1940s the European spruce sawfly (Gilpinia hercyniae), which had caused immense damage, was completely controlled by the spontaneous appearance of a viral disease, perhaps unknowingly introduced from Europe. This event led to increased interest in using insect diseases as potential means of managing pest populations.

Étienne Gilson was a French Christian philosopher and historian of medieval thought, one of the most eminent international scholars of the 20th century. Gilson was born into a Roman Catholic family and owed his early education to Catholic schools in Paris. He began the study of philosophy in 1902

Étienne Gilson was a French Christian philosopher and historian of medieval thought, one of the most eminent international scholars of the 20th century. Gilson was born into a Roman Catholic family and owed his early education to Catholic schools in Paris. He began the study of philosophy in 1902

asphalt: Gilsonite, wurzilite, and similar vein asphalts have special uses in heat-resistant enamels; they are hard and are mined like coal. Petroleum asphalt is produced in all consistencies from light road oils to heavy, high-viscosity industrial types.

Nivkh, east Siberian people who live in the region of the Amur River estuary and on nearby Sakhalin Island. They numbered about 4,600 in the late 20th century. Most speak Russian, though about 10 percent still speak Nivkh, a Paleo-Siberian language unaffiliated apparently with any other language.

Nivkh language, isolated language with two main dialects spoken by some 400 Nivkh, roughly 10 percent of the ethnic group. The Nivkh live on Sakhalin Island and along the estuary of the Amur River in eastern Siberia. Nivkh is not known to be related to any other language, and it is usually included

Ghilzay, one of the largest of the Pashto-speaking tribes in Afghanistan, whose traditional territory extended from Ghazni and Kalat-i-Ghilzai eastward into the Indus Valley. They are reputed to be descended at least in part from the Khalaj or Khilji Turks, who entered Afghanistan in the 10th

music therapy: Approaches in music therapy: Guided imagery and music (GIM), originally devised by American music therapist Helen Lindquist Bonny in the 1960s and early ’70s, is a music-based psychotherapeutic practice that aims to integrate emotional, mental, physical, and spiritual components of well-being. During a session, the therapist guides the patient…

chronometer: …detached chronometer escapement, suspended in gimbals (a set of rings connected by bearings) poised so as to remain horizontal whatever the inclination of the ship. It is thus safeguarded from those alterations of position that slightly affect the timekeeping of even the best watches. In addition, it differs somewhat in…

inertial guidance system: A typical gimbaling inertial navigation system, such as might be used on board a missile, uses three gyroscopes and three accelerometers. The three gimbal-mounted gyroscopes establish a frame of reference for the vehicle’s roll (rotation about the axis running from the front to the rear of the…

stringed instrument: For accompaniment: …North Africa: the lute (gimbrī) is played only between verses of the story, as a descriptive comment.

Gimcheon, city, North Gyeongsang do (province), south-central South Korea. It lies about 40 miles (65 km) northwest of Daegu. During the Joseon (Yi) dynasty (1392–1910) the city was one of the most important market towns of the country. It is now a service center for the surrounding area. Gimcheon

gymel, (from Latin cantus gemellus, “twin song”), medieval musical style of two-part polyphonic composition, possibly of popular origin, in which the voices move mainly in consecutive intervals of a third or a sixth. Crossing of parts is a common characteristic. Although gymel compositions have

Saint Lucia: Relief and drainage: …mountains, the highest point being Mount Gimie (3,145 feet [959 metres]). Many streams flow from the mountains through fertile valleys. In the southwest are the Gros and Petit Pitons (2,619 feet [798 metres] and 2,460 feet [750 metres], respectively), two immense pyramids of rock rising sharply from the sea and…

hand tool: Drilling and boring tools: Drills, gimlets, and augers, however, have cutting edges that detach material to leave a hole. A drilled hole is ordinarily small and usually made in metal; a bored hole is large and in wood or, if in metal, is usually made by enlarging a small hole.…

gin: …cocktails as the martini and gimlet and such long drinks as the Tom Collins and the gin and tonic.

Jim Jarmusch: …the Stooges in the documentary Gimme Danger (2016). That year he also wrote and directed Paterson, which presents a week in the life of a bus driver. The contemplative dramedy received widespread acclaim. Jarmusch then offered his wry take on the zombie movie genre with The Dead Don’t Die (2019).

George Lucas: Early work: …a portion of the documentary Gimme Shelter (1970), about the violent Rolling Stones concert at the 1969 Altamont Festival, for Albert and David Maysles and Charlotte Zwerin.

Gimpel the Fool, short story by Isaac Bashevis Singer, published in 1945 in Yiddish as “Gimpl tam.” A translation by Saul Bellow published in Partisan Review in 1953 introduced a large audience of English-speaking readers to Singer’s fiction. The story was later published in Singer’s collection

art market: Paris: …father-and-son partnership of Ernest and René Gimpel, and Jacques Seligmann. For Wildenstein and the Gimpels, the core business was initially in 18th-century French fine art, though both firms (which sustained a partnership, E. Gimpel and Wildenstein, in New York from 1902 to 1919) later became important purveyors of Impressionist works.…

Gimpel the Fool, short story by Isaac Bashevis Singer, published in 1945 in Yiddish as “Gimpl tam.” A translation by Saul Bellow published in Partisan Review in 1953 introduced a large audience of English-speaking readers to Singer’s fiction. The story was later published in Singer’s collection

Mersenne prime: The Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search (GIMPS) in particular has enlisted more than 150,000 volunteers, who have downloaded special software to run on their personal computers. An added inducement for searching for large primes comes from the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), which established prizes for the…

Ernest Gimson was an English designer of furniture, one of the Cotswold school of designers who sought to combine the traditions of rural craftsmanship with the theories and practice of William Morris. From 1902 Gimson worked at Daneway House, Sapperton, Gloucestershire, where he was intermittently

measurement system: The Babylonians: …units; 300 qa equaled 60 gin or 1 gur. The gur represented a volume of almost 303 litres (80 U.S. gallons).

gin, flavoured, distilled, colourless to pale yellow liquor made from purified spirits usually obtained from a grain mash and having the juniper berry as its principal flavouring ingredient. It includes both the malty-flavoured and full-bodied Netherlands types and the drier types, characterized by

United Kingdom: Domestic reforms: The Gin Act of 1751 was designed to reduce consumption of raw spirits, regarded by contemporaries as one of the main causes of crime in London. In 1752 Britain’s calendar was brought into conformity with that used in continental Europe. Throughout the continent, the calendar reformed…

gin: …the Tom Collins and the gin and tonic.

The Gin Game, two-act play by American dramatist D.L. Coburn, produced in 1976. It was Coburn’s first play, and it won the Pulitzer Prize for drama in 1978, the year it was published. The Gin Game centres on the lives of two lonely residents of a retirement home. While playing a series of gin rummy

speakeasy, place where alcoholic beverages are illegally sold, especially such establishments in the United States during Prohibition (1920–33). In more recent years the term has also applied to legal bars that are modeled on historical speakeasies. According to some accounts, the word speakeasy

gin: …in William Hogarth’s engraving “Gin Lane.”

gin rummy, card game of the rummy family that became an American fad in the 1940s. Two play, using a 52-card deck; each player is dealt 10 cards facedown, one at a time, beginning with the nondealer. The remainder of the deck, placed facedown, forms the stock, the top card of which is turned up

cotton gin, machine for cleaning cotton of its seeds, invented in the United States by Eli Whitney in 1793. The cotton gin is an example of an invention directly called forth by an immediate demand; the mechanization of spinning in England had created a greatly expanded market for American cotton,

Jan Kasprowicz: Ginącemu światu (1901; “To a Dying World”) is a cycle of poems that expresses his concern with humanity’s sufferings and metaphysical longings. The cycle used techniques that anticipate the early poetry of T.S. Eliot: free verse, quotations, and a style that progresses by associations, rather…

Alberto Ginastera was a leading 20th-century Latin-American composer, known for his use of local and national musical idioms in his compositions. Ginastera was musically talented as a child and studied in Buenos Aires at the Conservatorio Williams and the National Conservatory. He received a

Alberto Ginastera was a leading 20th-century Latin-American composer, known for his use of local and national musical idioms in his compositions. Ginastera was musically talented as a child and studied in Buenos Aires at the Conservatorio Williams and the National Conservatory. He received a

Francisco Giner de Los Ríos was a Spanish philosopher, literary critic, and educator who became the most influential exponent of krausismo, a liberal educational and philosophical movement prominent in Spain during the 19th century, emphasizing the development of the individual and based on the

Giacomo Leopardi: …among other works, he wrote Ginestra (1836), a long poem included in Ranieri’s posthumous collection of his works (1845). The death that he had long regarded as the only liberation came to him suddenly in a cholera epidemic in Naples.

Genève, canton, southwestern Switzerland. The canton lies between the Jura Mountains and the Alps and consists mainly of its capital, the city of Geneva (Genève). It is one of the smallest cantons in the Swiss Confederation. Bordering on Vaud canton for 3.5 miles (5.5 km) in the extreme north, it

Geneva, city, capital of Genève canton, in the far southwestern corner of Switzerland that juts into France. One of Europe’s most cosmopolitan cities, Geneva has served as a model for republican government and owes its preeminence to the triumph of human, rather than geographic, factors. It

Matamba: …1630–32 it was conquered by Njinga Mbande (often referred to simply as Njinga, also spelled Nzinga, Jinga, or Ginga; also known by her Christian name, Ana de Sousa), ruler of the neighbouring Ndongo kingdom, when she was expelled from some of her domains by rivals and their Portuguese allies. Matamba…

Jinji, site of an almost inaccessible fortress constructed by the Hindu rulers of the Vijayanagar empire (c. 1347–1642). It is located about 80 miles (130 km) southwest of Chennai (Madras) in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. In 1638 the fortress was captured from the Maratha chief Shahji by the

ginger, (Zingiber officinale), herbaceous perennial plant of the family Zingiberaceae, probably native to southeastern Asia, or its pungent aromatic rhizome (underground stem) used as a spice, flavouring, food, and medicine. Ginger’s generic name, Zingiber, is derived from the Greek zingiberis,

ginger ale, a sweetened carbonated beverage of which the predominating flavour and pleasant warmth are derived mainly from the underground stem, or rhizome, of ginger Zingiber officinale. Though originally carbonated by fermentation, modern ginger ales are artificially saturated with carbon dioxide

Federico Fellini: Mature years of Federico Fellini: …On), Ginger e Fred (1985; Ginger and Fred), Intervista (1987; “Interview”), and La voce della luna (1990; The Voice of the Moon), his last feature film. Unified only by his flair for the fantastic, the films reflect with typically Fellinian irony on a variety of postmodern topics: the role of…

ginger beer, beverage, once popular in the United Kingdom, made by fermenting a mixture of ginger, water, sugar, cream of tartar, and yeast. Lemon peel and juice or citric acid may also be added. Ginger beer is bottled before fermentation is complete. It is carbonated and mildly alcoholic. There is

Federico Fellini: Mature years of Federico Fellini: …On), Ginger e Fred (1985; Ginger and Fred), Intervista (1987; “Interview”), and La voce della luna (1990; The Voice of the Moon), his last feature film. Unified only by his flair for the fantastic, the films reflect with typically Fellinian irony on a variety of postmodern topics: the role of…

Zingiberaceae, the ginger family of flowering plants, the largest family of the order Zingiberales, containing about 56 genera and about 1,300 species. These aromatic herbs grow in moist areas of the tropics and subtropics, including some regions that are seasonably dry. Members of the family are

ginger lily, (genus Hedychium), genus of about 70 species in the ginger family (Zingiberaceae), found mostly in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and Africa. Several are cultivated as ornamentals, and the flowers of many Hedychium species are used for garlands and other decorations. The

J.P. Donleavy: …author of the comic novel The Ginger Man (Paris, 1955; U.S., 1958), which introduced Dangerfield, a crass, comic antihero. Donleavy’s works are noted for their coarse sense of humour and for characters who remain deeply attached to life despite its flaws.

Zingiberales, the ginger and banana order of flowering plants, consisting of 8 families, 92 genera, and more than 2,100 species. Members of Zingiberales are widely distributed in the tropics, particularly as shade plants in tropical regions. Several genera of the order are of major economic

false cypress: …species of false cypress, the Lawson cypress, Port Orford cedar, or ginger pine (C. lawsoniana), may be more than 60 metres (200 feet) tall and 6 metres (about 20 feet) in diameter. It is a very hardy tree; over 200 forms are cultivated as ornamentals in North America and Great…

Spice Girls: …were Ginger Spice (byname of Geraldine Estelle Halliwell; b. August 6, 1972, Watford, England), Sporty Spice (byname of Melanie Jayne Chisholm; b. January 12, 1974, Liverpool, England), Posh Spice (byname of Victoria Adams [later Victoria Beckham]; b. April 7, 1975, Hertfordshire, England), Scary Spice (byname of Melanie Janine Brown; b.…

David Lodge: …Roman Catholics living in London; Ginger, You’re Barmy (1962), Lodge’s novelistic response to his army service in the mid-1950s; The British Museum Is Falling Down (1965), which uses stream-of-consciousness technique; and Out of the Shelter (1970), an autobiographical coming-of-age novel. How Far Can You Go? (1980; also published as Souls…

baking: Cakes: …on the foam structure; and gingerbread, similar to yellow cake but containing large amounts of molasses and spices.

gingerbread, in architecture and design, elaborately detailed embellishment, either lavish or superfluous. Although the term is occasionally applied to highly detailed and decorative styles, it is more often applied specifically to the work of American designers of the late 1860s and ’70s. During

Robert Altman: 1980s and ’90s of Robert Altman: …so many of Altman’s films, The Gingerbread Man (1998) boasted a fascinating cast—including Kenneth Branagh, Tom Berenger, Robert Downey, Jr., Darryl Hannah, and Robert Duvall—but some critics questioned whether Altman had been the best choice to take on the thriller by John Grisham that was the film’s source. Better received…

gingham, plain-woven fabric, originally made completely of cotton fibres but later also of man-made fibres, which derives its colour and pattern effects from carded or combed yarns. The name comes from the Malay word genggang, meaning “striped,” and thence from the French guingan, used by the

Jinji, site of an almost inaccessible fortress constructed by the Hindu rulers of the Vijayanagar empire (c. 1347–1642). It is located about 80 miles (130 km) southwest of Chennai (Madras) in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. In 1638 the fortress was captured from the Maratha chief Shahji by the

Alzheimer disease: Lifestyle factors and prevention: … secretes a protein known as gingipain, which is toxic to neurons and is associated with increased amyloid beta production in the brain. Whether periodontitis and the entry of P. gingivalis into the brain causes or is a consequence of Alzheimer disease remains unclear, however.

gum, in anatomy, connective tissue covered with mucous membrane, attached to and surrounding the necks of the teeth and adjacent alveolar bone. Before the erupting teeth enter the mouth cavity, gum pads develop; these are slight elevations of the overlying oral mucous membrane. When tooth eruption

gum, in anatomy, connective tissue covered with mucous membrane, attached to and surrounding the necks of the teeth and adjacent alveolar bone. Before the erupting teeth enter the mouth cavity, gum pads develop; these are slight elevations of the overlying oral mucous membrane. When tooth eruption

gingivitis, inflammation of the gums (gingivae). Symptoms include tender, sometimes swollen, gums that bleed easily. Areas of tissue destruction (necrosis) or ulceration may develop, and fever and halitosis may be present in severe disease. The most common cause of gingivitis is the accumulation of

nurse shark: …common Atlantic nurse shark (G. cirratum), the family includes the tawny nurse shark (N. ferrugineus) and the shorttail nurse shark (P. brevicaudatum). They are not related to the sand tiger shark (Carcharias taurus)—a type of sand shark inhabiting the waters above the continental shelves in most warm and temperate…

nurse shark, (family Ginglymostomatidae), common name for any shark in the family Ginglymostomatidae, which is made up of the genera Ginglymostoma, Nebrius, and Pseudoginglymostoma. In addition to the common Atlantic nurse shark (G. cirratum), the family includes the tawny nurse shark (N.

joint: Hinge joint: The hinge, or ginglymus, joint is a modified sellar joint with each mating surface ovoid on its right and left sides. This modification reduces movement to a backward-forward swing like that allowed by the hinge of a box or a door. The swing…

The Music Man: Cast:

Gingoog, city and port, northern Mindanao, Philippines. It lies at the head of Gingoog Bay, which is an inlet of the Bohol Sea. It was founded in 1750 by Recollect missionaries of the order of Friars Minor. Located in an area that produces coffee and coconut, Gingoog is also an important logging

Esquire: …magazine, founded in 1933 by Arnold Gingrich. It began production as an oversized magazine for men that featured a slick, sophisticated style and drawings of scantily clad young women. It later abandoned its titillating role but continued to cultivate the image of affluence and refined taste.

Newt Gingrich is an American politician, who served as speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives (1995–98); he was the first Republican to hold the office in 40 years. He later sought the party’s nomination for president in 2012. His parents divorced, and he later took the surname of his

Newt Gingrich is an American politician, who served as speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives (1995–98); he was the first Republican to hold the office in 40 years. He later sought the party’s nomination for president in 2012. His parents divorced, and he later took the surname of his

income inequality: U.S. income inequality: With a Gini coefficient of more than 41 in 2013, the United States ranked 63rd in income inequality. (The Gini coefficient is a measure of income inequality that ranges between 0, indicating perfect equality, and 100, indicating complete inequality.)

Corrado Gini was an Italian statistician and demographer. Gini was educated at Bologna, where he studied law, mathematics, economics, and biology. He was a statistics professor at Cagliari in 1909 and at Padua in 1913. After founding the statistical journal Metron (1920), Gini became a professor at

Ashikaga Yoshimasa: …retirement he built the famous Silver Pavilion (Ginkaku-ji) in the Higashiyama, or Eastern Hills, area of Kyōto. There he practiced the Japanese tea ceremony, which he developed into a fine art, and sponsored many noted artists, potters, and nō (classical dance-drama) performers. Today the Higashiyama period, as this cultural era…

Godard van Reede, 1st earl of Athlone was a Dutch soldier in English service who completed the conquest of Ireland for King William III of England (William of Orange, stadtholder of the United Provinces) against the forces of the deposed king James II after the Glorious Revolution (1688–89). Van

ginkgo, (Ginkgo biloba), deciduous gymnosperm tree (family Ginkgoaceae), native to China. Ginkgo has been planted since ancient times in Chinese and Japanese temple gardens and is now valued in many parts of the world as a fungus- and insect-resistant ornamental tree. It tolerates cold weather and,

ginkgo, (Ginkgo biloba), deciduous gymnosperm tree (family Ginkgoaceae), native to China. Ginkgo has been planted since ancient times in Chinese and Japanese temple gardens and is now valued in many parts of the world as a fungus- and insect-resistant ornamental tree. It tolerates cold weather and,