gastric inhibitory polypeptide, a hormone secreted by cells of the intestinal mucosa that blocks the secretion of hydrochloric acid into the stomach. It also increases insulin secretion from the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans, causing an increase in serum insulin concentrations that is

antacid: …used to counteract or neutralize gastric acids and relieve the discomfort caused by gastric acidity. Indigestion, gastritis, and several forms of ulcers are alleviated by the use of antacids.

coma: …that may be treated by gastric lavage (stomach pump) in its early stages; alcohol combined with barbiturates is a common cause of coma in suicide attempts. Large doses of barbiturates alone will also produce coma by suppressing cerebral blood flow, thus causing anoxia. Gastric lavage soon after the drug is…

gastrectomy: Gastrectomy is often accompanied by gastric lymphadenectomy (removal of lymph nodes associated with the stomach), which can improve survival rate in some stomach cancer patients. The incidence of ulcer recurrence after gastrectomy is very low (about 2 percent) when the antrum is completely removed. The most significant drawback to gastrectomy…

crustacean: The digestive system: …a chitinized structure called the gastric mill. This consists of a series of calcified plates, or ossicles, that are moved against each other by powerful muscles, making an efficient grinding apparatus. The junction between the mill and the midgut is guarded by a filter of setae, which prevent particles from…

human digestive system: Gastric mucosa: The inner surface of the stomach is lined by a mucous membrane known as the gastric mucosa. The mucosa is always covered by a layer of thick mucus that is secreted by tall columnar epithelial cells. Gastric mucus is a glycoprotein that serves…

human digestive system: Gastric mucosa: …surface epithelium, small pits, called foveolae gastricae, may be observed with a magnifying glass. There are approximately 90 to 100 gastric pits per square millimetre (58,000 to 65,000 per square inch) of surface epithelium. Three to seven individual gastric glands empty their secretions into each gastric pit. Beneath the gastric…

gastric gland: …of three major cell types: zymogenic, parietal, and mucous neck cells. At the base of the gland are the zymogenic (chief) cells, which are thought to produce the enzymes pepsin and rennin. (Pepsin digests proteins, and rennin curdles milk.) Parietal, or oxyntic, cells occur throughout the length of the gland…

Akita: Care and upkeep: Some Akitas develop gastric dilation volvulus (GDV), a bloating condition that is potentially fatal and may require immediate (and often costly) veterinary intervention. The breed is also susceptible to patellar luxation (dislocated kneecap) and hypothyroidism. As with all large breeds prone to hip dysplasia, puppies should be fed…

peptic ulcer: …men than in women, but stomach ulcers affect women more frequently. The symptoms of gastric and duodenal ulcer are similar and include a gnawing, burning ache and hungerlike pain in the mid-upper abdomen, usually experienced from one to three hours after meals and several hours after retiring.

gastric gland: …of three major cell types: zymogenic, parietal, and mucous neck cells. At the base of the gland are the zymogenic (chief) cells, which are thought to produce the enzymes pepsin and rennin. (Pepsin digests proteins, and rennin curdles milk.) Parietal, or oxyntic, cells occur throughout the length of the gland…

Gästrikland, landskap (province), eastern Sweden. It lies along the Gulf of Bothnia, in the administrative län (county) of Gävleborg. It is one of the smaller traditional provinces of Sweden. Bounded on the south by the province of Uppland, on the north by that of Hälsingland, and on the west by

gastrin, any of a group of digestive hormones secreted by the wall of the pyloric end of the stomach (the area where the stomach joins the small intestine) of mammals. In humans, gastrin occurs in three forms: as a 14-, 17-, and 34-amino-acid polypeptide. These forms are produced from a series of

pancreatic cancer: Islet-cell tumours: …the gastrin-secreting tumour called a gastrinoma. The gastrin stimulates the stomach to produce acid, and therefore ulcers of the stomach and duodenum are common. This disorder is known as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Gastrinomas may also originate in the stomach and duodenum. Gastrinomas are associated with MEN1 in some patients. A very…

Gastrioceras, genus of extinct cephalopods (animals related to the modern squid, octopus, and nautilus), found in Pennsylvanian marine rocks over a wide area, including North America and Great Britain (the Pennsylvanian Subperiod began 318 million years ago and lasted about 19 million years). The

amoeba: The endoplasm contains food vacuoles, a granular nucleus, and a clear contractile vacuole. The amoeba has no mouth or anus; food is taken in and material excreted at any point on the cell surface. During feeding, extensions of cytoplasm flow around food particles, surrounding them and forming a…

gastritis, acute or chronic inflammation of the mucosal layers of the stomach. Acute gastritis may be caused by excessive intake of alcohol, ingestion of irritating drugs, food poisoning, and infectious diseases. The chief symptoms are severe upper-abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, loss of

gastrocnemius muscle, large posterior muscle of the calf of the leg. It originates at the back of the femur (thighbone) and patella (kneecap) and, joining the soleus (another muscle of the calf), is attached to the Achilles tendon at the heel. Action of the gastrocnemius pulls the heel up and thus

pregnancy: Gastrointestinal tract: …reflex stimulus, known as the gastrocolic reflex, from the stomach to the rectum. The latter mechanism, which depends on normal stomach function, is responsible for the increased activity of the lower bowel that follows increased stomach activity, such as that induced by eating. It is this reflex that causes many…

endoderm: …used to refer to the gastrodermis, the simple tissue that lines the digestive cavity of cnidarians and ctenophores. Compare ectoderm; mesoderm.

gastroenteritis, acute infectious syndrome of the stomach lining and the intestine. It is characterized by diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps. Other symptoms can include nausea, fever, and chills. The severity of gastroenteritis varies from a sudden but transient attack of diarrhea to severe

gastroenterology, medical specialty concerned with the digestive system and its diseases. Gastroenterologists diagnose and treat the diseases and disorders of the esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, biliary tract, and pancreas. Among the most common disorders they must deal with are

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), relatively common digestive disorder characterized by frequent passage of gastric contents from the stomach back into the esophagus. The most common symptom of GERD is heartburn, a burning sensation in the chest and upper abdomen. Other symptoms may include

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), relatively common digestive disorder characterized by frequent passage of gastric contents from the stomach back into the esophagus. The most common symptom of GERD is heartburn, a burning sensation in the chest and upper abdomen. Other symptoms may include

human digestive system: Intestinal glucagon: Secreted by the L cells in response to the presence of carbohydrate and triglycerides in the small intestine, intestinal glucagon (enteroglucagon) modulates intestinal motility and has a strong trophic influence on mucosal structures.

imatinib: …for the treatment of advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs), which are rare cancers affecting interstitial cells that regulate the autonomic nervous function of the gastrointestinal tract. Clinical trials investigating the efficacy of imatinib against other types of cancers are ongoing.

gastrointestinal tract, pathway by which food enters the body and solid wastes are expelled. The gastrointestinal tract includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. See

dinosaur: The plant eaters: …the food-pulverizing process, but such gastroliths, or “stomach-stones,” are only rarely found in association with dinosaur skeletons. (A Seismosaurus specimen found with several hundred such stones is an important exception.)

gastronomy, the art of selecting, preparing, serving, and enjoying fine food. Gastronomy is grounded in relationships between food, culture, and tradition. Through the ages gastronomy has proved to be a stronger cultural force among the peoples of the world than linguistic or other influences. The

military technology: Mechanical artillery: …the Greek engines was the gastrophetes, or “belly shooter.” In effect a large crossbow, it received its name because the user braced the stock against his belly to draw the weapon. Though Greek texts did not go into detail on construction of the bow, it was based on a composite…

narrow-mouthed toad: The eastern narrow-mouthed toad, Gastrophryne carolinensis, is a small, terrestrial microhylid of the United States. It is gray, reddish, or brown with darker stripes, spots, or blotches. The Mexican narrow-mouthed toad, or sheep frog (Hypopachus cuneus), is similar but is larger and has a yellow stripe…

gastropod, any member of more than 65,000 animal species belonging to the class Gastropoda, the largest group in the phylum Mollusca. The class is made up of the snails, which have a shell into which the animal can generally withdraw, and the slugs, which are snails whose shells have been reduced

gastropod, any member of more than 65,000 animal species belonging to the class Gastropoda, the largest group in the phylum Mollusca. The class is made up of the snails, which have a shell into which the animal can generally withdraw, and the slugs, which are snails whose shells have been reduced

gastroenterology: …soon replaced by the semiflexible gastroscope, developed by Rudolf Schindler in 1932, and then by the flexible fibre-optic gastroscope, developed by Basil Hirschowitz in 1957. In the 1890s Walter Cannon used X rays to visualize the stomach and digestive organs, and he also used bismuth salts to coat the gastrointestinal…

frog and toad: Direct development from egg to froglet: …of hylid marsupial frogs (Gastrotheca) living in mountain rainforests in northwestern South America. In these frogs, amplexus is axillary, and the female raises her cloaca so that the eggs, which are extruded one at a time, roll forward on her back and into the pouch. There the eggs develop…

frog and toad: Egg laying on land: The hylid Gastrotheca marsupiata, one of several so-called marsupial frogs, lives in the high Andes of South America. During amplexus, the male exudes a quantity of semen, which flows into the female’s pouch. The female extrudes eggs a few at a time; these are pushed into her…

gastrotrich, any of about 500 species of the phylum Gastrotricha, a group of microscopic aquatic invertebrates that live in the spaces between sand grains and soil particles and on the outer coverings of aquatic plants and animals. They occur in salt water and freshwater and also on sandy

gastrotrich, any of about 500 species of the phylum Gastrotricha, a group of microscopic aquatic invertebrates that live in the spaces between sand grains and soil particles and on the outer coverings of aquatic plants and animals. They occur in salt water and freshwater and also on sandy

circulatory system: Animals without independent vascular systems: Their fundamentally simple structure—with a gastrovascular cavity continuous with the external environmental water—allows both the endodermal and ectodermal cells of the body wall access to aerated water, permitting direct diffusion.

cnidarian: Reproduction and life cycles: For example, gastrozooids bear tentacles and are specialized for feeding. Some colonies possess dactylozooids, tentacleless polyps heavily armed with nematocysts that seem primarily concerned with defense. Gonozooids develop reproductive structures called gonophores. Members of the order Siphonophora, free-floating colonial hydrozoans, display an even greater

gastrula, early multicellular embryo, composed of two or more germinal layers of cells from which the various organs later derive. The gastrula develops from the hollow, single-layered ball of cells called a blastula which itself is the product of the repeated cell division, or cleavage, of a

biological development: Phenomenological aspects: … egg at the time of gastrulation, or formation of a hollow ball of cells. At this time the lower hemisphere of the embryo will be pushed inward (invaginated) to develop into the mesoderm and endoderm, and the upper hemisphere will remain on the surface, expanding in area to cover the…

Nuzu, ancient Mesopotamian city, located southwest of Kirkūk, Iraq. Excavations undertaken there by American archaeologists in 1925–31 revealed material extending from the prehistoric period to Roman, Parthian, and Sāsānian periods. In Akkadian times (2334–2154 bc) the site was called Gasur; but

Ghāt, oasis, southwestern Libya, near the Algerian border. Located on an ancient Saharan caravan route, it was a slave-trading centre and the object of European exploration in the 19th century. Ghāt lies west of the Wadi Tanezzuft in hilly sandstone country, near the Jibāl Mountains and the Tadrārt

South Asian arts: South India: …some purely instrumental compositions, called gat and dhun. The emphasis on the composition varies in the different forms of song and, to some extent, in the interpretation of the performer. In South Indian music the composed piece is generally emphasized more than in the North. Much of the South Indian…

Kiowa: …accompanied on the migration by Kiowa Apache, a small southern Apache band that became closely associated with the Kiowa. Guided by the Crow, the Kiowa learned the technologies and customs of the Plains Indians and eventually formed a lasting peace with the Comanche, Arapaho, and Southern Cheyenne. The name Kiowa…

Gatchina, city, Leningrad oblast (province), northwestern Russia, lying about 28 miles (45 km) southwest of St. Petersburg. The first mention of Khotchino dates from 1499, when it was a possession of Novgorod. Later it belonged to Livonia and Sweden. After 1721 it was returned to Russia and in the

gate, in hydraulic engineering, movable barrier for controlling the passage of fluid through a channel or sluice. River and canal locks have a pair of gates at each end. When closed, the gates meet at an obtuse angle that points upstream in order to resist the water pressure. When opened, they

Western architecture: Types of public buildings: A monumental city gate, while sometimes serving a commemorative purpose, differs from an arch in being part of the defenses of the city. Of these gates the most famous are the Porta Nigra at Trier in Germany and the gate from Miletus in Turkey.

semiconductor device: Metal-semiconductor field-effect transistors: The third electrode, the gate, forms a rectifying metal-semiconductor contact with the channel. The shaded area underneath the gate electrode is the depletion region of the metal-semiconductor contact. An increase or decrease of the gate voltage with respect to the source causes the depletion region to expand or shrink;…

metallurgy: Sand-casting: …containing a passage (called a gate) through which the metal flows into the mold. The mold is designed so that solidification of the casting begins far from the gate and advances toward it, so that molten metal in the gate can flow in to compensate for the shrinkage that accompanies…

pain: Theories of pain: …in 1965 proposed the so-called gate control theory of pain. According to gate control theory, the perception of pain depends on a neural mechanism in the substantia gelatinosa layer of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. The mechanism acts as a synaptic gate that modulates the pain sensation from…

electronics: Using thyristors: …if a suitable amount of gate current is applied, but otherwise it will not. The gate current is the equivalent of the base current for the n-p-n transistor; the resulting larger collector current is the base current for the p-n-p transistor. The p-n-p transistor has an unusually wide base region,…

Benedict de Spinoza: The period of the Ethics of Benedict de Spinoza: …have had access to the Gate of Heaven by Abraham Cohen de Herrera, the most philosophically sophisticated Kabbalist of the 17th century. A disciple of Isaac ben Solomon Luria and an early member of the Amsterdam congregation, Herrera knew a vast amount of ancient, Islamic, Jewish, and Christian philosophy, as…

Beijing: City layout: …on either side of the Tiananmen (Tian’anmen; “Gate of Heavenly Peace”), the southern, and main, entrance to the Imperial City that stands at the northern end of Tiananmen Square. Within the Imperial City, in turn, was the moated Forbidden City, with walls 2.25 miles (3.6 km) long. The Forbidden City…

Daiei Motion Picture Company: …directed by Mizoguchi Kenji; and Gate of Hell (1953–54), the first Japanese film to use colour, eased the company’s financial difficulties. Despite its transition to wide-screen productions in the 1950s, the Daiei company was forced to declare bankruptcy in December 1971.

Western architecture: England: Finally, the Gate of Honour (1573) is a separate tiny triumphal arch leading out toward the schools for the final disputation and degree. Caius probably designed these gates with the aid of the Flemish 16th-century architect Theodore de Have.

Western architecture: England: At the entrance was the Gate of Humility (1565), a modest doorway, now in the Master’s garden. The Gate of Virtue (after 1565), opening into the new quadrangle, is a fine Classical portal with Ionic pilasters, but with a Tudor Gothic many-centred arch for the opening. Finally, the Gate of…

John Amos Comenius: Educational reform: To this end he wrote Janua Linguarum Reserata, a textbook that described useful facts about the world in both Latin and Czech, side by side; thus, the pupils could compare the two languages and identify words with things. Translated into German, the Janua soon became famous throughout Europe and was…

Western architecture: England: The Gate of Virtue (after 1565), opening into the new quadrangle, is a fine Classical portal with Ionic pilasters, but with a Tudor Gothic many-centred arch for the opening. Finally, the Gate of Honour (1573) is a separate tiny triumphal arch leading out toward the schools…

Gate Theatre, Dublin dramatic company, founded in 1928 by Hilton Edwards and Micheál MacLiammóir, whose repertoire included works from many periods and countries, unlike that of the established Abbey Theatre. From 1928 to 1930 the Gate Theatre made its home at the Peacock, then moved to its own

electronics: Using MOSFETs: …current is controlled by the gate voltage. Without gate voltage, no current flows, because the p-n junction around the drain region is reverse-biased and because no channel exists. MOSFETs are widely used in integrated circuits.

cake, in general, any of a variety of breads, shortened or unshortened, usually shaped by the tin in which it is baked, or, more specifically, a sweetened bread, often rich or delicate. In the codified cuisine of France, all cakes, or gâteaux, derive from one of eight basic doughs: short pastry,

Dominique Rolin: …Le Gâteau des morts (1982; The Deathday Cake) the narrator fantasizes her own death in the year 2000. Trente ans d’amour fou (1988; “Thirty Years of Passionate Love”) recalls her annual visits to Venice. Her later works include Train de rêves (1994; “Train of Dreams”); Les Géraniums (1993), a collection…

gateleg table, type of table first used in England in the 16th century. The top had a fixed section and one or two hinged sections, which, when not in use, folded back onto the fixed section or were allowed to hang vertically. The hinged section, or flap, was supported on pivoted legs joined at the

Mytilene: From 1355 to 1462 the Gateluzzi family occupied the island, rebuilding (1373) the Byzantine fortress. In 1462 Lésbos fell to the Turks, who held it until 1912; it joined the Greek kingdom in 1913. In 1958 a Greek theatre, overlooking the town from the hillside, was excavated. Pop. (2001) 28,950;…

Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward: …sentimental and didactic novel entitled The Gates Ajar. It is the story of a girl’s struggle to renew her faith despite the death of a beloved brother. The novel was immediately popular, selling 80,000 copies in the United States and 100,000 in England; it was translated into at least four…

Gates Foundation, private philanthropic foundation established in 2000 by Microsoft cofounder Bill Gates and his wife, businesswoman Melinda Gates. It focuses its grant-making and advocacy efforts on eliminating global inequities and increasing opportunities for those in need through programs that

Errol Morris: …first film was the documentary Gates of Heaven (1978), an offbeat exploration of two pet cemeteries in California and the people who buried their pets there. He followed it with another documentary, Vernon, Florida (1981), focusing on the eccentric residents of the titular town.

Camille Claudel: …of that period, particularly to The Gates of Hell. She continued to live at home until 1888, when she moved to her own quarters near Rodin’s studio at La Folie Neubourg. By 1892 her relationship with Rodin had begun to crumble, and by 1893 she was both living and working…

Gates of Paradise, the pair of gilded bronze doors (1425–52) designed by the sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti for the north entrance of the Baptistery of San Giovanni in Florence. Upon their completion, they were installed at the east entrance. Each wing of the Gates of Paradise contains five large

ʿalenu: In Gates of Prayer: The New Union Prayer Book (1975), however, Reform worshipers were given the option of using the original concept of the ʿalenu in their liturgy.

Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve, large, remote wilderness area in northern Alaska, U.S. It is part of a vast region of national parks, monuments, and preserves located north of the Arctic Circle that stretches for hundreds of miles from west to east. Proclaimed a national monument in

Los Angeles Chargers: …Philip Rivers, and tight end Antonio Gates had great regular-season success—including four consecutive AFC West titles from 2006 to 2009—but failed to advance to the Super Bowl. Tomlinson was released in early 2010, and the Chargers’ streak of playoff berths ended the following season. The team returned to the postseason…

Bill Gates is an American computer programmer and entrepreneur who cofounded Microsoft Corporation, the world’s largest personal-computer software company. Gates wrote his first software program at the age of 13. In high school he helped form a group of programmers who computerized their school’s

Frederick T. Gates was an American philanthropist and businessman, a major figure in the Rockefeller interests, who spearheaded the endowment drive that created the University of Chicago. During his college days at the University of Rochester, N.Y., Gates worked as a bank clerk. His undergraduate

Henry Louis Gates, Jr. is an American literary critic and scholar known for his pioneering theories of African and African American literature. He introduced the notion of signifyin’ to represent African and African American literary and musical history as a continuing reflection and

Horatio Gates was an English-born American general in the American Revolution (1775–83) whose victory over the British at the Battle of Saratoga (1777) turned the tide of victory in behalf of the Revolutionaries. Gates first served in North America in the French and Indian War (1754–63), emerged as

John Warne Gates was an American financier and steel magnate who leveraged an $8,000 investment in a barbed-wire plant into the $90,000,000 American Steel & Wire Co. Dissatisfied with his partnership in a country hardware store at the age of 19 and impressed with the possibilities of a new product

Melinda Gates is an American businesswoman and philanthropist who—with her then husband, Microsoft Corporation cofounder Bill Gates—established (2000) the charitable Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, which became one of the largest philanthropic organizations in the world. In May 2024 Gates

New York Rens: The world’s best team: In 1938 William (“Pop”) Gates and Clarence (“Puggy”) Bell were added to a roster of talented players that already included John (“Boy Wonder”) Isaacs, Charles (“Tarzan”) Cooper, William (“Wee Willie”) Smith, Eyre (“Bruiser”) Saitch, Zach Clayton, and player-manager Clarence (“Fat”) Jenkins.

United States: Sessions’s resignation, choosing a new attorney general, and the ongoing Mueller investigation: …others who were indicted included Rick Gates, who worked with Manafort and was a senior aide on Trump’s inauguration committee, and Roger Stone, a longtime friend and adviser of Trump. Michael Cohen, Trump’s former personal lawyer, pled guilty to lying to Congress and to charges related to his involvement in…

Robert M. Gates is a U.S. government official who served as director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA; 1991–93) under Pres. George H.W. Bush and as secretary of defense (2006–11) in the administrations of Presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama. Gates studied European history at the

Robert M. Gates is a U.S. government official who served as director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA; 1991–93) under Pres. George H.W. Bush and as secretary of defense (2006–11) in the administrations of Presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama. Gates studied European history at the

Jamestown Colony: First years (1607–09): The company determined that Thomas Gates would hold that position for the first year of the new charter. He sailed for Virginia in June with a fleet of nine ships and hundreds of new colonists. The fleet was caught in a hurricane en route, however, and Gates’s ship was…

Christo and Jeanne-Claude: Notable works: The Gates was unveiled in 2005. Stretching across 23 miles (37 km) of walkway in Central Park, the work featured 7,503 steel gates that were 16 feet (5 metres) high and decorated with saffron-coloured cloth panels. The Gates was on display for 16 days and…

Jennifer Johnston: … (1972), was actually written after The Gates (1973); both novels feature the Anglo-Irish setting of a decaying manor house. Johnston’s third novel, How Many Miles to Babylon? (1974), concerns the complex and tragic friendship of two young men who are sentenced to death during World War I. Shadows on Our…

Theaster Gates American community activist and artist whose work—which included multimedia projects, installations, and performance art—questioned issues of racial and economic inequality. Gates grew up in a working-class family on Chicago’s West Side. After earning (1996) a B.S. degree in urban

New York Rens: The world’s best team: In 1938 William (“Pop”) Gates and Clarence (“Puggy”) Bell were added to a roster of talented players that already included John (“Boy Wonder”) Isaacs, Charles (“Tarzan”) Cooper, William (“Wee Willie”) Smith, Eyre (“Bruiser”) Saitch, Zach Clayton, and player-manager Clarence (“Fat”) Jenkins.

Emiliano Zapata: Agrarian reforms: envoy, William Gates, visited Zapata and then published a series of articles in the United States; he contrasted the order of the Zapata-controlled zone with the chaos of the constitutional zone and said that “the true social revolution can be found among the Zapatistas.” When these…

Bill Gates is an American computer programmer and entrepreneur who cofounded Microsoft Corporation, the world’s largest personal-computer software company. Gates wrote his first software program at the age of 13. In high school he helped form a group of programmers who computerized their school’s

Gateshead, town and metropolitan borough, metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear, historic county of Durham, northeastern England. It was initially a small settlement that developed at the southern end of a medieval bridge across the River Tyne, opposite the fortress (later city) of Newcastle upon

Gateshead: metropolitan borough, metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear, historic county of Durham, northeastern England.

Gateshead: …and the site of the Gateshead Millennium Bridge (2001), a tilting bridge for pedestrians and bicyclists in the shape of two intersecting parabolas. Besides the town of Gateshead, the metropolitan borough includes the towns of Felling, Dunston, and Blaydon, suburban areas, and open countryside and woodland. Area metropolitan borough, 55…

information processing: Information searching and retrieval: …accomplished by routing through so-called gateways capable of protocol translation. The architecture of a typical networked information system is illustrated in Figure 5. Several representative clients are shown: a “dumb” terminal (i.e., one with no internal processor), a personal computer (PC), a Macintosh (Mac), and a NeXT machine. They have…

Frederik Pohl: …Nebula Award-winning Man Plus (1976); Gateway (1977), which won both the Hugo and the Nebula Award for best novel; Jem (1980), the first and only novel to capture a National Book Award for science fiction (hardcover), bestowed only in 1980; Chernobyl (1987); and All the Lives He Led (2011). The…

Artemis: …Artemis missions would dock at Gateway, an international space station in lunar orbit from which astronauts would descend to the Moon’s surface. Gateway’s first two modules, the Power and Propulsion Element (PPE) and the Habitation and Logistics Outpost (HALO), are scheduled to be launched together, uncrewed, in 2025. The ESA…

Gateway Arch, monument in St. Louis, Missouri, that sits along the west bank of the Mississippi River. The Gateway Arch takes its name from the city’s role as the “Gateway to the West” during the westward expansion of the United States in the 19th century. The gleaming archway, part of Gateway Arch

Eero Saarinen: Life: …1948 prizewinning design for the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial (later Gateway Arch National Park) in St. Louis, Missouri, was completed in 1965. The Gateway Arch is a graceful and spectacular arch of stainless steel with a span and height of 630 feet (190 metres). It conveys a sense of ceremony…

Compaq: Building IBM PC clones: …as Dell Computer Corporation and Gateway Computer Corporation, Compaq’s veteran staff gave the company an aura of reliability that helped to woo corporate purchases away from IBM.