England: Architecture of England: …cathedral in Liverpool, designed by Sir Frederick Gibberd, and a batch of new universities founded during the 1960s, such as those near Brighton, Canterbury, Colchester, Norwich, and York.

malformation: Exaggerated growth: …is caused by the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi. Diseased plants are often conspicuous in a field because of their extreme height and pale, spindly appearance. This exaggerated growth response was found to be due to specific substances, known as gibberellins, which were produced by the fungus. Evidence is now available to…

beer: Germination: …secretes a plant hormone called gibberellic acid, which initiates the synthesis of α-amylase. The α- and β-amylases then convert the starch molecules of the corn into sugars that the embryo can use as food. Other enzymes, such as the proteases and β-glucanases, attack the cell walls around the starch grains,…

gibberellin, any of a group of plant hormones that occur in seeds, young leaves, and roots. The name is derived from Gibberella fujikuroi, a hormone-producing fungus in the phylum Ascomycota that causes excessive growth and poor yield in rice plants. Evidence suggests that gibberellins stimulate

gibbet, a primitive form of gallows. It was a custom at one time—though not part of the legal sentence—to hang the body of an executed criminal in chains. This was known as gibbeting. The word gibbet is taken from the French gibet (“gallows”). Its earliest use in English appears to have meant a

Ellis Island, island in Upper New York Bay, formerly the United States’ principal immigration reception centre. Often referred to as the Gateway to the New World, the island lies about 1 mile (1.6 km) southwest of Manhattan Island, New York City, and about 1,300 feet (400 metres) east of the New

gibbet: This was known as gibbeting.

gibbon, (family Hylobatidae), any of approximately 20 species of small apes found in the tropical forests of Southeast Asia. Gibbons, like the great apes (gorillas, orangutans, chimpanzees, and bonobos), have a humanlike build and no tail, but gibbons seem to lack higher cognitive abilities and

Edward Gibbon was an English rationalist historian and scholar best known as the author of The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776–88), a continuous narrative from the 2nd century ce to the fall of Constantinople in 1453. Gibbon’s grandfather, Edward, had made a considerable

artificial heart: Heart-lung machine: …was reported by American surgeon John H. Gibbon, Jr., in 1953. During this operation for the surgical closure of an atrial septal defect, cardiopulmonary bypass was achieved by a machine equipped with an oxygenator developed by Gibbon and a roller pump developed in 1932 by American surgeon Michael E. DeBakey.…

Amazon River: Early European exploration: …the report that he and Lardner Gibbon—both lieutenants in the U.S. Navy—had made to Congress under the title of Exploration of the Valley of the Amazon.

Lewis Grassic Gibbon was a Scottish novelist whose inventive trilogy published under the collective title A Scots Quair (1946) made him a significant figure in the 20th-century Scottish Renaissance. Mitchell quit school at the age of 16 and worked as a junior reporter in Aberdeen and Glasgow before

Gibbons v. Ogden, (1824), U.S. Supreme Court case establishing the principle that states cannot, by legislative enactment, interfere with the power of Congress to regulate commerce. The state of New York agreed in 1798 to grant Robert Fulton and his backer, Robert R. Livingston, a monopoly on

Abigail Hopper Gibbons was an American social reformer, remembered especially for her activism in the cause of prison reform. Abigail Hopper was born into a pious Quaker family with a deep tradition of good works, which was reflected throughout her life in her devotion to social causes. She

Portishead: Principal members included lead singer Beth Gibbons (b. January 4, 1965, Keynsham, Bath and North East Somerset, England), producer Geoff Barrow (b. December 9, 1971, Walton-in-Gordano, North Somerset, England), and guitarist Adrian Utley (b. April 27, 1957, Northampton, Northamptonshire, England).

ZZ Top: The members are singer-guitarist Billy Gibbons (b. December 16, 1949, Houston, Texas, U.S.), bass player Dusty Hill (original name Joe Michael Hill, b. May 19, 1949, Dallas, Texas—d. July 27, 2021, Houston), and drummer Frank Beard (b. June 11, 1949, Frankston, Texas).

Cedric Gibbons was an Irish American art director for the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) motion-picture studio; his name appears on nearly 1,500 films produced by that studio during the 32 years (1924–56) that he worked there. Credit is usually given to Gibbons for designing the Oscar statuette that is

Watchmen: …writer Alan Moore and artist Dave Gibbons, published as a 12-part series by DC Comics from September 1986 to October 1987. The complex characters and mature story line were unlike anything previously seen in the superhero genre.

Grinling Gibbons was a British wood-carver known for his decorative woodwork and for much stone ornamentation at Blenheim and Hampton Court palaces and at St. Paul’s Cathedral. After a childhood in the Netherlands, where his English father had settled, Gibbons went to England and took up residence

James Cardinal Gibbons was an American prelate who, as archbishop of Baltimore from 1877 to 1921, served as a bridge between Roman Catholicism and American Catholic values. Gibbons was taken by his parents from Baltimore to Ireland in 1837. He returned to the United States 10 years later and spent

James Cardinal Gibbons was an American prelate who, as archbishop of Baltimore from 1877 to 1921, served as a bridge between Roman Catholicism and American Catholic values. Gibbons was taken by his parents from Baltimore to Ireland in 1837. He returned to the United States 10 years later and spent

Orlando Gibbons was an organist and composer, one of the last great figures of the English polyphonic school. Gibbons was the most illustrious of a large family of musicians that included his father, William Gibbons (c. 1540–95), and two of his brothers, Edward and Ellis. From 1596 to 1599 Orlando

Stella Gibbons was an English novelist and poet whose first novel, Cold Comfort Farm (1932), a burlesque of the rural novel, won for her in 1933 the Femina Vie Heureuse Prize and immediate fame. The daughter of a London doctor who worked in the poor section of London, she experienced many unhappy

Stella Gibbons was an English novelist and poet whose first novel, Cold Comfort Farm (1932), a burlesque of the rural novel, won for her in 1933 the Femina Vie Heureuse Prize and immediate fame. The daughter of a London doctor who worked in the poor section of London, she experienced many unhappy

sea star: …stony-bottomed European waters is the gibbous starlet (Asterina gibbosa). The sea bat (Patiria miniata) usually has webbed arms; it is common from Alaska to Mexico. Sun stars of the genera Crossaster and Solaster are found in northern waters; they have numerous short rays and a broad, often sunburst-patterned disk. The…

thermodynamics: Gibbs free energy and chemical reactions: All batteries depend on some chemical reaction of the form reactants → products for the generation of electricity or on the reverse reaction as the battery is recharged. The change in free energy (−ΔG) for a reaction could be…

thermodynamics: Gibbs free energy and chemical reactions: All batteries depend on some chemical reaction of the form reactants → products for the generation of electricity or on the reverse reaction as the battery is recharged. The change in free energy (−ΔG) for a reaction could be…

phase rule, law relating variables of a system in thermodynamic equilibrium, deduced by the American physicist J. Willard Gibbs in his papers on thermodynamics (1875–78). Systems in thermodynamic equilibrium are generally considered to be isolated from their environment in some kind of closed

William Francis Gibbs: …in partnership with his brother Frederick H. Gibbs, he designed a transatlantic liner. On the strength of that design, the brothers were given positions with the International Mercantile Marine Company, where they continued on their project until the outbreak of World War I. Wartime design work for the U.S. government…

J. Willard Gibbs was a theoretical physicist and chemist who was one of the greatest scientists in the United States in the 19th century. His application of thermodynamic theory converted a large part of physical chemistry from an empirical into a deductive science. Gibbs was the fourth child and

James Gibbs was a Scottish architect whose synthesis of Italian and English modes, exemplified in his church of St. Martin-in-the-Fields, London, set a standard for 18th-century British and American church architecture. Gibbs studied in Rome with Carlo Fontana, a leading exponent of the Italian

Washington Commanders: …the team hired head coach Joe Gibbs, winner of more games than any other coach in Redskins’ history. Gibbs’s record includes eight playoff appearances and four NFC championships along with three Super Bowl victories (1983, 1988, 1992). A testament to Gibbs’s coaching ability—and to the overall quality of his teams—is…

African Americans: Reconstruction and after: Jonathan Gibbs served as Florida’s secretary of state and superintendent of education. Between 1869 and 1901, 20 African American representatives and 2 African American senators—Hiram R. Revels and Blanche K. Bruce of Mississippi—sat in the U.S. Congress.

J. Willard Gibbs was a theoretical physicist and chemist who was one of the greatest scientists in the United States in the 19th century. His application of thermodynamic theory converted a large part of physical chemistry from an empirical into a deductive science. Gibbs was the fourth child and

Lance Gibbs is a West Indian cricketer who was one of the most successful bowlers of the 1960s and the longtime record holder for most wickets taken in Test (international two-innings, five-day) matches. He is remembered as one of the most effective spin bowlers in the history of international

Lance Gibbs is a West Indian cricketer who was one of the most successful bowlers of the 1960s and the longtime record holder for most wickets taken in Test (international two-innings, five-day) matches. He is remembered as one of the most effective spin bowlers in the history of international

Pearl Gibbs was an Australian activist who fought for the rights of Australian Aboriginal people for some 50 years. She was especially skilled in organizing and promoting campaigns for social reform. Pearl Mary Brown was born in La Perouse, just outside Sydney. Her mother, Mary Margaret Brown, was

White House press secretary: Press secretaries in the 21st century: Robert Gibbs, an experienced communications director and campaign press secretary, was the first to hold the position under Barack Obama. Obama later appointed Jay Carney to the position, a former New York Times reporter and former communication director to Vice Pres. Joe Biden. Carney was…

William Francis Gibbs was a naval architect and marine engineer who directed the mass production of U.S. cargo ships during World War II, designed the famous, standardized cargo-carrying Liberty ships, and made many improvements in ship design and construction, notably in the passenger liner

Gibbs-Duhem equation, thermodynamic relationship expressing changes in the chemical potential of a substance (or mixture of substances in a multicomponent system) in terms of changes in the temperature T and pressure P of the system. The chemical potential μ represents the Gibbs free energy per

Walther Nernst: Third law of thermodynamics: …which obtained when integrating the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation relating the free energy change ΔF to the heat content change ΔH and the entropy change ΔS, ΔF = ΔH − TΔS.

gibbsite, the mineral aluminum hydroxide [Al(OH)3] an important constituent of bauxite (q.v.) deposits, particularly those in the Western Hemisphere, where it occurs as white, glassy crystals, earthy masses, or crusts. In significant deposits it is of secondary origin, but small-scale hydrothermal

Gibeah, ancient town of the Israelite tribe of Benjamin, located just north of Jerusalem. The site, severely denuded by wind and rain, was partly excavated by William F. Albright in 1922 and 1933. A summit fortress had originally been built in the Middle Bronze Age (c. 2000–1550 bce) and was

Byblos, ancient seaport, the site of which is located on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea about 20 miles (30 km) north of the modern city of Beirut, Lebanon. It is one of the oldest continuously inhabited towns in the world. The name Byblos is Greek; papyrus received its early Greek name (byblos,

Gibeon, important town of ancient Palestine, located northwest of Jerusalem. Its inhabitants submitted voluntarily to Joshua at the time of the Israelite conquest of Canaan (Josh. 9). Excavations undertaken in 1956 by a U.S. expedition revealed that the site had been occupied during parts of the

Taylor Sheridan is an American actor, writer, and director who first garnered attention for his roles on the television series Veronica Mars and Sons of Anarchy but found greater success behind the scenes, notably cocreating such popular TV shows as Yellowstone (2018– ). Born Sheridan Taylor

ghibli, hot and dusty wind descending from the interior highlands of Libya toward the Mediterranean Sea. Although the wind may occur throughout the year, it is most frequent during the spring and early summer. See

Gibraltar, British overseas territory occupying a narrow peninsula of Spain’s southern Mediterranean coast, just northeast of the Strait of Gibraltar, on the east side of the Bay of Gibraltar (Bay of Algeciras), and directly south of the Spanish city of La Línea. It is 3 miles (5 km) long and 0.75

Gibraltar: Land: The Gibraltar candytuft is a flower native only to the Rock. Wild olive and pine trees grow on the Upper Rock. Mammals include rabbits, foxes, and Barbary macaques (often erroneously identified as apes). Barbary macaques have roamed the Rock for hundreds of years and are Europe’s…

Gibraltar remains, Neanderthal fossils and associated materials found at Gibraltar, on the southern tip of Spain. The Gibraltar limestone is riddled with natural caves, many of which were at times occupied by Neanderthals during the late Pleistocene Epoch (approximately 126,000 to 11,700 years

Battle of Gibraltar, naval battle fought on April 25, 1607, between ships of the Spanish Empire and the Dutch United Provinces. After their loss at the Battle of Ostend, the Dutch United Provinces intensified their maritime campaign against Spain. This culminated in the breathtakingly bold raid on

Barbary macaque: …legend, British dominion over the Rock of Gibraltar will end only when this macaque is gone. Because it has no tail, this monkey is sometimes incorrectly called the Barbary ape.

Strait of Gibraltar, channel connecting the Mediterranean Sea with the Atlantic Ocean, lying between southernmost Spain and northwesternmost Africa. It is 36 miles (58 km) long and narrows to 8 miles (13 km) in width between Point Marroquí (Spain) and Point Cires (Morocco). The strait’s western

Khalil Gibran was a Lebanese-American philosophical essayist, novelist, poet, and artist. Having received his primary education in Beirut, Gibran immigrated with his parents to Boston in 1895. He returned to Lebanon in 1898 and studied in Beirut, where he excelled in the Arabic language. On his

Khalil Gibran was a Lebanese-American philosophical essayist, novelist, poet, and artist. Having received his primary education in Beirut, Gibran immigrated with his parents to Boston in 1895. He returned to Lebanon in 1898 and studied in Beirut, where he excelled in the Arabic language. On his

Gabriel, in the three Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam—one of the archangels. Gabriel was the heavenly messenger sent to Daniel to explain the vision of the ram and the he-goat and to communicate the prediction of the Seventy Weeks. He was also employed to announce the birth of

bass: History: …1953 Gibson Guitar Corporation (later Gibson Brands, Inc.) released the Electric Bass (later renamed EB-1), a short-scale (30.5-inch) bass featuring a violin-shaped solid mahogany body and an adjustable end pin, enabling the instrument to be played vertically, similar to an upright bass, as well as horizontally, like a guitar. The…

Gibson Desert, arid zone in the interior of Western Australia. The desert lies south of the Tropic of Capricorn between the Great Sandy Desert (north), the Great Victoria Desert (south), the Northern Territory border (east), and Lake Disappointment (west). The area now constitutes Gibson Desert

Charles Dana Gibson: …an artist and illustrator, whose Gibson girl drawings delineated the American ideal of femininity at the turn of the century.

bass: History: …1953 Gibson Guitar Corporation (later Gibson Brands, Inc.) released the Electric Bass (later renamed EB-1), a short-scale (30.5-inch) bass featuring a violin-shaped solid mahogany body and an adjustable end pin, enabling the instrument to be played vertically, similar to an upright bass, as well as horizontally, like a guitar. The…

electric guitar: …on any acoustic amplification, the solid-body electric guitar could make much smoother, more sonically isolated tones. The technology for pickups—the nodes attached to the steel strings that transferred electric currents to amplifiers—also advanced quickly about the same time. Most electric guitars had begun to use smaller magnetic single- or double-coil…

legislative investigative powers: In Gibson v. Florida Legislative Commission (1963) the Supreme Court held that a state legislative investigation of the Miami National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was a violation of First Amendment rights. Writing for the majority, Justice Arthur Goldberg stated that “groups which…

Althea Gibson was an American tennis player who dominated women’s competition in the late 1950s. She was the first Black player to win the French (1956), Wimbledon (1957–58), and U.S. Open (1957–58) singles championships. Gibson grew up in New York City, where she began playing tennis at an early

Bob Gibson was an American professional right-handed baseball pitcher, who was at his best in crucial games. In nine World Series appearances, he won seven games and lost two, and he posted an earned run average (ERA) of 1.92. At Omaha (Neb.) Technical High School Gibson was a star in basketball

Charles Dana Gibson was an artist and illustrator, whose Gibson girl drawings delineated the American ideal of femininity at the turn of the century. After studying for a year at the Art Students’ League in New York City, Gibson began contributing to the humorous weekly Life. His Gibson girl

United Kingdom: Religious policy: …came to an agreement with Edmund Gibson, Bishop of London. Gibson was to ensure that only clergymen sympathetic to the Whig administration were appointed to influential positions in the Church of England. In return, Walpole undertook that no further extensive concessions would be made to Protestant dissenters. This arrangement continued…

Edward Gibson is a U.S. astronaut who was the science pilot for the Skylab 4 mission, which established a new manned spaceflight record of 84 days. Gibson received a doctorate in engineering from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in Pasadena in 1964. The next year he was selected to

Edward Gibson is a U.S. astronaut who was the science pilot for the Skylab 4 mission, which established a new manned spaceflight record of 84 days. Gibson received a doctorate in engineering from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in Pasadena in 1964. The next year he was selected to

Eleanor J. Gibson was an American psychologist whose work focused on perceptual learning and reading development. Gibson received a B.A. (1931) and an M.S. (1933) from Smith College and a Ph.D. (1938) from Yale University. She taught and did research primarily at Smith (1931–49) and Cornell

Eleanor J. Gibson was an American psychologist whose work focused on perceptual learning and reading development. Gibson received a B.A. (1931) and an M.S. (1933) from Smith College and a Ph.D. (1938) from Yale University. She taught and did research primarily at Smith (1931–49) and Cornell

ice hockey: Early organization: …owned by a dentist named J.L. Gibson, who imported Canadian players. In 1904 Gibson formed the first acknowledged professional league, the International Pro Hockey League. Canada accepted professional hockey in 1908 when the Ontario Professional Hockey League was formed. By that time Canada had become the centre of world hockey.

Jack the Rapper: Jack the Rapper (Jack Gibson) helped open the first African-American-owned radio station in the United States, WERD in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1949. Gibson learned about radio while working as a gofer for deejay Al Benson in Chicago. He learned even more while at WERD, where…

James J. Gibson was an American psychologist whose theories of visual perception were influential among some schools of psychology and philosophy in the late 20th century. After receiving a Ph.D. in psychology at Princeton University in 1928, Gibson joined the faculty of Smith College. He married

James J. Gibson was an American psychologist whose theories of visual perception were influential among some schools of psychology and philosophy in the late 20th century. After receiving a Ph.D. in psychology at Princeton University in 1928, Gibson joined the faculty of Smith College. He married

Jeffrey Gibson is an American multidisciplinary artist of Choctaw and Cherokee descent, whose art explores the changeability of identity using narratives, materials, abstract contemporary forms, and motifs from Native American history and queer culture. Pieces include powwow regalia, geometric

John Gibson was a British Neoclassical sculptor who tried to revive the ancient Greek practice of tinting marble sculptures. In 1804 Gibson was apprenticed to a monument mason in Liverpool, where he remained until 1817. One of his first Royal Academy submissions, Psyche Borne on the Wings of

Josh Gibson was an American professional baseball catcher who was one of the most prodigious home run hitters in the game’s history. Often compared to Babe Ruth, Gibson, who played in the Negro leagues, is considered the greatest player who never played in Major League Baseball (MLB), there being

Newark: History: …elected its first Black mayor, Kenneth A. Gibson. Newark has faced increasing rates of poverty, infant mortality, and citizens infected by the AIDS virus.

Los Angeles Dodgers: Veteran slugger Kirk Gibson joined NL Cy Young Award-winning pitcher Orel Hershiser in 1988. At the end of that season, the Dodgers defeated the Oakland A’s in the World Series, which featured a dramatic game-winning pinch-hit home run by Gibson in game one.

Dame Leonie Judith Kramer was an Australian literary scholar and educator. Kramer studied at the University of Melbourne and at the University of Oxford and thereafter taught on Australian literature at various universities, serving as professor at the University of Sydney in 1968–89. She wrote

Mel Gibson is an American-born Australian actor who became an international star with a series of action-adventure films in the 1980s and later earned acclaim as a director and producer. When he was 12 years old, Gibson’s family moved to Australia. In 1974 he enrolled in the National Institute of

Mel Gibson is an American-born Australian actor who became an international star with a series of action-adventure films in the 1980s and later earned acclaim as a director and producer. When he was 12 years old, Gibson’s family moved to Australia. In 1974 he enrolled in the National Institute of

Bob Gibson was an American professional right-handed baseball pitcher, who was at his best in crucial games. In nine World Series appearances, he won seven games and lost two, and he posted an earned run average (ERA) of 1.92. At Omaha (Neb.) Technical High School Gibson was a star in basketball

Ralph Gibson is an American photographer whose work reveals a fascination for geometric elements found in everyday life, such as the meeting of two walls or the curve of a human arm. Gibson grew up in Los Angeles, leaving home to enlist in the U.S. Navy at the age of 16. He was admitted to the

Bruce McCandless: Astronaut Robert Gibson’s photograph of McCandless flying in space, with Earth in the background, became a symbol of the space program. The crew also deployed two communications satellites into orbit and returned to Earth on February 11, 1984.

Wilfred Wilson Gibson was a British poet who drew his inspiration from the workaday life of ordinary provincial English families. Gibson was educated privately, served briefly in World War I, and thereafter devoted his life to poetry. A period in London in 1912 brought him into contact with

William Gibson is an American Canadian writer of science fiction who was the leader of the genre’s cyberpunk movement. Gibson grew up in southwestern Virginia. After dropping out of high school in 1967, he traveled to Canada and eventually settled there, earning a B.A. (1977) from the University of

William Gibson is an American Canadian writer of science fiction who was the leader of the genre’s cyberpunk movement. Gibson grew up in southwestern Virginia. After dropping out of high school in 1967, he traveled to Canada and eventually settled there, earning a B.A. (1977) from the University of

William Hamilton Gibson was an American illustrator, author, and naturalist whose well-received images reached a large audience through the popular magazines of his day. As a child, Gibson sketched flowers and insects, developed an interest in botany and entomology, and acquired great skill in

Johann Georg Gichtel was a Protestant visionary and theosophist, who promoted the quasi-pantheistic teaching of the early 17th-century Lutheran mystic Jakob Böhme and compiled the first complete edition of Böhme’s works (1682–83, 10 vol.). Alienated from orthodox Lutheran doctrine and worship by

gender dysphoria (GD), formal diagnosis given by mental health professionals to people who experience distress because of a significant incongruence between the gender with which they personally identify and the gender with which they were born. The GD diagnosis appears in the Diagnostic and

Japanese music: Samisen music: …of the narrative styles is gidayū, named after Takemoto Gidayū (1651–1714), who worked with Chikamatsu Monzaemon in the founding of the most popular puppet-theatre tradition (known as Bunraku) of Ōsaka. The gidayū samisen and its plectrum are the largest of the samisen family. The singer-narrator is required to speak all…

giddha, traditional pastoral dance performed by women of the Punjab, India, and Pakistan at festival times and at the sowing and reaping of the harvest. Patterned on a circle, it is notable for the bodily grace of the women’s movements (especially of the arms and hands) and for the charming melody

Anthony Giddens is a British political adviser and educator. Trained as a sociologist and social theorist, he lectured at universities in Europe, North America, and Australia before cofounding an academic publishing house, Polity Press, in 1985. In 1997 he became director of the London School of

Anthony Giddens is a British political adviser and educator. Trained as a sociologist and social theorist, he lectured at universities in Europe, North America, and Australia before cofounding an academic publishing house, Polity Press, in 1985. In 1997 he became director of the London School of

Beyoncé: Cowboy Carter: … and Linda Martell, folk musician Rhiannon Giddens, and singer-songwriters Dolly Parton and Willie Nelson. Parton’s classic song “Jolene” is reimagined with new lyrics by Beyoncé, and country singer Tanner Adell is among several vocalists who join in on a cover of the Beatles’ “Blackbird.”

giddha, traditional pastoral dance performed by women of the Punjab, India, and Pakistan at festival times and at the sowing and reaping of the harvest. Patterned on a circle, it is notable for the bodily grace of the women’s movements (especially of the arms and hands) and for the charming melody

Franklin H. Giddings was one of the scholars responsible for transforming American sociology from a branch of philosophy into a research science utilizing statistical and analytic methodology. Giddings was noted for his doctrine of the “consciousness of kind,” which he derived from Adam Smith’s

Franklin H. Giddings was one of the scholars responsible for transforming American sociology from a branch of philosophy into a research science utilizing statistical and analytic methodology. Giddings was noted for his doctrine of the “consciousness of kind,” which he derived from Adam Smith’s

chromatography: Subsequent developments: In 1964 the American chemist J. Calvin Giddings, referring to a theory largely worked out for gas chromatography, summarized the necessary conditions that would give liquid chromatography the resolving power achievable in gas chromatography—that is, very small particles with a thin film of stationary phase in small-diameter columns. The development…