rocket and missile system: Surface-to-air: These included the SA-10 Grumble, a Mach-6 mobile system with a 60-mile range deployed in both strategic and tactical versions; the SA-11 Gadfly, a Mach-3 semiactive radar homing system with a range of 17 miles; the SA-12 Gladiator, a track-mobile replacement of Ganef; the SA-13 Gopher, a replacement…

Bernard de Mandeville: …who won European fame with The Fable of the Bees.

Arthur Grumiaux, Baron , Baron, was a Belgian violinist noted for both his performing and his teaching. Grumiaux studied at the Charleroi and Royal conservatories in Brussels and later with Georges Enescu in Paris. In 1939 he won the Vieuxtemps Prize, and a year later he became the first recipient

attack aircraft: types were the Grumman A-6 Intruder, first flown in 1960; the U.S. Navy’s McDonnell Douglas A-4 Skyhawk, first flown in 1954; and the Ling-Temco-Vought A-7 Corsair, first flown in 1965. The Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II (better known as the “Warthog”), a twin-engine aircraft first flown in 1972, became…

Leroy Randle Grumman: …engineer and founder of the Grumman Aerospace Corp. He designed some of the most effective naval aircraft used in World War II.

Leroy Randle Grumman: …engineer and founder of the Grumman Aerospace Corp. He designed some of the most effective naval aircraft used in World War II.

F-14, two-seat, twin-engine jet fighter built for the U.S. Navy by the Grumman Corporation (now part of the Northrop Grumman Corporation) from 1970 to 1992. As a successor to the F-4 Phantom II, it was designed in the 1960s with the aerodynamic and electronic capacities to defend U.S.

military aircraft: Supersonic flight: Other aircraft included the Grumman F11F Tigercat, the first supersonic carrier-based fighter; the North American F-100 Super Sabre; the Dassault Mystère B-2; the Saab 35, with a unique double-delta configuration; and the MiG-19.

Leroy Randle Grumman was an American aeronautical engineer and founder of the Grumman Aerospace Corp. He designed some of the most effective naval aircraft used in World War II. After graduating from Cornell University, Grumman joined the U.S. Navy and served as a flight instructor and later as a

Walter Matthau: …Men (1993) and its sequel, Grumpier Old Men (1995). Matthau also received Oscar nominations for Kotch (1971; directed by Lemmon) and The Sunshine Boys (1975), another collaboration with Neil Simon.

Jack Lemmon: …Page (1974), Buddy Buddy (1981), Grumpy Old Men (1993), Grumpier Old Men (1995), and The Odd Couple II (1998).

Anastasius Grün was an Austrian poet and statesman known for his spirited collections of political poetry. As a member of the estates of Carniola in the Diet at Laibach, Grün was a critic of the Austrian government, and after 1848 he represented the district of Laibach briefly at the German

time: Time in molar physics: Positivist, Adolf Grünbaum, a U.S. philosopher, and Olivier Costa de Beauregard, a French philosopher-physicist. There have also been many relevant papers of high mathematical sophistication scattered through the literature of mathematical physics. Reichenbach (and Grünbaum, who improved on Reichenbach in some respects) explained a trace as…

Zielona Góra, city, one of two capitals (with Gorzów Wielkopolski) of Lubuskie województwo (province), west-central Poland. It is an important industrial (textile and metal production) and cultural centre, having for centuries nurtured the theatre arts and a lively folk culture. Beginning with the

Peter Grünberg was a Czech-born German scientist who, with Albert Fert, received the 2007 Nobel Prize for Physics for his independent codiscovery of giant magnetoresistance. Grünberg completed his undergraduate studies in physics in 1962 at Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt am Main,

Andrey Nikolayevich Kolmogorov: Life: …monograph Grundbegriffe der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung (1933; Foundations of the Theory of Probability, 1950). In 1929, having completed his doctorate, Kolmogorov was elected a member of the Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics at Moscow State University, with which he remained associated for the rest of his life. In 1931, following a radical…

property law: Registration and recordation: …the system of the German Grundbuch, in which titles to land are registered, and of the systems for registration of automobile titles that prevail in the United States. The other type of system is a recording system. Under such a system a transfer is effective even if it is not…

Austria: Domestic affairs, 1867–73: The so-called Gründerjahre, or years of expansive commercial enterprise during the late 1860s and early 1870s, however, were characterized not only by railroad and industrial expansion and the growth of the capital cities of Vienna and Budapest but also by reckless speculation. Warning signs of an imminent…

constitution: Europe: Under the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany, Parliament cannot delegate its legislative function to the chancellor, and civil rights cannot be suspended without continuous parliamentary surveillance. The president has been turned into a figurehead on the model of the French presidents of the Third…

Gottlob Frege: System of mathematical logic.: , Basic Laws of Arithmetic), in which Frege presented, in a modified version of the symbolic system of the Begriffsschrift, a rigorous development of the theory of Grundlagen. This, too, received only a single review (by Peano). The neglect of what was to have been his…

history of Europe: Landlords and peasants: …of great property was the Grundherrschaft (“ownership of land”). This was an aggregation of rent-paying properties. The lord might also be a cultivator, but he worked his land through hired labourers.

Gottlob Frege: System of mathematical logic.: …Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik (1884; The Foundations of Arithmetic). The Grundlagen was a work that must on any count stand as a masterpiece of philosophical writing. The only review that the book received, however, was a devastatingly hostile one by Georg Cantor, the mathematician whose ideas were the closest to…

metalogic: The axiomatic method: …his Grundlagen der Geometrie (1899; The Foundations of Geometry). In this and related systems, however, logical connectives and their properties are taken for granted and remain implicit. If the logic involved is taken to be that of the predicate calculus, the logician can then arrive at such formal systems as…

Kurt Koffka: …Grundlagen der psychischen Entwicklung (1921; The Growth of the Mind), applied the Gestalt viewpoint to child psychology and argued that infants initially experience organized wholes in the barely differentiated world about them.

Houston Stewart Chamberlain: …Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts (The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century, 2 vol., 1911), a broad but biased analysis of European culture, in which he claimed that the Western Aryan peoples have been responsible for the greatness and creativity of Europe, and that the Jewish influence has been primarily negative.…

Georg Cantor: Set theory: In his book on sets, Grundlagen einer allgemeinen Mannigfaltigkeitslehre (“Foundations of a General Theory of Aggregates”), Cantor in 1883 allied his theory with Platonic metaphysics. By contrast, Kronecker, who held that only the integers “exist” (“God made the integers, and all the rest is the work of man”), for many…

Heimito von Doderer: …views on the novel in Grundlagen und Funktion des Romans (1959; “Principles and Function of the Novel”). His style and ideas are traditional and formal.

Eugen Ehrlich: His major work was Fundamental Principles of the Sociology of Law (1913), which discusses the laws of different countries and concludes that legal development takes place less through legislation or judicial science than through the development of society itself.

Johann Christoph Gottsched: …Redekunst (1736; “Complete Rhetoric”) and Grundlegung einer deutschen Sprachkunst (1748; “Foundation of a German Literary Language”), helped to regularize German as a literary language.

Immanuel Kant: The Critique of Practical Reason of Immanuel Kant: The earlier Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten (1785; Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals) is a shorter and, despite its title, more readily comprehensible treatment of the same general topic. Both differ from Die Metaphysik der Sitten (1797; The Metaphysics of Morals) in that they deal with…

Johann Georg Albrechtsberger: His main theoretical work, Gründliche Anweisung zur Composition (1790; “Fundamentals of Composition”), was based mainly on earlier works by Johann Joseph Fux and Friedrich Wilhelm Marpurg. His understanding of Baroque polyphony and counterpoint enriched the developing Viennese Classicism of his own day.

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel: At Berlin: …der Philosophie des Rechts (1821; The Philosophy of Right). In Hegel’s works on politics and history, the human mind objectifies itself in its endeavour to find an object identical with itself. The Philosophy of Right (or The Philosophy of Law) falls into three main divisions. The first is concerned with…

free-net: American psychologist Tom Grundner created the free-net model at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio. He became interested in creating an online network that could be accessed by people seeking health information. In 1984 Grundner launched the “St. Silicon’s Hospital and Information Dispensary,” a medical bulletin…

Hans Kelsen: …law is some assumption (Grundnorm) that is accepted by a substantial proportion of the community. Kelsen nevertheless admitted the relevance of sociology and ethics to the lawmaking process and to the content of laws.

Maundy Thursday, the Thursday before Easter, observed in commemoration of Jesus Christ’s institution of the Eucharist during the Last Supper. The name is thought to be a Middle English derivation taken from a Latin anthem sung in Roman Catholic churches on that day: “Mandatum novum do vobis” (“a

Oswald Külpe: …wrote Grundriss der Psychologie (1893; Outlines of Psychology), in which he defined psychology as a science concerned with experiences dependent on the experiencing individual and outlined the findings of experimental psychology.

Friedrich von Wieser: …Wert (1889; “Natural Value”) and Grundriss der Sozialökonomik (1914; “Foundations of Social Economy”). In the first of these he developed the Austrian-school theory of costs, building on Menger’s subjective-value approach and introducing the concept of opportunity cost. In Sozialökonomik the principle of marginal utility is the starting point for an…

Friedrich Müller: …is Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft (1876–88; Outline of Linguistics). The book provides detailed examples of some of the more common languages of the world and attempts to show the genetic relations between different languages. Müller and other typologists of his day used such nonlinguistic criteria as hair type to deduce their…

Karl Brugmann: (1886–93; Outline of the Comparative Grammar of the Indo-Germanic Languages). The three volumes on syntax were prepared by Berthold Delbrück. A second, greatly enlarged edition was issued between 1897 and 1916. Not only has the Grundriss remained probably the most authoritative grammar ever written, but it…

Carl Meinhof: In 1899 Meinhof published Grundriss einer Lautlehre der Bantusprachen (“Outline of the Phonetics of the Bantu Languages”), detailing the sound-shifting laws of six modern Bantu languages and postulating a Proto-Bantu that was their predecessor.

Hegelianism: Sociopolitical radicalism: …he entitled his forthcoming book: Grundsätze der Philosophie der Zukunft (1843; “Basic Principles of the Philosophy of the Future”). In place of the immediate Absolute of Hegel, he argued, there must be substituted the immediate individual existent—corporeal, sensible, and rational. The individual’s reappropriation of himself will be possible whenever his…

Archduke Charles: His military writings, especially his Grundsätze der Strategie erläutert durch die Darstellung des Feldzuges von 1796 in Deutschland, 3 vol. (1814; “Principles of Strategy, Explained Through the Description of the Campaign of 1796 in Germany”), exercised considerable influence on his contemporaries. In contrast to his aggressive and daring conduct of…

Grundschule, in Germany, the first four years of primary school (in certain cities of Germany, the first six years). Before the 1920s, upper-class German children attended the Vorschule, a three-year course of preparation for secondary school (which usually began at age 9). Working-class children

Sweden: Education of Sweden: The comprehensive school (grundskola) is compulsory for nine years. Children are required to attend school between the ages of 7 and 16. Compulsory education is free, and no charge is made for school lunches, transportation, or educational materials. The comprehensive school is divided into three-year stages: lower, middle,…

N.F.S. Grundtvig was a Danish bishop and poet, founder of Grundtvigianism, a theological movement that revitalized the Danish Lutheran church. He was also an outstanding hymn writer, historian, and educator and a pioneer of studies on early Scandinavian literature. After taking a degree in theology

N.F.S. Grundtvig was a Danish bishop and poet, founder of Grundtvigianism, a theological movement that revitalized the Danish Lutheran church. He was also an outstanding hymn writer, historian, and educator and a pioneer of studies on early Scandinavian literature. After taking a degree in theology

children’s literature: Denmark: …when a collection made by Svend Grundtvig, the son of N.F.S. Grundtvig, a great bishop-educator, was posthumously published.

Austria: Domestic affairs, 1867–73: …aristocrats, had participated in the Gründungsfieber, or “speculative fever,” and the attendant scandals.

Mrs. Grundy, fictional English character who typifies the censorship enacted in everyday life by conventional opinion. She first appears (but never onstage) in Thomas Morton’s play Speed the Plough (produced 1798), in which one character, Dame Ashfield, continually worries about what her neighbour

Hausdorff space: …description of general spaces in Grundzüge der Mengenlehre (1914; “Elements of Set Theory”). Although later it was not accepted as a basic axiom for topological spaces, the Hausdorff property is often assumed in certain areas of topological research. It is one of a long list of properties that have become…

Wilhelm Wundt: …in the history of psychology, Grundzüge der physiologischen Psychologie, 2 vol. (1873–74; 3 vol., 6th ed., 1908–11; Principles of Physiological Psychology). The Grundzüge advanced a system of psychology that sought to investigate the immediate experiences of consciousness, including sensations, feelings, volitions, and ideas; it also contained the concept of apperception,…

Karl Gegenbaur: …Grundzüge der vergleichenden Anatomie (1859; Elements of Comparative Anatomy) became the standard textbook of evolutionary morphology, emphasizing that structural similarities in different animals constitute clues to their evolutionary history. In this work Gegenbaur stated that “the most important part of the business of comparative anatomy is to find indications of…

Johann Gottlieb Fichte: Years in Berlin: …Zeitalters (1806; lectures delivered 1804–05; The Characteristics of the Present Age), analyzing the Enlightenment and defining its place in the historical evolution of the general human consciousness but also indicating its defects and looking forward to belief in the divine order of the universe as the highest aspect of the…

Willi Hennig: …the new approach in his Grundzüge einer Theorie der phylogenetischen Systematik (1950; Phylogenetic Systematics, 1979) and sought to show that it integrated the methods and aims of biology with those of such disciplines as paleontology, geology, and biogeography (i.e., the study of the distribution and dispersal of organisms).

Carl Meinhof: …principal publication appeared in 1906, Grundzüge einer vergleichenden Grammatik der Bantusprachen (“Principles of the Comparative Grammar of the Bantu Languages”), a study of the morphology of the Bantu languages. From 1909 until his death Meinhof was on the staff of the Kolonial-institut in Hamburg. He also studied and published on…

Austria: Political process: The environmentalist parties, including the Green Alternative (Die Grüne Alternative; GA; founded 1986) and the United Greens of Austria (Vereinte Grüne Österreichs; VGÖ; founded 1982), have come to be known collectively as the Greens. The Greens first won seats in the Austrian parliament in 1986.

Green Henry, autobiographical novel by Gottfried Keller, first published in German as Der grüne Heinrich in 1854–55 and completely revised in 1879–80. The later version is a classic bildungsroman. Green Henry (so called because his frugal mother made all his clothes from a single bolt of green

Green Party of Germany, German environmentalist political party. It first won representation at the national level in 1983, and from 1998 to 2005 it formed a coalition government with the Social Democratic Party (SPD). In 2021 the Greens posted their best-ever performance in a federal election,

Thomas Middelhoff: Key subsidiaries included Germany-based publishers Gruner + Jahr and BertelsmannSpringer, American publishers Bantam Doubleday Dell and Random House, and BMG Entertainment (which owned more than 200 record labels in more than 50 countries, including Arista and RCA in the United States). In 2001 the firm gained a controlling interest in…

olivine: Metamorphic rocks: (iron-serpentine), minnesotaite (iron-talc), and grunerite (iron-amphibole) in various metamorphic stages. In chemically more complex environments, which, in addition to the above components, also involve lime (CaO) and alumina (Al2O3), fayalite may be associated with hedenbergite, orthopyroxene, grunerite, and almandine (iron-garnet).

Battle of Tannenberg: Initial developments on the Eastern Front: Paul Grünert and Lieut. Col. Max Hoffmann, into his office in the headquarters at Neidenburg (now Nidzica, Poland)—uncomfortably close to the southern frontier—where his chief of staff, Gen. Georg Friedrich Wilhelm, Graf (count) von Waldersee, was also present. Prittwitz, fearing that the Russians would advance…

biblical literature: German versions: Of the 20th-century translations, the Grünewald Bible, which reached a seventh edition in 1956, is one of the most noteworthy.

Matthias Grünewald was one of the greatest German painters of his age, whose works on religious themes achieve a visionary expressiveness through intense colour and agitated line. The wings of the altarpiece of the Antonite monastery at Isenheim, in southern Alsace (dated 1515), are considered to

Battle of Grunwald, (First Tannenberg), (July 15, 1410), battle fought at Tannenberg (Polish: Stębark) in northeastern Poland (formerly East Prussia) that was a major Polish-Lithuanian victory over the Knights of the Teutonic Order. The battle marked the end of the order’s expansion along the

grunge, genre of rock music that flourished in the late 1980s and early ’90s and spawned a particular style of fashion. The term grunge was first used to describe the murky-guitar bands (most notably Nirvana and Pearl Jam) that emerged from Seattle in the late 1980 as a bridge between mainstream

grunion, (species Leuresthes tenuis), small Pacific fish of the family Atherinidae (order Atheriniformes). The species is found in the Pacific Ocean along the western coast of the United States. A unique feature of the grunion’s breeding biology results in its spawning on particular nights during

Togo: Independence: Nicolas Grunitzky was appointed premier. Following UN representations, elections in April 1958 favoured complete independence and rejected Grunitzky’s Togolese Progress Party in favour of Sylvanus Olympio’s Togolese National Unity Party. Togo became independent on April 27, 1960.

grunt, any of about 150 species of marine fishes of the family Haemulidae (Pomadasyidae) in the order Perciformes. Grunts are found along shores in warm and tropical waters of the major oceans. They are snapperlike but lack canine teeth. They are named for the piglike grunts they can produce with

scorpaeniform: Annotated classification: Family Rhamphocottidae (grunt sculpin) Pelvis highly modified with an anteriorly projecting subpelvic keel and an anterodorsally projecting suprapelvic keel; vertebrae 26–28. Marine, North Pacific. 1 species, Rhamphocottus richardsonii. Family Ereuniidae 4 lower pectoral fin rays free (as in family Triglidae); vertebrae 35–39. Maximum length 30 cm (12…

anseriform: Behaviour: The “grunt-whistle” involves throwing an arc of water at the female by a sideways flick of the bill, followed by a rearing up of the body, shaking of the head and tail, and, during the whole sequence, giving the call indicated by the behavioral term. The…

Battle of Grunwald, (First Tannenberg), (July 15, 1410), battle fought at Tannenberg (Polish: Stębark) in northeastern Poland (formerly East Prussia) that was a major Polish-Lithuanian victory over the Knights of the Teutonic Order. The battle marked the end of the order’s expansion along the

children’s literature: Overview: …livres, belles histoires, the compilers Marguerite Gruny and Mathilde Leriche wrote: “Children’s literature in France is still poor, despite the earnest efforts of the last decade.”

Tejano: … repertoire, Tejano’s third musical form, grupo, originated in the 1960s with keyboard instruments and synthesizers as its foundation. Grupo’s most famous performer, Selena, became an international celebrity before being killed in 1995. A reflection of the growing Mexican American cultural pride in the last half of the 20th century, all…

Carlos Slim Helú: …Mexican companies through his conglomerate, Grupo Carso, SA de CV, amassed interests in the fields of communications, insurance, construction, energy, mining, retailing, publishing, and finance.

Mitla: …structures—Grupo de las Columnas (Columns Group), Grupo de las Iglesias (Churches Group), Grupo del Arroyo (Arroyo Group), Grupo de los Adobes (Adobe Group), and Grupo del Sur (Southern Group)—of which only the first two had been fully excavated and restored by the early 1980s. Each group has several rectangular…

Mitla: …Grupo de las Iglesias (Churches Group), Grupo del Arroyo (Arroyo Group), Grupo de los Adobes (Adobe Group), and Grupo del Sur (Southern Group)—of which only the first two had been fully excavated and restored by the early 1980s. Each group has several rectangular patios (some connected by long, winding…

Baltasar Garzón: …successfully prosecuted members of the Antiterrorist Liberation Groups (Grupos Antiteroristas de Liberación; GAL)—an illegal paramilitary organization that opposed the Basque separatist group ETA—for the murders of a number of suspected ETA members. In 1993 Garzón won a seat in Spain’s Congress of Deputies, where he represented the Spanish Socialist Workers’…

Gruppe 47, informal association of German-speaking writers that was founded in 1947 (hence its name). Gruppe 47 originated with a group of war prisoners in the United States who were concerned with reestablishing the broken traditions of German literature. Feeling that Nazi propaganda had corrupted

Group Portrait with Lady, novel by Heinrich Böll, published in German in 1971 as Gruppenbild mit Dame. The novel, a sweeping portrayal of German life from World War I until the early 1970s, was cited by the Nobel Prize committee when it awarded Böll the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1972. The

Gruppo 63, avant-garde Italian literary movement of the 1960s. It was composed of Italian intellectuals who shared the desire for a radical break from the conformity present in traditional Italian society. The group was organized at a 1963 meeting in Palermo. Edoardo Sanguineti, Elio Pagliarani,

Grus, constellation in the southern sky at about 22 hours right ascension and 45° south in declination. Its brightest star is Al Na’ir (from the Arabic for “the bright one”), with a magnitude of 1.7. This constellation was invented by Pieter Dircksz Keyser, a navigator who joined the first Dutch

whooping crane, (Grus americana), tallest American bird and one of the world’s rarest. At the beginning of the 21st century fewer than 300 whooping cranes remained in the wild. Most are part of a flock that migrates between Texas and Canada. Almost all the rest are part of a mainly nonmigrating

India: Birds: …birds in India include the Indian crane, commonly known as the sarus (Grus antigone); a large gray bird with crimson legs, the sarus stands as tall as a human. Bustards inhabit India’s grasslands. The great Indian bustard (Ardeotis nigriceps), now confined to central and western India, is an endangered species…

sandhill crane, (Grus canadensis), Crane species (family Gruidae), 35–43 inches (90–110 cm) long, with a red crown, a bluish or brownish gray body tinged with sandy yellow, and a long, harsh, penetrating call. It is one of the oldest of all existing bird species. It breeds from Alaska to Hudson

Grusi, ethnolinguistic group among the inhabitants of northern Ghana and adjacent areas of Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta) and Togo. The linguistic groups and subgroups of the area are difficult to classify with certitude, but the Grusi languages make up a subbranch of the Gur (Voltaic) branch

Gur languages: …Benin, and Burkina Faso) and Grusi (with a further 20 languages, some to the west and others to the east of the Oti-Volta group). The largest languages in the Oti-Volta group include Moore, the principal language of eastern Burkina Faso; Gurma (600,000); Gurenne (550,000); Dagbani, the principal language of northern…

Amy Coney Barrett: Writing for the court in Grussgott v. Milwaukee Jewish Day School (2018), she recognized a religious liberty exception to the Americans with Disabilities Act (1990) and on that ground barred a teacher’s discrimination lawsuit against the school that had employed her. Barrett’s dissenting opinion in Kanter v. Barr (2019) employed…

affirmative action: …constitutionality of affirmative action (Grutter v. Bollinger), though it also ruled that race could not be the preeminent factor in such decisions, striking down the university’s undergraduate admissions policy that awarded points to students on the basis of race (Gratz v. Bollinger). Three years later admissions policies of the…

Luigi Boccherini: Legacy: …the 19th-century composer and cellist Friedrich Grützmacher. Boccherini’s well-known minuet is from his String Quintet in E Major, G 275.

Gruyère, hard cow’s-milk cheese produced in the vicinity of La Gruyère in southern Switzerland and in the Alpine Comté and Savoie regions of eastern France. Gruyère is formed in large wheels of 70 to 80 pounds (32 to 36 kg) with a brownish, wrinkled natural rind. The interior is pale gold with

La Gruyère: …are Bulle, the capital, and Gruyères, the historic capital, site of the medieval castle of the counts. One of the richest dairying districts in Switzerland, La Gruyère is famous for its cattle and its cheese. Wood products and Gruyère cheese are produced at Bulle, and chocolate is made at Broc.…

Mikhail Markovich Borodin was the chief Comintern agent in China in the 1920s, who built the loosely structured Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) of Sun Yat-sen into a highly centralized Leninist-style organization. Borodin joined the Bolshevik party in Russia in 1903. In 1906 he was arrested and

philosophy of physics: The theory of Ghirardi, Rimini, and Weber: The second proposed solution to the measurement problem, as noted above, affirms that wave functions are complete representations of physical systems but denies that they are always governed by the linear differential equations of motion. The strategy behind this…

Dalia Grybauskaite is a Lithuanian politician who served as president of Lithuania from 2009 to 2019. She was the first woman to hold the post. Known for being tough, Grybauskaite was sometimes called the country’s “Iron Lady.” Grybauskaite studied at Leningrad A.A. Zhdanov State University (now

Duane Hanson: …he met the German artist George Grygo, whose work in polyester resin and fibreglass had a great influence on his sculptures. Hanson returned to the United States and settled in Atlanta, where he taught art at Oglethorpe University and began his own experiments with polyester resin and fibreglass. From 1965…

cricket, (family Gryllidae), any of approximately 2,400 species of leaping insects (order Orthoptera) that are worldwide in distribution and known for the musical chirping of the male. Crickets vary in length from 3 to 50 mm (0.12 to 2 inches). They have thin antennae, hind legs modified for

ice bug, (order Grylloblatodea), any of approximately 25 species of rare and primitive insects found in the mountains of Japan, western North America, and eastern Siberia. A pale, wingless creature 15 to 30 mm (0.6 to 1.2 inches) long, it has biting mouthparts, long antennae, and small compound

ice bug, (order Grylloblatodea), any of approximately 25 species of rare and primitive insects found in the mountains of Japan, western North America, and eastern Siberia. A pale, wingless creature 15 to 30 mm (0.6 to 1.2 inches) long, it has biting mouthparts, long antennae, and small compound

mole cricket, (family Gryllotalpidae), any of about 65 species of insects (order Orthoptera) that are sometimes placed in the true cricket family, Gryllidae. The common name is derived from the insect’s molelike appearance and underground habits. The mole cricket has forelegs modified for

Plutarch: The Moralia of Plutarch: …no clear answer), and “Gryllus” (also called “Do Animals Reason?”). “Gryllus” is an entertaining dialogue set on Circe’s island in which a pig, one of Odysseus’s transformed companions, attacks the Stoic argument denying reason to animals and convinces Odysseus of the moral superiority of many animals over humans. The…